Social standards are a tool for managing the quality of life of the region's population. Quality of life management in the Russian Federation Model of the system for regulating the quality of life of the population

State regulation the level and quality of life of the population of Russia is implemented:

First, through the system of social policy of the state;

Secondly, through the implementation of state economic policy.

The social state policy provides a "direct" impact on the level and quality of certain (weakly protected) sections of the population, and the state economic policy has an "indirect" impact on the well-being of the population. Let us consider in more detail the influence of the social and economic policy of Russia on the level and quality of life of the population, as well as the main terms and definitions associated with these concepts.

The phrase social policy has firmly entered the terminology not only of professional scientists and practitioners, but also of mass circulation and is one of the most common terms in the everyday life of all social strata and groups of society.

Most common definition social policy is the following: Social policy is the relationship of social groups regarding the preservation and change of the social position of the population as a whole and its constituent classes, strata, socio-demographic, socio-professional groups, social communities (families, peoples, population of a city, town, region, etc.) .

Social policy in the applied, practical sense (context) is usually understood as a set (system) of specific measures and activities aimed at the livelihood of the population. Depending on who these measures come from, who is their main initiator (subject), the corresponding types of social policy are distinguished - state, regional, corporate, etc. . In a broad sense and from a scientific point of view, this is not only a system of measures and activities, but a system of relationships and interactions between social groups, social strata of society.

That is, social policy is a multifaceted process and structural phenomenon, and the main issue of social policy is the social position of the population as a whole, its individual groups and parts.

The object and subject of social policy coincide with the main elements, blocks and structures included in a large single complex - the social and labor sphere (STS) - a system of interrelated components and parts, including: .

Branches of the social sphere (education, healthcare, culture, sports;

Tourism, housing and communal sector, etc.);

Labor market, employment, unemployment;

Social partnership;

Social protection;

Pay and labor protection;

Social insurance;

pension system, etc.

The main and ultimate goal of social protection of the population is a person, his well-being, social protection and social development, life support and social security of the population as a whole.

At the same time, the effectiveness of the implementation of Russia's social policy depends on economic policy and the pace of economic growth.

According to most economists, the main way to fight poverty is economic growth.

The leading indicator in the analysis of the level economic development are indicators of GDP/GNP per capita. These indicators form the basis of international classifications that divide countries into developed and developing countries. Thus, developed countries include countries with per capita GDP of $8,000 or more per year.

In order to turn Russia into a prosperous power, in which the quality and standard of living of people meet world standards, it is necessary to pursue an economic policy that allows, already at the first stage of the program implementation, to increase GDP by 4-5 times, i.e. up to 10-12 thousand dollars per capita. This means that it is necessary to increase the GDP growth rate to 10-12% per year. At the second stage of the program, in order to reach the standard of living of the leading countries of the world, the growth rate should not be less than 8% per year. And the higher they are, the sooner the gap in the socio-economic sphere from the leading countries of the world will be eliminated (meaning that their GDP growth will not exceed 1.5-2%).

The existing development strategy notes that economic growth in Russia in the medium term is possible at the level of 5-7% per year in terms of total production volumes and 10-15% in terms of production volumes in certain manufacturing industries. Such an opportunity in the coming years is determined by a number of positive factors, including those that have arisen as a result of a long-term decline in production.

This is, firstly, the presence of unloaded production capacities. We are talking about "natural" capital, that is, about buildings, structures, machine tools, mechanisms, thermal and electrical communications, which, under conditions of a deep economic crisis, were not fully used in production or put into reserve.

Secondly, the weakening of resource restrictions in the development of the economy. Currently, it does not have strict restrictions on energy, metal and other raw materials, on the capacity of the transport system. The only serious limitation is the shortage of skilled labor, the loss of many enterprises (especially manufacturing industries) during the years of stagnation of the most skilled workers and engineering and technical personnel.

Thirdly, the relative reduction in costs in many branches of the manufacturing industry against the background of a relatively slower increase in prices for industrial and technical products in 1998-1999. At the same time, the improvement in the situation on world markets in relation to traditional Russian export goods made it possible to significantly strengthen the financial position of export industries. This has led to the formation of significant incomes in a number of sectors of the economy, which can become the financial basis for economic growth.

Thus, it is possible to implement a low-capital-intensive option for the development of most sectors of the national economy and industry. Calculations show that in the next two or three years, production can be increased by at least 25-30% only by using existing production capacities.

From the point of view of modern practice and theory of economic growth, a way out of the crisis and a new economic recovery are excluded without aiming the state budget policy at the maximum stimulation of investment and innovation activity. For this, both direct state investments and indirect stimulation of investors, including through the provision of state guarantees, are used. Development institutions play an important role in increasing investment in a non-equilibrium economy. Thus, with the help of the budget, the state is able to expand the final demand, helping to overcome the depression. It was in this way that at one time the way out of the "Great Depression", the post-war reconstruction of the economy, as well as the rapid growth of new industrial countries were ensured.

The market model is currently being formed innovative development economy, in which priority attention should be given to modernization, reconstruction, development of production on new technical and technological bases. This model involves the formation of a system of institutions that create powerful incentives for generating a steady flow of effective innovations in the scientific and technical sphere, capable of creating new markets for science-intensive products and services, conquering and expanding traditional ones. As a result, a national innovation system should be formed that creates new products and services that correspond in quality, price, volume and time to market to the existing effective demand.

The sale of products of high-tech industries in the domestic and foreign markets should ensure the flow of appropriate funds to support and develop the industry as a whole. It is necessary to create an economic mechanism to stimulate the activity of all subjects of the innovation process, especially risky, venture entrepreneurship. State assistance will be required for the implementation of projects for the production of high-tech products and of a pioneering nature, which has not yet found a wide market.

In the adopted "Program for the development of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the medium term (2002-2005). it was noted that "the government of the Russian Federation intends to ensure the effectiveness of financing fundamental research, priority scientific and technical areas implemented in the form of state programs and projects, as well as provide state support for the development of a system of venture investment and insurance of innovative risks."

To stimulate economic growth, it is necessary to implement a tax policy that should help increase competitiveness and increase business activity of economic entities, as well as provide a reduction for business tax burden, including a reduction in the medium term of the main rate of value added tax, simplification of procedures for calculating and paying taxes, and streamlining tax audits and reporting.

In 2004, a new stage in the internal state social policy was outlined in Russia. For the first time, the President of Russia V.V. Putin clearly formulated the strategic goals of socio-economic development. Among them, the first is “improving the quality of people's lives”. The government was asked to move from managing budget expenditures to managing the results of activities of budget planning entities in relation to strategic goals.

In 2005 V.V. Putin, at a meeting with members of the Government, the leadership of the Federal Assembly and members of the Presidium of the State Council, began his speech with the phrase: “The main goal of our activities with you, the key issue public policy is a significant improvement in the quality of life of Russian citizens. The Russian government has already taken a number of steps to make this President's directive a reality. In June 2004, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation issued Guidelines for the preparation of Reports on the results and main activities of budget planning entities. In this document, the content of the strategic goal "Improving the level and quality of life of the population" is disclosed in some positions.

In order to create conditions for dynamic and sustainable development Russian economy, raising the standard of living of the population and ensuring interaction and coordination of the activities of federal executive bodies to solve problems in the field of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation The Russian government approved a program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the medium term (2006-2008).

The program defines the key areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation for this period, ensuring the achievement of such strategic goals of the country's development as improving the welfare of the population and reducing poverty based on dynamic and sustainable economic growth and increasing the country's competitiveness.

Achievement of these goals is possible subject to the implementation of an active economic policy of the Government of the Russian Federation.

In this regard, the Program assumes the continuation of institutional reforms, the implementation of priority national projects in the field of healthcare, education, housing for the population and the development of the agro-industrial complex, the creation of a favorable investment climate, the restructuring of the economy, the modernization of industry and the intensification of innovation activities that will ensure high and sustainable rates of economic growth.

This requires the creation of an effective economic system based on equal and fair competition, reducing excessive government interference in the activities of economic entities and increasing the competitiveness of people, government institutions and businesses.

The program provides for the development of mechanisms aimed at improving the effectiveness of ongoing reforms based on an analysis of their practical implementation and the fulfillment of the tasks set by the President of the Russian Federation for the Government of the Russian Federation.

Particular attention of the Government of the Russian Federation in the medium term will be paid to the implementation of priority national projects in the field of healthcare, education, housing for the population, as well as the development of the agro-industrial complex.

