Accounts payable in this case. Ways to pay off accounts payable

Contractual relations between legal entities imply the possibility of forming accounts payable. It has become an invariable aspect of modern business activity.

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It is important to timely fulfill the repayment of accounts payable, observing the terms and conditions of the signed agreement.

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In fact, this is the total amount of debts of a particular organization to other business entities, government organizations and individuals.

There are several reasons for the occurrence of accounts payable. But regardless of them, it is important to comply with the reporting and display it in accounting and tax accounting. Most often, it appears when delivering goods or services. The company in advance in writing stipulates the amount (monetary or piece) of future debt. A repayment schedule must be attached.

The following classification of accounts payable has been adopted:

Regular. It is formed according to the above-described scheme. Does not exclude the likelihood of delays in payments, but in a short time interval. Penalties for this are not mandatory - it depends on the terms of the agreement.
Unjustified. The debt to the organization is not paid, additional agreements are not possible due to the conflict of interests of the parties. This situation negatively affects the balance sheet of the enterprise.

To minimize the appearance of the latter type of debt, you need to properly keep records. Particular attention is paid to tax liabilities, since they directly depend on the amount of the official debt.

Payments payable step by step

To normalize business relations between partners, you can consider several options for its repayment. Each of them has certain advantages and disadvantages. The choice is made only after mutual discussion and compromise. In this case, it is not necessary to pay the invoice in full - you can use other methods.

Repayment methods:

Mutually beneficial debt restructuring. It implies an increase in the terms of payment, a decrease in monthly financial obligations, and a consideration of an option to reduce penalties.
Using the offsetting mechanism. In essence, there will be an exchange of goods or services. Instead of money, the lender will receive material values equivalent in value. In rare cases - the debtor's property. The main thing is that the netting complies with the norms of Articles 410 and 411 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Retreat. An extreme measure, as property is transferred as payment. The requirements for this mechanism are specified in article 409 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. If, after the transfer and appraisal of the property, it turns out that its value is lower than the debt, an act is drawn up.
Use of the norms of article No. 414 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The innovation consists in documentary debt repayment and a one-day formation of a new one. It is obligatory to draw up a new contractual agreement.

The specificity of the application of each of the above methods depends on the nuances of debt and the degree of trust between partners. It is impossible to carry out these actions unilaterally without prior agreement. This is prohibited at the legislative level, as the interests of one of the parties to financial and commodity relations may suffer.

What to do so that debts do not arise

Debt to a business partner should not be spontaneous. This process must be controlled from two sides. Accounts receivable must be displayed in the current accounting entries, it is obligatory to corroborate goods and tax invoices.

To reduce the likelihood of debt formation going beyond the boundaries established in the relationship, it is recommended to perform the following actions:

Periodic reconciliation with the partner's accounting department. The recommended minimum time period is 1 month.
In-depth analysis of the organization's ability to pay. If the payment is not received on time, you need to find out about the possible financial difficulties. In this case, it is recommended to restrict the supply in order not to increase the risk of non-return.
For a credited organization - to have a strategic reserve fund... Funds from it are spent only as a last resort.

Additionally, you need to do - the ratio of revenue to the amount of actual debt, the frequency of repayment of the first delivery. For the latter, you need to set a maximum time limit of 1 year (360 days). It is important that the credited company does not have any write-off opportunities. This can lead to irreversible financial losses and an overall deterioration economic situation at the enterprise.

What is the threat of evasion

It is not always possible to close the debt by the methods described above. In this case, it is necessary to take steps to enforce the collection of accounts payable. This can be done in several ways. It is important to take into account the norms of the current legislation.

Pre-trial claim. It is necessary to indicate the clauses of the contract for the supply of goods (services) that have been violated. Additionally, the amount of interest or other penalties is taken into account. The basis is article No. 4 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, article No. 132 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation and article No. 4 of the CAS RF. They also regulate the procedure for document flow and the rules for forming a claim.
Submission of a statement of claim to the court. It is compiled in accordance with current regulations. Mandatory for execution - the claim is filed only after the completion of the pre-trial procedure. This applies to all types of organizations, enterprises.
The alternative is a court order. If it is proved by irrefutable documents, a statement is made addressed to the judge of the Arbitration Instance. He writes out, which is transferred to the executive service.
Mandatory control over the actions of bailiffs.

The last measure is to ensure the full compulsory repayment of accounts payable. It is important that the bailiff checks all of the organization's assets - financial, movable and real estate... On the basis of the inventory, an auction is announced, according to the results of which the amount of the debt is repaid.