In addition, the Government of the Russian Federation will develop measures aimed at increasing the effectiveness of programs in the field of social policy and improving the mechanisms for providing social assistance. In this regard, it is necessary to ensure the coordination of the activities of all authorities providing social assistance in the implementation of relevant programs, to promote the increase of regional and interregional labor mobility.

The administrative reform and civil service reform will be continued, which are aimed at ensuring publicity and regulation of the activities of state authorities and further reducing their redundant functions.

To ensure the innovative direction of economic growth, it is necessary to increase the role of scientific research and development, the transformation of scientific potential into one of the main resources for sustainable economic growth by creating an innovation system, forming markets for innovative capital and information and consulting services in the innovation sphere, improving the regulatory legal framework for protecting the rights to intellectual property, staffing of the innovative economy. It is necessary to create favorable conditions for the introduction of advanced technologies into production, including the integrated and balanced development of innovative infrastructure.

In order to develop the Russian regions, it is necessary to move from the inefficient alignment of the economic development of the regions to the creation of conditions that stimulate the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities to mobilize the available resources for economic growth. This should be achieved by improving the efficiency of public administration, the formation and development of production clusters, and the improvement of interbudgetary relations aimed at stimulating reforms in the regions.

To solve problems related to the elimination of infrastructural and technological constraints, it is necessary to develop transport infrastructure as a condition for sustainable economic development, contributing to the growth of trade, information transfer volumes, production capacities, and changes in the structure of the economy. This task can be successfully solved only with the active participation of business.

The development of competition and the reduction of the non-market sector will be ensured by creating and improving market institutions, developing small businesses, and ensuring equal and fair competition. With a general improvement in the business climate and the creation of economic incentives for intersectoral capital flows, conditions will be created to increase the attractiveness of the processing industries and the service sector.

Collection output:

FORMING A SYSTEM FOR MANAGING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF THE REGION

Mityugina Marina Mikhailovna

cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor, CSU named after I.N. Ulyanova, Cheboksary

E-mail:

At present, the problems of improving the quality of life of the population are given considerable attention in the state and regional policy. The process of quality of life management, focused on improving the quality of life of all segments of the population and providing all residents with equal opportunities to receive various social benefits, is becoming the leading factor characterizing the development of the region and the country as a whole.

The issues of ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of quality of life management are directly related to the chosen approach to management. In accordance with the principles of quality management, reflected in international standards ISO 9000:2005 and ISO 9004:2009, the most effective form of managing any object is a combination of system and process approaches, which involve the formation of a management system, presented as a chain of interrelated and interacting processes, where the output of one process is the input to another process. Consequently, when managing the quality of life, it is also necessary to form a quality of life management system, which is a set of processes focused on ensuring the development of the main categories of quality of life: improving material well-being, social security of the population, ensuring public health, demographic well-being, cultural and spiritual well-being and environmental safety.

When forming a quality of life management system, it is necessary to adhere to following principles systems approach.

Firstly, the management system must be clearly structured and presented as a hierarchical set of elements, between which there are connections and relationships.

Secondly, each element of the control system must have certain properties that distinguish one element from another, and a set of functions that determine its purpose.

Thirdly, all elements of the system and their properties must be oriented towards achieving the main goal of the control system, i.e., each element of the system must have its own specific goal, defined in the time horizon, while the goals of the elements in the aggregate should constitute the goal of the entire system .

Fourthly, when forming the structural elements of the quality of life management system, it is necessary to proceed from the prerequisites of the functional-structural approach to design, according to which, based on the goals, functions are formed, which then materialize in the form of specific elements that perform these functions.

Thus, the quality of life management system, built on the basis of the principles of a systematic approach, will have the properties of adaptability and self-organization, according to which the system will be able to quickly adapt to changes in the external environment by rearranging elements, changing their properties and integrating new functions necessary to develop a response to the disturbing influence of the external environment.

Taking into account the principles of system and process approaches, we will develop a model of the system for managing the quality of life of the population of the region (Fig. 1).

At the first stage of the formation of a quality of life management system, it is necessary to determine the main goal of the management system. Given that at present the quality of life management process is viewed through the prism of sustainable socio-economic development, which provides equal conditions for meeting the present and future needs of each individual, society and ecosystem, therefore, the main goal of the quality of life management system being formed should be to raise the level of development the needs of each individual by creating equal conditions and opportunities for their satisfaction, as well as ensuring the freedom of a person to choose a way to meet them that does not have a negative impact on society and the ecosystem.

At the second stage, the subject and object of quality of life management should be identified. As shown in fig. 1, the subjects of quality of life management are state and regional authorities, local governments together with public associations and business representatives. The object of managerial impact is the quality of life of the population of the region, considered as a special system-holistic category that characterizes the level of material well-being, social security, health, demographic well-being, cultural, spiritual well-being of the population and environmental security of the region.

At the third stage of the formation of the quality of life management system, it is necessary to determine the main directions of interaction between the managing and managed subsystems. As can be seen from fig. 1, the interaction between the subject and the object of management is carried out, on the one hand, through the development and implementation by regional government bodies of effective targeted programs aimed at developing critical categories of quality of life; on the other hand, through a feedback mechanism, through which the authorities receive information about the dynamics of the integral index of quality of life, the effectiveness of the functioning of the quality of life management system and the degree of satisfaction of the population with the quality of public services provided, which will ensure timely response of the authorities to critical changes in the external environment.

Figure 1. Model of the system for managing the quality of life of the population of the region.

feedback mechanism in this case a regional system for monitoring the quality of life, which includes two main elements, will act.

Firstly, a system for monitoring the indicators of the integral index of quality of life in the temporal and spatial range. Monitoring of indicators of the quality of life is necessary, on the one hand, to determine the key areas for improving the quality of life, preventing explosive socio-psychological tension in society, forming tolerant behavior of people, on the other hand, for the most flexible determination of the proportions of economic development and the diversion of resources for social events with progressive improving the social climate. Thus, monitoring of indicators of quality of life will allow public authorities to clearly orient the target indicators of development for the coming period of time. The bodies of state statistics are responsible for ensuring the functioning of this element of the monitoring system, which, according to a specially developed methodology, will have to carry out quantitative measurements of the main synthetic categories of quality of life and, on their basis, calculate the integral index of the quality of life of the population of the region. The results of the functioning of this element of the monitoring system will be:

1. an annual report on the trends in the development of the quality of life of the population of the region, submitted to the leadership of the region for the formation and adjustment of targets for the development of the region in the direction of improving the quality of life and the development of the most problematic synthetic categories of quality of life;

Secondly, the regional system for monitoring the quality of life includes a system for monitoring the degree of satisfaction of the population with the quality of public services provided. This element of the monitoring system covers:

1. all regional ministries and departments whose task within the framework of this monitoring system is to conduct an annual assessment of the degree of satisfaction of the population with the quality of public services provided, carried out according to a specially developed methodology based on an analysis of the effectiveness of the process of managing claims and complaints received from the public against this or that ministry or department, as well as on selective sociological surveys of various groups of the population to identify public opinion on the activities of the relevant ministries and departments;

2. public associations whose task is to identify "bottlenecks" in the socio-economic, demographic, cultural, moral and environmental aspects regional development and focusing on the identified problems not only of the authorities, but also of the public, in order to ensure that none of the synthetic categories of quality of life is left without close attention and control from the public.

At the fourth stage of the formation of a quality of life management system, it is necessary to distribute duties, responsibilities and powers between ministries and departments of all levels, public associations and business representatives for quality of life management.

Within the framework of the quality of life management system, the responsibilities of the regional leadership can be divided as follows:

Firstly, it is the responsibility of the region's leadership to ensure planning for improving the quality of the population of the region, carried out by analyzing the parameters of the external environment and priority areas for the development of the quality of life management system, identified as a result of assessing the effectiveness of the quality of life management system. The results of planning to improve the quality of life are the approved regional targeted programs to improve the quality of life and the program for ensuring public satisfaction with the quality of public services provided, which will establish a unified methodology for assessing population satisfaction with the quality of public services provided.

To ensure the development of effective programs to improve the quality of life, it is necessary to adhere to the following principles:

1. When developing programs to improve the quality of life, it is necessary to widely use benchmarking tools to study the experience of regions that have the best achievements in certain areas of quality of life in order to obtain useful recommendations for effectively solving existing problems in the socio-economic development of the region.

2. Programs to improve the quality of life should create an enabling environment for human empowerment through the formation of a social infrastructure conducive to human development, the removal of artificial barriers to provide a wide choice various ways self-realization.