Features of write-off

Small delays in contractual obligations will not greatly affect the financial component of the company. If the accounts payable is not paid regularly, the debtor has the opportunity to officially write it off. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitation period for such business relationships.

If during a certain period the funds were not transferred, then on the basis of the letter of the Federal Tax Service No. GD-4-3 / 25307 and the Ministry of Finance No. 03-03-P3 / 45767, the debtor can obtain a write-off based on the following reasons:

Expiration of the limitation period. The maximum period since the last transaction is 3 years.
Liquidation of the creditor. Debts are written off after entering official information in the register of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.
The creditor is actually inactive entity... Debt cancellation date - exclusion of the organization from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.
Official debt forgiveness. Be sure to be documented.

After the onset of one of these grounds, you need to make the appropriate entries in accounting and tax accounting.

Documenting

Write-off of congestion is an extreme measure for an enterprise. It is carried out if the other party is unable to fulfill its obligations - in part or in full. It is important to perform the actions correctly, in accordance with the legislation.

To write off the amount of accounts payable from the balance of the organization, it is necessary to take an inventory... It is performed for the next reporting period, most often on the first day of the month. The basis is the order of the head. The procedure is regulated by clause 78 by order of the Ministry of Finance No. 34n.

The amounts of accounts payable that go beyond the statute of limitations or that have passed into the category of unjustified due to bankruptcy or closure of the organization are necessarily taken into account.

At the end of all inventory activities, an act is drawn up, in which the following fields must be filled in:

full name of the credited legal entity;
account numbers accounting for which the debt is listed;
separate amounts for agreed and uncoordinated amounts of debt;
documents with expired statute of limitations.

Drawing up an act in duplicate. One of them remains at the enterprise, the other is transferred to a special commission. Only after these formalities are observed, the due amount will be written off from the balance of the organization.

Display in enterprise accounting

The next step is the correct conduct of accounting. In the future, this will be necessary for tax reporting and analysis of the actual financial situation. The basis for these actions is the act of the inventory carried out and the accounting statement.

Debt cancellation without taking into account the limitation period, bankruptcy or closure of an enterprise is carried out only by mutual agreement of the parties.

In the latter case, the account numbers will differ:

Debit - 60, 62, 66, 76. Additionally, accounts 70, 71 and 76 can be used.
Credit - 91. It belongs to the category of "other expenses".

It is important that the write-off procedure coincides with the expiry of the statute of limitations. Therefore, the size and parameters of accounts payable must be constantly monitored. Each action must be justified in writing in order to correctly reflect it in the organization's accounting. If this is not done, problems may arise with tax service, up to the imposition of penalties.

Tax accounting

Regardless of the reasons for the formation of debt, its size is included in the category of non-operating income. The basis is article No. 250, clause 18 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. However, an accountant or other responsible person must take into account the exceptions, which are described in detail in Article No. 251, p. 3.4, 11 and 21.

These include the following categories of debt:

resulting from underpayments for tax items;
liabilities for insurance premiums, penalties and fines, but only to non-state funds;
if the debt has arisen to the owner of the organization, whose share in the authorized capital exceeds 50% .

Accounts payable- this debt of this organization to other organizations, employees and persons who are called creditors. Creditors whose debt arose in connection with the purchase of tangible assets from them are called suppliers. Creditors who owe other creditors are called other creditors. In the current financial statements (2012) payables presented in the balance sheet: section V. Short-term liabilities, p. 1520.

At accounts payable management it must be remembered that the attraction of borrowed funds into the turnover of an enterprise is a normal phenomenon, contributing to a temporary improvement in the financial condition, provided that these funds are not frozen for a long time in circulation and are returned in a timely manner. Otherwise, there may be overdue accounts payable , which ultimately leads to the payment of fines and a worsening of the financial situation.

Therefore, during the analysis necessaryto study the composition, the prescription of the appearance of accounts payable, the presence, frequency and reasons for the formation of overdue debts to suppliers of resources, the personnel of the enterprise for wages, the budget, to determine the amount of penalties paid for late payments. To do this, you can use the data of reporting form No. 5 "Appendix to the balance sheet", as well as the data of primary and analytical accounting.

One of the indicators used to assess the status of accounts payable is the average duration of the period of its maturity (P k.z ), which is calculated as follows:

NS k.z = (average balances of accounts payable x days of the period): amount of paid accounts payable

In addition, the following indicators are used:

accounts payable turnover ratio (the ratio of the amount of proceeds from sales to the average amount of accounts payable);

average term of accounts payable turnover in days;

turnover of loans and borrowings in days, etc.

The quality of accounts payable can also be assessed by the definition the share in it of settlements on bills. The share of accounts payable secured by issued bills, in its total amount, shows that part of debt obligations, untimely repayment of which will lead to a protest of bills issued by the enterprise, and, consequently, to additional costs and loss of business reputation.

Analyzing accounts payable, it is necessary to take into account that it is at the same time a source of coverage for accounts receivable. That's why you need to compare the amount of receivables and payables . If accounts receivable exceeds accounts payable, then this indicates the immobilization of equity capital in accounts receivable. If the accounts payable slightly exceeds the accounts receivable, then the organization rationally uses the funds, temporarily attracts more into circulation than it distracts.

Control accounts payable suppose em:

choice of a supplier (in this case, if possible, the following should be taken into account: the reliability of the supplier, the possibility of establishing long-term relationships, variability in the establishment of financial and settlement relations, the presence of various schemes for the supply of raw materials and materials, the average duration of delivery, etc.);

control of the timeliness of settlements (as a rule, exceeding the deadline for payment for the supplied raw materials and materials leads to penalties);

the choice of the moment of settlement with a specific creditor in a specific situation (in the overwhelming majority of cases, suppliers of raw materials, naturally interested in speeding up payment, offer a discount on the selling price, subject to relatively quick payment; thus, the company faces a dilemma - take advantage of the discount or receive additional source financing).

Most a common method of managing accounts payable is its restructuring. Accounts payable restructuring involves obtaining various concessions from creditors. Several main ways of restructuring accounts payable.

Assignment of ownership of fixed assets. The company can agree with the creditor to pay off part of the accounts payable in exchange for fixed assets. Before offering any assets as compensation, it is necessary to assess how important they are for the production activities of the enterprise and whether they are not collateral for other obligations. This method is suitable for companies with a large number of fixed assets that are difficult to sell at an affordable price, or the costs of their storage and maintenance are quite high. It is advisable to offer this method of restructuring to those creditors who can use or sell the resulting assets.

Assignment of company shares. One of the types of compensation is the offer of a block of shares on the balance sheet of the enterprise. In this case, the newly issued shares cannot be used to reduce accounts payable. The agreement is concluded between the creditor and the owners of the enterprise, who are ready to cede part of the enterprise's shares in exchange for improving the credit conditions. Lenders can take this approach if their claims on the enterprise constitute a significant portion of its total debt, or if they plan to diversify their business by acquiring stakes in other companies.

Offsetting. Debt offsetting is a common method of debt restructuring. In the process of analyzing accounts receivable and payable, it often turns out that the company has debt obligations to the company, to which it also has counterclaims. In such a situation, the entity can offset both amounts. Moreover, netting can be carried out unilaterally by notifying the other party (preferably in writing and with confirmation of delivery of the letter). The entity may also try to buy back the creditor's debts from a third party at a significant discount and then offset the full amount.

Re-registration of accounts payable. Very often, debts to creditors are not secured by anything. If such creditors demand repayment of the debt in court, then they risk receiving only part or nothing at all, since their claims will be the last to be satisfied. An entity may offer unsecured creditors to convert the debt into secured obligations in exchange for a reduction in the amount of debt, interest and / or an increase in the maturity of the debt. For restructuring an unsecured loan, you can also offer the lender collateral in the form of a guarantee or a third party surety, in accordance with which the third party undertakes to repay the debt of the enterprise if it cannot do so on its own.

Paying off accounts payable by providing promissory notes. A promissory note as a means of debt restructuring is a new obligation that must be fulfilled in accordance with newly established terms and often at lower interest rates. This frees the company from paying debt in this period, contributing to the improvement of the company's performance indicators. Companies in financial distress can use bills of exchange as a loan restructuring tool if there is a third party interested in acquiring the company's liabilities.

Much more efficient use of bank bills. For this, a loan agreement is concluded with a bank secured for the amount necessary to purchase bank bills. In the future, the company pays off with its creditor with bank bills. In this transaction, the enterprise actually replaces its many "unsecured" creditors with one "secured" - a bank that provides a loan to an enterprise with interest rate lower than the rates on non-restructured debts. Lenders win because in return doubtful debts they receive very specific requirements for the bank. Companies using this method of restructuring tend to have many small lenders, good relationships with a stable bank, and have assets that can be used as collateral for a loan.