3. Targeted development programs should be aimed at actualizing human capabilities, since the freedom to choose various ways of self-realization does not yet mean the readiness and ability of a particular person to use them. Targeted programs should be aimed at shaping people's attitudes towards social activity and mobility, orienting them towards gaining well-being through their own painstaking work, and not through dependency.

4. Programs to improve the quality of life should correct the value-target orientations of a person in the direction of raising the level of development of needs.

5. Targeted development programs should include tasks that are realistically achievable at this stage of development, for the implementation of which all the necessary resources are available. The program should be based on the idea of ​​a reasonable balance of interests. It is unacceptable to improve the situation of some groups of people at the expense of the deterioration of others.

6. Programs to improve the quality of life should be developed by specialists who have special knowledge, skills and experience in the area under consideration, and also have the necessary authority to make certain decisions, that is, targeted programs should be developed by the relevant regional ministries and departments in their key areas.

Thus, following these principles will significantly improve the quality of the developed programs to improve the quality of life.

Secondly, the responsibilities of the region's leadership include timely and priority financing of the activities of ministries and departments involved in the implementation of priority targeted programs to improve the quality of life, as well as monitoring and providing appropriate support for the activities of socially oriented non-profit organizations.

Thirdly, it is the responsibility of the region's leadership to evaluate the effectiveness of the functioning of the quality of life management system, carried out annually according to a specially developed methodology based on the analysis of: 1) monitoring data of indicators of the integral index of quality of life in the temporal and spatial range provided by state statistics bodies, and 2) reports on the degree of satisfaction of the population with the quality of public services provided by the relevant ministries and departments. The result of the ongoing work will be the development of an annual report on the effectiveness of the regional quality of life management system, which will assess the degree of effectiveness of the management system and highlight priority areas for improving the quality of life.

Within the framework of the quality of life management system, ministries and departments are responsible for developing policies and goals in the field of improving the quality of life of the population; implementation of regional targeted programs to improve the quality of life; organization of effective work with complaints and proposals of the population and public associations received by the relevant ministries and departments; monitoring the satisfaction of the population with the quality of public services provided through a selective sociological survey.

The next subject of management in the quality of life management system is public associations. The duties of this entity include: focusing the attention of authorities and members of the public on the socio-economic, cultural, moral and environmental problems of the development of the region; increasing the social activity of the population by involving citizens in solving socially significant problems, in managing state and public affairs; protection of the interests of its members in relations with various political institutions; providing "feedback" between citizens and authorities, since by aggregating and accumulating the interests of various layers of citizens, public associations will receive objective data on the effectiveness of management decisions and the response of the population to them.

The duties of representatives of the business community to improve the quality of life of the population of the region include the development within their enterprise of integrated management systems aimed at meeting the needs of consumers (implementation of quality management systems that meet the requirements of GOST R ISO 9001-2008), employees of the organization (implementation of management systems social responsibility that meet the requirements of SA 8000:2008, and industrial safety and health management systems that meet the requirements of OHSAS 18001:2007) and society (implementation of environmental management systems that meet the requirements of GOST R ISO 14001-2007).

Thus, the implementation of the listed stages made it possible to form a model of the quality of life management system, focused on the constant improvement of its effectiveness.

Bibliography:

1. Mityugina M.M. Directions for increasing the efficiency of public associations as an element of the system for managing the quality of life of the population of the region / Mityugina M.M. // Scientific discussion: issues of economics and management: materials of the V int. in absentia scientific-practical. conf. - Moscow: Ed. "International Center for Science and Education", 2012. - S. 77-85.

2. Mityugina M.M. The procedure for developing targeted programs to improve the quality of life / Mityugina M.M. // Strategy for sustainable development of Russian regions: materials of the VII All-Russia. scientific-practical. conf. - Novosibirsk: NGTU Publishing House, 2011. - S. 17-22.

The concepts of "quality of life" and "standard of living" are often intertwined and replace each other, which is not entirely correct. At the same time, the standard of living is defined as an indicator that characterizes the quantity and quality of goods and services consumed in the country Miroshnichenko I.V. Sociology. Lecture notes / I.V. Miroshnichenko. - M.: A-Prior, 2009. - S. 79. .

Among a large number of works devoted to a special consideration of the quality of life of the population and its various aspects, there is still no unity in understanding what socio-economic processes and phenomena are denoted by this term. On the one hand, there is an extremely broad interpretation of this category, which includes all the processes of human life and society. On the other hand, indicators of the quality of life sometimes include, without any scientific argumentation, only a narrow part of the processes of people's life support. It is characteristic that over time the situation in this area not only does not become clear, but, on the contrary, becomes more and more confusing, because the scope of consideration includes more and more acute problems and little studied social consequences, which are so rich in the fleeting and changeable life of post-industrial society.

Very often, close terms are used that are identified with "quality of life": standard of living, lifestyle, standard of living, lifestyle, lifestyle, etc. The opposite point of view is also important, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator, which includes, as constituent features: the standard of living, lifestyle, way of life. Sometimes we are talking about the fact that the quality of life, along with living conditions, standard of living, social behavior is part of a broader concept of "lifestyle".

At present, the problem of analyzing the quality of life of the population as a whole and the state of its health is acquiring a pronounced applied emphasis. The quality of life can be interpreted as an integral category that comprehensively characterizes the level and degree of well-being, freedom, social and spiritual development of a person, as well as his physical health. Among its structural components, the following main components can be singled out (largely conditionally, because certain relationships can be traced between them): the level of health and life expectancy of the population, the standard of living of the population, the way of life of the population Grigoriev S.I. Fundamentals of modern sociology / S.I. Grigoriev, Yu.E. Rastov. - Barnaul, 2011. - S. 90. .

The allocation of the component "level of health and life expectancy of the population", as one of the main structural components of the quality of life, is due to the following consideration: in world practice, the level and dynamics of health, life expectancy are put in first place in determining the conditions of life, since they are considered as a basic human need , the main condition of his life. There are many definitions of health that try to capture the diversity of this phenomenon. The approach to determining the category of health, which is proposed by scientists from the St. Petersburg Sanitary and Hygienic Medical Institute, seems to be constructive. The category of health is represented as such a state of the structure of functions and adaptive capabilities (reserves) of a person that provides him with a given quality of life at a given time and in a given environment.

Another important component of the quality of life is the standard of living of the population. The standard of living of the population expresses the satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the individual, in the provision of consumer goods, which are characterized by quantitative indicators, abstracted from their qualitative value. These are: the amount of wages, income, the volume of consumption of goods and services, the level of consumption of food and industrial goods, the length of working and free time, housing conditions, the level of education, health care, culture, etc.

The third of the main structural components of the quality of life of the population is the way of life. This category makes it possible to consider in an integrated manner the content of aspects of life activity - the position and development of the individual, her social activity; the attitude of the population to work, to the policy of the authorities, to the institution of the family and marriage, to law and order; value orientations of various social groups, etc. Grigoriev S.I. Human vital forces / S.I. Grigoriev, L.D. Demina, Yu.E. Rastov. - Barnaul, 2009. - S. 64. .

The quality of life is a complex characteristic of socio-economic, political, cultural, ideological, environmental factors and conditions for the existence of an individual, a person's position in society.

The concept of quality of life is a modern continuation of the intellectual searches begun by Teilhard de Chardin and V.I. Vernadsky, who introduced the concept of "noosphere" into scientific use, which became one of the terms of the dictionary of socio-economic statistics: "Noosphere is a sphere of reasonably organized interaction between society and nature. The biosphere turns into a noosphere with the purposeful activity of mankind, through the implementation of measures for the rational use of natural resources" . In the concept of quality of life adopted in post-industrial societies, restrictions on meeting the needs of people are included, ensuring the harmonious development of the noosphere:

environmental protection;

Concern for the safety of production and products;

Maintaining the resource potential of the country.

The central tasks in the concept of quality of life:

ensuring the physical and moral health of society;

expanding the use of environmentally clean products nutrition;

harmonization of working conditions, etc.

There is a concept of "social circulation of quality": the quality of a person - the quality of labor - the quality of production - the quality of technology - the quality of education - the quality of culture and the quality of science - the quality of management - the quality of social and economic systems - the quality of life - the quality of man. Quality of life management, from the standpoint of the quality of life category, integrates all types of "quality management" and is considered as a kind of management of the "social circulation of quality".

The quality of education is an intellectual revolution, the intellectualization of the productive forces. Creativity becomes the main function of management. Creative, innovative management appears as a form of company management focused on revealing creativity, creating innovative potential, developing strategies for "behavior in the market" with targets for "technological breakthroughs". The result of these shifts was the differentiation of the world economy into two classes: the class of "hot" and the class of "cold" economies Shugrina E.S. Organization of local self-government: Tutorial/ E.S. Shugrin. - M.: A-Prior, 2009. - S. 58. .

The class of "hot economies" is a class of "high-speed", intellectually-intensive, knowledge-intensive, educationally-intensive and information-intensive economies. Their appearance is an adequate transformation of economic mechanisms that ensure the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the "rapid" dynamics of the renewal of science-intensive and capital-intensive goods and technologies. In "hot economies" the transformation of the market mechanism is taking place, the role of planning mechanisms, programming, the formation of long-term strategies in personnel policies, marketing, investment policies is increasing, and the centralization of the banking system is increasing.

The class of "cold economies" is a class of "slow-moving" economies with low susceptibility to science and education, with low level concentration of capital. Their technological basis is traditional technologies. The mobility of the investment complex in such economies remains low.

The intellectual and innovative revolution has affected the development of countries with "hot economies". The intellectualization of the labor force of the productive forces of society in developed countries accompanies the process of "warming up the economies." In large economic structures - corporations, companies - there are internal systems education. Continuous professional development of company personnel is becoming a way of life.

Ecological quality. Environmental quality management implies the management of environmental risks. Risk is a complex and ambiguous concept. From the standpoint of quality, it is a measure of the appearance of an undesirable consequence as a result of a decision. Using the concept of a measure, risk is a measure of the quality of an appropriate decision, project, economic activity, plan, program, etc., measured on a certain scale. Risk is a management concept associated with reliability, with the quality of management.

Environmental risk is a complex category that reflects the level of danger of undesirable environmental consequences as a result of the implementation of a particular project, the adoption and implementation of a certain economic activity. An important point in the assessment of environmental risk and in the management of environmental risk is the formalization of the situation, depending on which the differentiation of requirements for initial data, the volume of research and testing is carried out. Among the directions of such formalization, it is proposed to introduce the ecological category of the region. The ecological category of the area is a complex characteristic of the ecological quality of the area, reflecting the classification characteristics of the state of the environment, human and population health, nature and natural ecosystems, the classification characteristics of the states of individual environments. Sources of environmental risk can be: enterprises, technologies, environmental components that can become a source of emergency impacts on enterprises, an ecological system not provided for by the project. Sources of risk, in relation to an economic object, can be external and internal. As a result of the environmental risk assessment, it is possible to determine the environmental quality of life - part of the quality of life system, which includes "quality of the environment".

Thus, we can sum up:

The term "local self-government" was first legally enshrined in the USSR Law "On the General Principles of Local Self-Government and Local Economy in the USSR" of 1990. According to this law, local self-government was to be carried out within the boundaries of administrative-territorial units, and communal own.

Then the concept of "local self-government" was applied in the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, adopted by the First Congress of People's Deputies on June 12, 1991, proclaiming the goal of creating a democratic state based on the rule of law. The declaration implied the reform of the entire state mechanism and the creation of a new local government - local self-government.

The term "local self-government" was included in the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1991 by the Law of the RSFSR No. 1550-1 "On Local Self-Government in the RSFSR" dated July 6, 1991, local self-government was identified with the activities of representative bodies - local Councils of People's Deputies - and the executive bodies formed by them authorities.

Prior to the Constitution of 1993, local self-government bodies were considered as an organic part of the state power system. With the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which determined the role of local self-government in the system of managing state affairs as a way and form of democracy at the municipal level, the modern constitutional foundations of local self-government were established.

According to the federal law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ "On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation" gives the following definition: " Local self-government in the Russian Federation - a form of exercise by the people of their power, which ensures, within the limits established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, and in cases established by federal laws, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the independent and under their own responsibility decision by the population directly and (or) through local self-government bodies of local issues values ​​based on the interests of the population, taking into account historical and other local traditions". The new federal law defines local self-government not through "the activities of the population", but through "the form of exercise by the people of their power." Local self-government is exercised by the population on one's own; under your own responsibility; O LSG bodies are not included in the system of state authorities of local self-government. Federal Law No. 131 provides different kinds issues of local importance for different types of municipalities.

V in accordance with the charter under the local self-government refers to the right and ability of local self-government bodies to regulate and manage a significant part of public affairs, acting within the framework of the law, in accordance with their competence and in the interests of the local population.

Under local self-government, according to the Declaration on the principles of local self-government in the CIS member states, is understood as a system of organizing the activities of the population (local territorial communities) for the independent and under its own responsibility to resolve issues of local importance in accordance with the laws of the state.

V Decree of the President of the Russian Federationdated October 15, 1999 No. 1370 " On Approval of the Basic Provisions of the State Policy in the Sphere of the Development of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" local self-government is recognized and guaranteed by the state as a form of self-organization of citizens to resolve issues of local importance, to ensure the daily needs of each individual and the population municipality generally.

Thus, under local government is understood as the organization of local authorities, which involves the independent solution of local issues by the population.

The quality of life is a complex characteristic of socio-economic, political, cultural, ideological, environmental factors and conditions for the existence of an individual, a person's position in society. At present, the problem of analyzing the quality of life of the population as a whole and the state of its health is acquiring a pronounced applied emphasis. The quality of life can be interpreted as an integral category that comprehensively characterizes the level and degree of well-being, freedom, social and spiritual development of a person, as well as his physical health.

Renkas N.N., Deputy Head of Administration of the Novgorod Region, Candidate of Economic Sciences.

The consequence of the process of reforming the economy and the social sphere is the lack of real financial resources in the state and regions, which does not allow to fully implement the constitutional guarantees of social protection of citizens, to ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Ignoring the social aspect of reforming the economy in Russia has led to a decrease in the quality of life of the population, which is manifested in a drop in real incomes, an increase in the scale of poverty and destitution, an increase in income inequality, unemployment, and a general decline in living standards; insufficient financing of health care, education, culture - industries that determine the formation human capital, - predetermines the stagnation of economic growth and social development of society in the future.

The solution to this problem lies in the development of market mechanisms for the efficient use of resources and better consideration of the needs and demands of the population, raising the level and quality of life. This should be facilitated by the system of state social standardization of the quality of life of the population with the definition of responsibility for their observance by various authorities: federal, regional and municipal.

At present, attention is paid to the issues of social standardization in legislative work at the federal and regional levels management. The basis of the legislative base in the field of social standardization was the adoption of the Laws of the Russian Federation "On the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation", "On the minimum wage", "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation". This made it possible to establish such important social standards as the level of poverty, poverty, the level of minimum wages, the level of compensation payments for certain categories of the population, etc.

Of fundamental importance for the formation of state social standardization will be the federal law"On State Minimum Social Standards in the Russian Federation", on the draft of which the Government of the Russian Federation continues to work. For the first time in our country, an attempt is being made to standardize living conditions and human activity according to the minimum required level within the framework of the social system, to transform the complex of social policy into the sphere of law.

At the same time, the need to develop theoretical and methodological approaches and practical tools for social standardization is increasingly felt.

The role of social standardization is reduced to the creation of regulatory support through the introduction of standardized terminology, classifications, forms of providing primary information, and requirements for social services. At the same time, social standardization, as O.M. Pyrkov, should be considered as one of the service activities in relation to the economy and the social sphere of society.

The main goal of social standardization is the formation and application of a system of social standards to improve the management of the social sphere, increase the efficiency of regulating the quality and standard of living of the population.

The essence of social standardization, the object of which is one of the main subsystems of society - the social sphere public life, is to contribute to the optimal development of the conditions and lifestyle of members of society, to improve the level and quality of their lives.

Putting the quality of human life at the forefront, all levels of government must take into account new opportunities to meet social needs that are created in a market economy.

The system of social standardization should be built in such a way as to automatically maintain a normal level of the quality of life of the population, including the level of social protection at the proper level.

Social standardization is an activity aimed at achieving an optimal level of streamlining the social sphere of public life by setting requirements (rules, conditions that must be met) to the objects of standardization.

The social standard is seen as normative document, characterizing the target settings for the development of social processes in society, establishing the basic requirements for the volume and quality of services (medical, educational, socio-cultural, housing and communal services, etc.), the procedure and conditions for their provision and expressed by social norms and standards.