Accounts payable are the debts of the firm. Read in more detail what accounts payable is in simple words, how you can control its size so that an enterprise can function normally.

What is accounts payable

Accounts payable are debts of a company to counterparties, employees or the government. In simple words Is what the organization should do. The definitions of accounts payable are often confused - we owe it or we owe it. There is an easy way to remember this. Everyone knows that credit is when we owe it. But accounts payable is when the organization owes it.

Almost all companies work with a lender. For example, firms pay salaries on the last day of the month. At the same time, labor legislation allows the issuance of wages within 15 calendar days after the end of the month. From the moment of accrual to the day of issue, the company will have a debt to employees.

Organizations enter into a postpay contract. That is, the goods were shipped, but the buyer has not paid for it yet. Such debts are beneficial to the organization - thus it gets an interest-free loan.

It is impossible to say unequivocally how the presence of creditors affects the work of the company. On the one hand, this gives the company an interest-free loan. After all, the company uses other people's money for free for some time. On the other hand, endlessly saving up a credit card is dangerous - each payment has a maturity date. And if you do not fulfill your obligations on time, then, most likely, you will need to pay more fines and penalties. Moreover, the counterparty has the right to go to court to collect debts. Due to the large debt, the company can also be declared bankrupt (). That is why it is important to control the value of this indicator at the enterprise.

Download and get to work:

Accounts payable in accounting

The easiest way to find out the size different types accounts payable of the organization - refer to the accounting and reporting data.

Information on the amount of debts can be determined by the credit of the accounts:

as well as sub-accounts 75-2 "Calculations for the payment of income" to account 75.

Information about the short-term creditor is in line 1520 of the "Accounts payable" balance sheet. Data on long-term debts - in line 1450 “Other liabilities”.

In the balance sheet, receivables and payables are indicated on a gross basis. The receivable is in the asset, and the creditor's is in the liability. That is, these debts will not balance. Even on the condition that both debit and credit balances have arisen for analytical accounts of the same account.

V explanatory note to the reporting of the organization decrypt the creditor by type.

A lender management policy to help avoid excessive debt

Accounts payable - good way finance working capital. The main thing is not to get carried away and not take on obligations that you cannot fulfill. To pay suppliers on time and avoid excessive debts, Fifth Season has developed a accounts payable management policy. If you do not have such a document, take it as a sample. The lender's management policy defines:

what is the share of accounts payable in the target capital structure;
by what indicators to control it;
how to calculate limit value creditors;
when it is impractical to agree to a deferral of the supplier;
how to budget for debt;
in what order to pay off debts;
who to appoint responsible for the lender.

Creditors analysis

Accounts receivable and payable are usually present in the work of any company. These two indicators affect the formation market value business. That is why it is important to control their size (see, ).

One of the important elements of control over accounts payable is the establishment of limits and standards for its size (the maximum amount of debt in relation to one creditor or group, the total amount of debt, etc.). There are no uniform indicators on which any organization can be guided. It all depends on the specifics of the work, the size of the company, etc. Usually, the credit card is directly related to the volume of production and sales. That is, the higher the turnover of the organization, the usually larger the creditor.

They analyze the state of the creditors using special coefficients:

average accounts payable;
accounts payable turnover;
the period of repayment of accounts payable;
the share of accounts payable in current liabilities.

Let's take a closer look at each of them.

The average value of the creditors C KZ is calculated as the arithmetic average of the amount of debts at the beginning of the KZ period n.p. and at the end of the KZ kp period.

The turnover ratio is defined as:

where BP is the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services). See also, how to find revenue .

This ratio shows the expansion or contraction of the company's commercial credit. Its growth suggests that the company is quickly paying off debts. The decrease in the coefficient shows that the company began to buy more on credit.

The average turnover period of accounts payable is calculated using the formula:

where PP KZ is the period of repayment of accounts payable.

The repayment period shows how many days it takes a business to pay bills. That is, this is the average debt repayment period.

The analysis considers the share of debt in current liabilities. The share is determined as the ratio of accounts payable to current liabilities according to the formula:

where D KZ - the share of the accounts payable;

Пт - current liabilities.

An analysis of accounts payable alone would not be complete. It needs to be analyzed in conjunction with the receivables. For example:

control volumes (for example, the excess of credits over receivables can allow the organization to develop faster, since it does not need to attract loans);
check the terms (the consistency of the terms of repayment of the creditor and the receivable will allow the organization to work smoothly and pay off debts on time).