In many areas, the definition of norms and standards is difficult, the social standard should be considered as a scientifically based target, which expresses the most possible rational value of the development of social processes. This makes it possible to determine both the resources and measures necessary to achieve a certain level of security and meet the needs of the population, to put into practice normative financing of social sectors.

Based on quantitative and qualitative requirements, the social standard reflects the minimum, normal or rational level of satisfaction of the totality of the population's social needs at a certain level of production development.

The social standard performs the following main functions:

• generates a type of activity - social standardization, which is a service in relation to the economy;
• is a tool for setting requirements for objects of social standardization in selected areas.

The need to focus socio-economic transformations on improving the quality of life of each person determines the importance of developing standards for the quality of life. The classification of social standards for the quality of life is being developed to determine the degree of social well-being, to increase the degree of validity of the choice of strategic goals for the social development of the region, and most fully meets modern requirements.

The classification is clearly presented in the form of three blocks covering 14 groups of social standards (Fig. 1).

Picture 1

Classification of social standards of the quality of life of the population in the region

Social standards of quality of life population of the region
Block I Quality population	Block II Standard of living population	Block III Image quality life of the population
- Health population - Image- ing population - Culture (spirit- ness) population	- Level income population - Consumption major products food - Consumption individual non-food flattering goods - Consumption individual dov services - Provided- housing	- Employment population - Quality goods and services - Quality housing conditions - Social protection and co- social service - Ecological safety life of the population - Personal security the danger of life population

The formation of the nomenclature of quality of life standards is based on two foundations:

firstly, they are deployed in accordance with the recommendations of the UN and scientists of the Russian Federation in the same plane as the system of quality of life indicators;

secondly, the set of goals for the social development of the region, given by the strategic choice, acts as a basis for building the list.

From the standpoint of the need to adjust special standards, we analyzed the socio-economic situation in the Novgorod region.

Despite the growth of real money incomes and wages in recent years, the population of the region is getting poorer. Poverty has grown into a new central problem - the cash income of almost one third of the region's population is below the subsistence level.

Along with the threat of mass poverty, there is a threat of a sharp social stratification of society, and the property differentiation of the population is intensifying. The average per capita income of the 10% of the wealthiest population exceeds the income of the 10% of the poorest by 16.9 times. One-fifth of the population has 48% of cash income from the total cash income.

There was a decrease in the consumption of almost all basic foodstuffs. Consumption of meat and meat products decreased by 47%, milk and dairy products by 46%. Food consumption does not meet the recommended dietary standards (with the exception of bread products and potatoes).

The region registered a significant decrease in life expectancy from 72 years to 65.9 years (for men - 57 years); decline in fertility; an increase in mortality rates, the main causes of which are poverty, poor and poor-quality nutrition, and the inaccessibility of modern medical care.

The persistence of negative trends requires the formation and application of a system of quality of life standards to develop a strategy for the socio-economic development of the region in the long term.

The level of income depends on many factors. There are various methods for assessing such an impact. Due to the lack of a sufficient information base, the most acceptable is the construction of a multifactorial multiplicative model of the influence of the following factors on the volume of income of the population:

D \u003d D / GRP x GRP / Chz.n x Chz.n / Thu.r x Thu.r / Chn \u003d d rest x W x U ​​x dtr x Chn,

where D is the income of the population;

GRP - gross regional product;

Chz.n - the number of people employed in the economy;

Th.r - number labor resources;

Chn - total population;

d doh - the share of income in GRP;

W - social labor productivity;

U - the level of employment of labor resources;

dtr is the share of labor resources in the total population.

Data for calculating the increase in incomes of the population are presented in Table. one.

Table 1

Data for calculating the increase in income of the population of the Novgorod region

Indicators	Symbol	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004
Incomes of the population, million rubles	D	15495,7	20386,2	25145,1	30647,2	35997,8
GRP, million rubles	GRP	21476,0	28216,9	31858,2	41444,0	50610,0
The number of people employed in economy, thousand people	Chz.n	318,1	316,3	315,0	313,8	314,9
The number of labor resources, thousand people	Thu	445,7	440,6	432,5	425,9	416,0
total population, thousand people	Chn	719,4	710,9	702,7	692,1	682,6
Share of income in GRP	d doh	0,72154	0,72248	0,78928	0,73949	0,71128
public performance labor	W	67,51336	89,20929	101,13710	132,07140	160,71770
Employment rate of labor resources	and	0,71371	0,71789	0,72832	0,73679	0,75697
The share of labor resources in the total population	dtr	0,61954	0,61978	0,61548	0,61537	0,60944

The increase in the income of the population due to individual factors can be expressed as follows:

DD \u003d (d rex x W x U ​​x dtr x Chn) - (d rex. x W x U ​​x dtr x Chn.);
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
DD (d doh) \u003d (d doh - d doh.) x W x U ​​x dtr x Chn;
1 0 1 1 1 1
DD (W) \u003d (W - W) x d doh. x U x dtr x Chn;
1 0 0 1 1 1
DD (U) \u003d (U - U) x d doh. x W x dtr x N;
1 0 0 0 1 1
DD (dtr) = (dtr - dtr) x d doh. x W x U ​​x N;
1 0 0 0 0 1
DD (Chn) \u003d (Chn - Chn.) x d doh. x W x U ​​x dtr .
1 0 0 0 0 0

The results of calculations for the Novgorod region are presented in Table. 2.

table 2

Assessment of the influence of various factors on the income of the population of the Novgorod region, million rubles.

Period	Growth monetary income, Total, million rubles	Including due to factors
share income in GRP	Produc- validity labor	Level employment	Share of labor resources in general numbers population	General number- ness on- villages
In 2001 compared since 2000	4890,5	26,70022	4951,484	89,62831	5,7756701	-183,088
In 2002 compared since 2001	4758,9	2128,127	2714,561	290,9926	-139,63217	-235,148
In 2003 compared since 2002	5502,1	-2063,8	7661,689	287,9263	-4,4115118	-379,306
In 2004 compared since 2003	5350,6	-1427,52	6670,685	819,8221	-291,717	-420,674

The amount of income in almost all periods increases. At the same time, this increase is due to the growth of labor productivity and the level of employment. This, of course, is a positive moment - an increase in income due to high-quality intensive factors. Factors such as the share of income in gross regional product and population decline.

This model made it possible to determine the main trends in the income of the population of the Novgorod region.

To determine the volume Money necessary to reduce poverty in the region, it is important to consider such an indicator as the income deficit of the population with average per capita incomes below the subsistence level. The most appropriate for the study of this indicator is the construction of a balance model of the income deficit of the poor.

The income gap is the amount of money lost by the poor up to the subsistence level, it can be calculated using the following formula:

M
Dd = SUM H x (PM - D)
i=1 i i

where Dd is the income deficit of the poor, thousand rubles;

i - index of the population group in given intervals by the level of average per capita cash income per month;

m - the number of population groups in the given intervals i according to the level of average per capita cash income per month;

Chi - number population i groups by the level of average per capita cash income per month, thousand people;

PM - the average subsistence minimum per capita per month, rubles;

Di - income of the population i-th group by the level of per capita cash income per month, rub.

The subsistence level of the population is presented in Table. 3, the distribution of the region's population in terms of average per capita income is presented in Table. 4.

Table 3

The subsistence level of the population of the Novgorod region

Table 4

Distribution of the population of the Novgorod region in terms of average per capita cash income

	Thousands of people	As a percentage of the total
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004
All population	727,1	719,4	710,9	692,1	682,6	100	100	100	100	100
including with per capita cash income, rubles
up to 500.0	31,2	12,2	5,7	2,2	1,0	4,3	1,7	0,8	0,3	0,1
500,1 - 750,0	72,3	37,2	19,9	9,9	5,6	9,9	5,2	2,8	1,4	0,8
750,1 - 1000,0	93,5	58,8	37,0	20,8	13,4	12,9	8,2	5,2	3,0	2,0
1000,1 - 1500,0	177,5	140,0	103,8	68,4	50,7	24,4	19,5	14,6	9,9	7,4
1500,1 - 2000,0	127,6	126,5	110,2	85,2	70,9	17,6	17,6	15,5	12,3	10,4
2000,1 - 3000,0	133,3	168,0	174,9	160,3	149,2	18,3	23,3	24,6	23,2	21,9
3000,1 - 4000,0	52,0	85,2	106,6	117,1	120,4	7,2	11,8	15,0	16,9	17,6
over 4000.0	39,7	91,5	152,8	228,2	271,4	5,4	12,7	21,5	33,0	39,8

An estimate of the amount of money needed to reduce poverty in the Novgorod region is presented in Table. 5.

Table 5

The amount of funds needed to reduce the poverty level of the population of the Novgorod region

The proposed balance model of income deficit made it possible to assess the differentiation of the population in terms of average per capita income below the subsistence level and to determine the amount of money needed to reduce poverty in the region.

Table data. 5 show that with an increase in the region's budget expenditures for social policy - for social protection measures in the amount of 4 - 6% per year, the incomes of the poor will grow to the subsistence level.

An analysis of partial elasticity coefficients shows that in terms of absolute growth, the GRP growth rate has the most significant impact on poverty reduction: with an increase in GRP by 1 percentage point (p.p.), the population with cash income below the subsistence level in the total population will decrease by 2.86 p.p. An increase in business income in total income by 1 p.p. leads to a reduction in poverty by 0.42 p.p.

Social standards and financial regulations should be formed in the areas of service provision (health, education, social protection of the population, culture, physical culture and sports, housing and communal services, etc.) in four areas.

1. Consumers of services - the population for which social services are intended (consumers of services reflect demand).
2. Service providers - social institutions offering services and their staff (they reflect the offer).
3. Costs arising in the process of consumption and provision of services and determining the volume of budgetary financing of the social sphere (they reflect the final burden on the budget).

To clarify the costs, regionality coefficients are used, taking into account the specifics of the region.

In the formation of regionality coefficients, one should proceed from general and specific factors. The general ones include: population; indicator of average per capita income in various variations; contribution to the total tax collection for a number of years; transport distance; duration of the heating season, etc. Specific factors include the proportion of the population living below the poverty line.

The regionality coefficients should mainly correct three cost indicators:

• wages (extra-tariff part), based on the need to take into account the regulation of wages and the level of the cost of living in certain areas and cities of the region, due to natural and climatic factors;
• payment for utilities, differentiated by territories, justified by local conditions;
• payment for transport services, firstly, due to the fact that different territories have different degrees transport accessibility; secondly, due to the fact that transport services increase the cost of other sections budget spending(food, equipment, inventory, etc.).

1. "Budget constraints", reflecting the real financial capacity of the region. The creation of a system of budget constraints makes it possible to bring the normative need for spending on the social sphere in line with real financial possibilities.

General approach to determining the criterion for the effectiveness of the implementation of social standardization in the region (Kss). Kss can be represented as a ratio:

E
ss
K = ----- ,
ss W
ss
where E is the effect of the implementation of social standardization;
ss
Z - the costs required to achieve the effect of the implementation
ss
social standardization.

In turn, Ess can be represented as an increase in the quality of life of the population. As for the necessary costs (Zss), they depend on the specifics of specific measures for the implementation of social standardization and can be determined by well-known in practice calculations of the effectiveness of large investment projects methods.

Literature:

1. Pyrkova O.M., Koinova T.A. Development of a system of state social standards - essential condition effective solution of socio-economic problems in the region // Social and labor sphere: dynamics, quality of human potential, management problem: Materials of Vseros. scientific-practical. Conf., May 26 - 27, 1998 Samara, 1998, pp. 111 - 113.
2. Pyrkova O.M. Social standardization and social standards: methodological aspect // Vest. young scientists Samar. state economy acad. 2001. N 2. S. 28 - 38.
3. Zhokhov A.N., Renkas N.N. Actual issues of forecasting the quality of life // Economic Bulletin of IEiU NovGU im. Yaroslav the Wise. Veliky Novgorod, 2002. N 8.

1

1 Yurga Technological Institute (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University"

Currently, there are many conceptual approaches to the definition of quality of life. The author shares the point of view according to which the quality of life should be considered as a constantly evolving category, which can be filled with different content depending on the social ideals of a particular community, the historical period of time, the approach to defining the essence, etc. The quality of life manifests itself in the subjective satisfaction of people themselves oneself and one's life, as well as in the objective characteristics inherent in human life as a biological, mental (spiritual) and social phenomenon. The article systematizes various measures to improve the level and quality of life of the population, which made it possible to achieve certain results in the form of improving the welfare of the population and reducing poverty.

minimum wage (minimum wage)

diversification

gross domestic product

consumer basket

welfare of the population

standard of living

the quality of life

1. Glazyev S.Yu. Why are we the richest and live so poorly? Questions and answers. - M.: TERRA - Book cube, 2003. - 304 p.

2. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva. Modern economic dictionary. - 6th ed., revised. and additional – M.: INFRA-M, 2008. – 512 p.

3. Russia and Europe: the connection of culture and economy: Materials of the IV international scientific and practical conference(October 29, 2012). - In 2 parts. - Part 2. / Resp. editor Naumov A.V. - Prague, Czech Republic: WORLD PRESS s r.o., 2012. - 446 p.

4. Research: Index of happiness of Russian cities. [ Electronic resource]. – http://newseffector.com.

5. Socio-economic transformations in Russia: a collection of scientific papers. Issue 6 / rev. Editor V.A. Shabashev. - Kemerovo, 2012. - 226 p. - P.6-7.

6. Strategic planning and development of enterprises. Section 1 / Proceedings of the Fourteenth All-Russian Symposium. Moscow, April 9-10, 2013 Ed. corresponding member RAS G.B. Kleiner. - M.: CEMI RAN, 2013. - 161 p.

7. Quality management: Proc. allowance / I. I. Mazur, V. D. Shapiro. Ed. I.I. Mazura.- M.: Higher. school, 2003. - 334 p. – P.34-35.

8. Shabashev V.A. The main parameters of socio-economic transformations in Russia. Socio-economic transformations in Russia: a collection of scientific papers. Issue 6 / rev. Editor prof. V.A. Shabashev. - Kemerovo, 2012. - 226 p.

9. Maslow A. H. Motivation and Personality. - New York: Harpaer & Row, 1954.

The term "quality of life" began to be used in left-wing and bourgeois-liberal circles in the United States in the late 50s and early 60s. This was connected, on the one hand, with the deepening of social problems and contradictions of capitalism, the global consequences of the Second World War, on the other hand, with the desire to overcome contradictions in general theory welfare. US President John F. Kennedy used the term "quality of life" in his New Year's message to Congress in 1963.

In the history of the economic development of society, three periods (epochs) can be distinguished, which served as the material basis for the formation different levels quality of life :

1. the period of pre-industrial production (coincided with the beginning of the agrarian revolution - 10 thousand years ago, when agricultural production arose), characterized by a low level of economic development and consumption;
2. the first industrial revolution (XVIII - XIX), which gave rise to industrial production, in which the level and quality of life of the majority of the population began to increase;
3. transition in developed countries to post-industrial, information society(in the middle of the 20th century), when a sharp increase in efficiency economic activity in material and non-material production has created real opportunities for a comprehensive improvement in the conditions and quality of life of the general population.

Currently, there are different views on the characteristics of the quality of human life. There is a need to streamline the conceptual apparatus and the system of knowledge about the conditions, dynamics, factors that affect the quality of life. Often this concept is limited by the standard of living and the characteristic of the level of satisfaction of the needs of material goods and services (the concept of well-being). This is a simplified approach that does not fully take into account the social, spiritual development of a person.

Other approaches to determining the quality of life are not much different: the general socio-economic category includes not only the level of consumption of material goods and services (standard of living), but also the satisfaction of spiritual needs, health, life expectancy, human environmental conditions, moral and psychological climate, peace of mind.

In the early 1990s, the problem of preserving the environment as component quality of life. In 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, the UN international conference on the problems of the environment and the future development of civilization adopted the Declaration on Sustainable Development , ensuring the human right to a healthy life, environmental protection, reducing the gap between the living standards of peoples. In April 1996, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development”, where the task is to create conditions that ensure the balanced functioning of nature, population and economy. We are talking about a new approach to social reproduction - as the unity of the reproduction of people, the reproduction of the environment, the reproduction of products and services. The ultimate goal here should be to improve the quality of life of the population, which can be expressed in terms of the level of health of the population (bodily and spiritually), education, average life expectancy, etc.

In terms of quality of life, economic and human development, Russia was in the seventh ten, while the USSR was in 35th place. Everything that was inherited from the Soviet Union is now almost completely worn out, lost or destroyed.

One of the leading economic organizations world, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes 34 countries, has released a report “How is life? 2013". It follows from this that the progress of the state depends on broader parameters than GDP. In particular, from the priorities and aspirations of people, their idea of ​​their "happiness".

Social surveys, examining the quality of life of the population, often find out what is the level of happiness of the population. In the UN report "On World Happiness" Russia is in 76th place out of 150 countries. Compared to previous surveys, the Russian Federation has dropped 3 points down in this ranking. VTsIOM polls showed that 82% of Russians consider themselves happy. Today 13% of respondents feel unhappy. This figure correlates with 11.5% of the population living below the poverty line in the second quarter of 2012.

The Regions of Russia Foundation, together with the News Effector agency, determined the Happiness Index of Russian Cities. In the first place, to everyone's surprise, was the city of Grozny, followed by Tyumen, Kazan, Surgut, Krasnodar, Sochi. Novosibirsk - 13, Omsk - 30, Moscow - 52, Krasnoyarsk - 68, Tomsk - 73, Irkutsk - 81, Kemerovo - 82, Novokuznetsk - 94, Prokopyevsk - 97.

In terms of income inequality among the population, our country occupies one of the first places in the world. Only 110 people own 35 percent of all household wealth. And it turns out that by issuing "parachutes" to the management of state-owned companies, the state itself stimulated inequality.

For example, total payments to Russian top managers are on average 71 percent higher than European ones: fixed salaries are 40 percent more, bonuses for the year are 60 percent higher. According to experts, labor productivity in domestic companies is almost three times less than that of competitors from Western Europe and the United States, and 1.7 times less than that of leading corporations from our BRIC partner countries. And if in 2006-2007 it increased by more than 7 percent a year, then last year the growth was a little over 3 percent. Distortions and inflexibility of the labor market, low productivity hinder the Russian economy, do not allow it to grow at the desired pace.

The relevance of improving the quality of life of the population, especially that part of it that is below the poverty line, was also noted in the Message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly. The President of the Russian Federation set a specific task: to reduce the level of poverty to 10 percent of the population with incomes below the subsistence level.

The ambitious goals are to make the country one of the leading economies with a high level of prosperity and enter the top twenty countries with the most favorable business conditions: the creation of 25 million modern efficient jobs and an increase in direct foreign investment up to 70 billion dollars a year.

Based on the foregoing, to characterize the category of quality of life (her essence) let's give the most general (abstract) definition: a measure of development and satisfaction of the totality of the diverse needs of the population . This measure is expressed by quantitative and qualitative indicators. At the same time, one should distinguish between objective (measured mainly by reliable indicators) and subjective (perceived) quality of life. The latter is determined through self-assessment of the measure to satisfy needs.

The concept of quality of life is based on the theory of human needs of the famous American scientist A. Maslow. Maslow distributed the needs as they increase, explaining this construction by the fact that a person cannot experience high-level needs while he needs more primitive things. At the base is physiology (satisfying hunger, thirst, sexual needs, etc.). A step higher is the need for security, above it is the need for affection and love, as well as for belonging to any social group. The next step is the need for respect and approval, over which Maslow placed cognitive needs (thirst for knowledge, desire to perceive as much information as possible). This is followed by the need for aesthetics (the desire to harmonize life, fill it with beauty, art). And, finally, the last step of the pyramid, the highest, is the desire to reveal the inner potential (it is self-actualization). Consequently, the quality of life is higher, the more needs and interests of people are satisfied.

Along with individual needs, there is a state of the social group, society as a whole, expressing dependence on the objective content of the conditions of their existence and development.

The administrative-command system recognized the satisfaction of social needs as more important, and the satisfaction of the personal needs of specific people acted as a means of providing.

To meet the totality of social needs, it is necessary to have a certain amount of financial resources necessary to create this set of public services and bring it to the public within the currently established norms, norms, and standards. This means that in order to meet the needs of a resident, the entire set of needs is structured or divided into two groups - an individual consumer basket (currently the minimum consumer basket) and a consumer basket of public goods and services.

The first of them, i.e. the individual consumer basket, which in practice has received the name of the minimum consumer basket, is officially recognized. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation defines a set of goods and services for each zone of the Russian Federation, which are part of the minimum consumer basket.

The current basket suggests that a person should eat 16 eggs, 3 kilograms of meat and 1.5 kilograms of fish per month, change outerwear every eight years, and a pelvis skirt every five years. In the United States, housing costs come first and public Utilities(42%), while the share of products is 19%.

Currently, the minimum wage (SMW) does not even cover the cost of the minimum consumer basket, which, in turn, does not correspond to the real cost of a set of products, goods and services necessary for human life. The Ministry of Justice allocates 7,000-9,000 rubles a month to convicts. If we add the cost of travel, utilities, the purchase of durable goods, the cost of a real consumer basket will be at least 12 thousand rubles.

The draft law on increasing the minimum wage by 6.7 percent was developed by the Ministry of Labor of Russia. Thus, the department intends to bring closer minimum wage to the subsistence minimum, which now averages 7,095 rubles in Russia.

However, the subsistence minimum - 7-8 thousand rubles - also does not fundamentally solve the problem. This is the threshold of physiological survival, but not of development. And this is per person. And most of the workers, after all, also have dependents. According to the director of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards Vyacheslav Bobkov, today the minimum wage should be at least 16 thousand rubles. To solve the demographic problem, a full-fledged family should consist of two working people and two children. This means that in the worst case, each parent should receive a double subsistence minimum - for himself and for one child.

Each working member of the family should receive at least 65 thousand rubles a month - then our population can be called the middle class. Now, according to a study conducted by the All-Russian Center for Living Standards, no more than 2 percent of the Russian population can be classified as middle class.

Moreover, we have disproportions in wages, and our situation is very different from the situation in many countries. In Russia, most people earn in the financial sector. In the United States, for example, general practitioners are the leaders in terms of salaries. In Europe, the difference in wages between managers and employees is 4-8 times, but not 20-100, as we have. Most Russians earn 16-29 thousand rubles (this is the so-called median salary).

Accordingly, the social structure of society is characterized by a distinct polarization of labor and capital. At one extreme - the bulk of hired personnel. Here we have low wages up to wages below the cost of reproduction of labor power. At the opposite pole - the management elite of the enterprise, high incomes, benefits and, as a result of this, is the problem of the Russian economy for 20 years - dismanagement, i.e. deconsolidation of owners, managers, specialists, employees.

The minimum wage is used to regulate wages, determine the amount of benefits for temporary disability. Sometimes it is used to determine the amount of taxes, fees and fines. Employers also do not have the right to pay employees less than the minimum wage.

According to research by the Center for Social Analysis of the IGSO, over the past 10 years, about 10% of the population of the Russian Federation began to live better, 40% did not feel any changes, and the situation of 20% worsened.

This is at odds with the official income growth statistics. In addition, official inflation statistics are at odds with what expects citizens in the store: prices are four times higher - not 6.6%, but 28%.

Real wages in Russia, apparently, in the coming years will grow at a rate almost half as much as previously thought. On average, by 5 percent per year instead of 9.1 percent, which was previously planned until 2015. Until 2025, the economy will grow at about 3 percent per year, and from 2026 there will be some more slowdown. This is due to a general assessment of the dynamics of the global economy.

As for the consumer basket of public goods and services, in which the satisfaction of needs is the prerogative of the federation, regions, municipalities, then this concept has not yet been substantiated in scientific theory, which introduces uncertainty in the management of social needs at the macro, meso and micro levels.

It is precisely the overcoming of the above deformations, which are currently taking place in theory and practice, that is the objective basis and prerequisite for the formation of a mechanism for managing the quality of life of the population.

In the course of research, particular importance is attached to socio-economic development and contribution to the quality of life of the state. The methods of managing the quality of life include: economic, financial, administrative, social, psychological, legal.

Economic methods include regulation of prices, tariffs, optimization regional taxes, ensuring healthy competition and the formation of antimonopoly policy.

Economic Methods quality of life management are based on such forms of reorganization of production as modernization, technical re-equipment, reconstruction of production, as well as reform and restructuring of the modern economy.

The listed forms ensure the production of the structure of goods and services in volumes and quality corresponding to the satisfaction of scientifically based needs of the population of the region, and a sustainable reduction in the harmful effects of production: exceeding environmental standards and standards for emissions of harmful substances into soil, air, water ; reduction of industrial injuries; reduction in the share of manual labor.

Financial methods include the development of rational and optimal cost estimates for the creation and satisfaction of the needs of public goods and services. Financial methods are aimed at the distribution, redistribution of the financial resources of the budget, creating the basis for their targeted and effective use. Ultimately, the key task of financial methods is to form, distribute, create and bring public goods and services to the population at the macro, meso and micro levels in accordance with the established norms, norms and standards, legislatively approved in sizes corresponding to the state and development opportunities national economy at all indicated levels and at each stage of its development.

Administrative methods of managing the quality of life of the population include instructions, orders, restrictions, punishments and control at the macro, meso, micro levels.

Social methods for managing the quality of life include the development of social development plans (current, medium-term, long-term), adequately reflecting the state and capabilities of the economy, ensuring social protection of the population, and social guarantees.

Psychological methods of managing the quality of life of the population include the formation of new values ​​among the population, the transformation of the mentality of past years into a qualitatively new state, corresponding to the free development of the individual, the approval of such needs as self-affirmation, self-improvement, systemic development, etc. .d.

With this in mind, various forms are used, methods of selective influence on the psychology, behavior of the individual, social groups, society as a whole, forming cohesion, national unity, the national idea of ​​the objective need for society to move towards a qualitatively new state.

Legal methods are associated with the development, adoption and use in the practice of managing the quality of life of the population of laws, provisions for the protection of rights and freedoms, the protection of the honor and dignity of citizens, as well as documents regulating economic and social relations.

The proposed system of methods for managing the quality of life of the population focuses on the formation of such a model for managing the quality of life, which would be the most optimal in terms of the ratio of various methods, i.e., contribute to a permanent improvement in the quality of life.

Mastering the system involves the use of a significant number of statistical indicators in order to better take into account changes from controlled influences. The experience of using indicators will allow us to abandon some of them and introduce new ones.

In this regard, let us turn to the assessment of the quality of life of the population through a set of private and integral indicators. At the same time, it is necessary to note the expediency of dividing statistical and other parameters into two main groups: "input" parameters and "output".

For example, the number of cinemas, clubs is an "input" parameter, and their occupancy is an "output" one. It is superfluous to explain that "input", gross indicators are much easier to take into account than "weekends", which more directly reflect the quality side of life. For this, fuzzy set theory is used. In many cases, expert methods and sociological and psychological monitoring are more adequate than traditional statistical data. Management is built, in particular, on the analysis and correlation of "input" and "output" parameters, which determine a kind of profitability of the efforts of the subjects of management, the relevant authorities.

The standard of living of the population is assessed by a set of indicators. However, there is one rather eloquent indicator - gross domestic product per capita.

According to the International Monetary Fund, Russia's GDP per capita purchasing power doubled over 10 years: from 8.8 thousand dollars to 17.7 thousand dollars.

ForexClub Group of Companies compared in which countries the standard of living of the population is higher: where they work more, or where they rest more. According to the survey, Israel and Sri Lanka are the leaders in terms of the number of official holidays - there are 25 and 24 days off, respectively. In Brazil - 21 days, in China - 16, in Japan - 15, in South Korea - 13. Residents of Western Europe rest from 10 to 13 days. Fewer Russians (12 days) rest in the UK and Cuba, where there are only eight public holidays, as well as in Belarus (9 days).

The ForexClub Group took into account such assessment parameters as GDP per capita (according to World Bank) and average wage. The cost of housing and communal services, gasoline, food and transportation is different everywhere, therefore, in order to estimate real income, analysts proposed a funny calculation: how much for the average salary of a country you can buy the famous Big Mac sandwiches from McDonald's.

So, according to the number of purchased sandwiches, the rating of countries is as follows: Japan, Great Britain, Germany, Israel, Russia, China, Belarus. And he refutes the assumption that the one who works hard lives well. Japan, the number of days off in which exceeds the average value calculated by UNESCO (12.2 days), in terms of real income of the population bypasses even the UK - the record holder for the number of working days, not to mention the hardworking Republic of Belarus. If you look at the whole, then the developed countries (Japan, Great Britain, Germany) bypass the developing countries in terms of living standards. And this is quite logical, since labor productivity is higher there. So, they can afford an extra day off.

Against the backdrop of capital outflow, the accumulated depreciation of the infrastructure will not allow solving one of the main problems of the Russian economy - increasing labor productivity. At the same time, the standard of living in the country will continue to fall short of that of developed countries. The situation, as described by the Ministry of Economic Development, will strongly resemble the middle income trap. Russia will not be able to compete with developing countries, which have cheaper factors of production, or developed - with high technology.

To obtain integral indicators for various sections, mathematical methods are used to find a generalized comparative quantitative assessment. As a final aggregate indicator of the quality of life of the population, the life expectancy index can be used (the age of 85 years is taken as the maximum level, 25 years for the minimum), the human development index (HDI). The Human Development Index was first developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq in collaboration with Nobel laureate Amartya Sen and other leading development thinkers and was featured in the first Human Development Report in 1990. Its introduction is an alternative for traditional indicators national development, such as income levels and economic growth rates.

Countries with an HDI of less than 0.5% are countries where the level of human development is low, countries with an HDI of 0.5-0.8 have reached an average level of development, a high level of development in those countries where an HDI of 0.8 and above. Russia belongs to countries with an average level of development. A positive factor in calculating the human development index in Russia is the still high level of literacy of the population and the high proportion of pupils and students: the value of the education index is above 0.9.

In 1970, the USSR was in 12th place in the human development index, behind a number of countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Baltic States, and now it ranks in the second hundred states along with the poorest countries of the third world.

Russia's per capita income in 2011 was one of the highest among the 28 emerging markets grouped together as a group of states at an intermediate stage. They amounted to 16.7 thousand dollars. In terms of the scale of the economy, our country missed only China in its category. Developed countries include countries with a per capita income of at least $20,000. Such data are provided by experts from the Skolkovo Institute for Emerging Market Research in a new review. What, after all, are the sources of raising the standard of living? Our view is:

1. Fuel and energy complex. It is necessary to increase the production of products with high added value, creating modern complexes for oil refining. The existing capacity is not enough. In addition, it is necessary to actively develop oil fields in Eastern Siberia and the Arctic. And to bet there on other transportation technologies. Instead of pipelines, we need to think about the delivery of raw materials through large-tonnage sea transport. This will also give impetus to the development of mechanical engineering.

2. Diversification as a type of strategy, according to which the company expands the number of products produced. Naturally, she is needed. Russia should develop both industry and the knowledge economy, and especially space and communications. In these segments, we have a good market and technological developments, but development is slow. Russia has very good prospects in terms of nuclear engineering, hydropower, and metallurgy. These directions do not contradict each other, as the examples of China, Germany and the United States show. Such a large country as Russia simply cannot afford to develop only one thing.

3. Agriculture is also an interesting area for development. But it has problems with infrastructure: production in the agro-industrial complex, even at its peaks, does not allow a significant increase in exports. Therefore, the agricultural infrastructure must be seriously expanded, new grain terminals and railways must be built.

The productivity of labor is also low agriculture. This problem is mainly related to the automation of production, here we are again returning to the development of domestic engineering. More active use of mineral fertilizers is desirable. In addition, it is necessary to create effective models for crop insurance, look for permanent markets for Russian agricultural products;

4. Special tax regimes for small and medium businesses. It is also important to create public infrastructure - the same industrial parks, special economic zones. So far, such tools have been developed only in large agglomerations. A significant part of the cost of all new business projects falls on infrastructure. An ordinary entrepreneur cannot afford to build a plant and also bring trunk lines to it, railway or highway. These are significant costs that the state can take on.

5. Concentration of actions of programs to support small and medium-sized businesses, which will create new jobs for those employees who are fired from the city-forming enterprises. If the remaining unemployed resident of a single-industry town is ready to move to another region, then he should receive lifting allowances from the state.

Thus, everything should happen gradually. It is impossible to take tomorrow and wake up already in new economy, where the role of the fuel and energy complex is minimized. But ten years for the diversification of the Russian economy is quite a realistic period. Technologies in modern world cheaper, the rate of modernization is constantly increasing. Russia has quite enough opportunities and means to diversify the economy over such a period, reducing the share of energy resources in it to 30-40 percent from the current 70 percent, and thereby improve the standard of living of the population.

Reviewers:

Ivanova O.P., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economics and Automated Control Systems, Yurga Technological Institute (branch) of Tomsk Polytechnic University, Yurga.

Antonov G.D., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economics and Automated Control Systems of the Yurga Technological Institute (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University", Yurga.

Bibliographic link

Trifonov V.A. MANAGEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION IN RUSSIA // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2014. - No. 4.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=14036 (date of access: 09/16/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"