When assessing these types of debts, the enterprise must establish their optimal ratio. This calculated figure must be compared with the actual one. After all, if an organization has its accounts receivable many times higher than the creditor, then this can create a threat financial condition the company will need to raise additional funds from outside. If the accounts receivable significantly exceed the receivables, this will lead to a decrease in the financial independence and stability of the company.

The criterion for the optimal ratio of receivables and payables is the following condition:

where DZ add - permissible receivables;

∆ОП - change in operating profit associated with the production and sale of products;

∆ОЗ - change in operating costs associated with the production and sale of products;

NPL - the amount of losses of funds invested in accounts receivable due to non-payment of buyers;

KZ additional - permissible accounts payable.

Accounts payable refers to the obligations of the organization.

As an object of accounting, accounts payable is a monetary estimate of the amount of debt of an organization (debtor) to other persons (creditors).

Accounts payable are recorded on active-passive accounts for accounting for settlements: 60, 62 (advances received), 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76. Debt liabilities are reflected in passive accounts for accounting for settlements on loans and credits 66, 67.

The following rules of reflection in accounting statements accounts payable:

1. Offset between assets and liabilities is not allowed (clause 34 of PBU 4/99). For example, as of the reporting date, the collapsed balance of account 68 “Calculations of taxes and fees” is 1,500 thousand rubles, including the debit balance of subaccount 68- “Calculations with the budget for VAT” - 2,000 thousand rubles. and the credit balance for other taxes - 3,500 thousand rubles. In the balance sheet as of the reporting date, the balance on account 68 should be presented in detail: as part of accounts receivable (line 1230) - 2,000 thousand rubles, as part of accounts payable (line 1520) - 3,500 thousand rubles.

2. In the balance sheet, accounts payable are presented as short-term (section V of the balance sheet) if the maturity period is no more than 12 months after the reporting date or the duration of the operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months. In other cases, payables are presented as long-term and, accordingly, are reflected in section IV balance sheet(Clause 19 PBU 4/99).

For example, in 2013, the organization received a loan for the construction of a workshop in the amount of RUB 100 million. for a period of 5 years. Moreover, according to the conditions loan agreement the organization must pay interest on the loan on a monthly basis. Accordingly, in the balance sheet as of December 31, 2013, the principal amount of the loan is reflected in long-term liabilities in line 1410, and the amount of interest accrued and outstanding at the reporting date is reflected in short-term liabilities in line 1510.

3. Accounts payable denominated in foreign currency (including payable in rubles), for reflection in the financial statements, is recalculated into rubles at the exchange rate in force on the reporting date (clauses 1, 5, 7, 8 PBU 3/2006 ). The exception is accounts payable arising in connection with the receipt of an advance, prepayment or a deposit. In addition, balances of targeted financing received in foreign currency are not recalculated. Such payables (liabilities) are reflected in the financial statements at the exchange rate at the date of receipt Money(their acceptance for accounting) (clauses 7, 9, 10 PBU 3/2006).

4. When the organization receives payment (partial payment) for the upcoming supply of goods (performance of work, provision of services, transfer of property rights), the accounts payable is reflected in the balance sheet in the assessment minus the amount of VAT payable (paid) to the budget in accordance with the tax legislation (see annex to the letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.01.2013 No. 07-02-18 / 01).

For example, an organization received an advance payment from a buyer in the amount of RUB 118,000. (Debit 51 Credit 62) and calculated from the received advance the amount of VAT payable (Debit 76, subaccount "VAT from advances received" Credit 68, subaccount "Calculations with the budget for VAT"). As of the reporting date, shipment against the received advance payment has not been made. In the balance sheet, the accounts payable of the organization to the buyer is reflected in line 1520 in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. (118,000 - 18,000).

5. In the balance sheet, data on accounts payable for purchased goods (works, services) are reflected, if they are material, separately from the amounts received by the organization in accordance with advance (prepayment) agreements (see letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated January 27, 2012 No. 07-02 -18/01).

6. For loans and credits received, the debt is shown taking into account the interest payable at the end of the reporting period (clause 73 of PVBU No. 34n).

7. The amounts reflected in the financial statements for calculations with the budget must be verified with the tax authority and are identical. Leaving unsettled amounts on the balance sheet for these calculations is not allowed (clause 74 of the PVBU No. 34n).

8. Fines, penalties and forfeits recognized by the organization or for which a court decision on their recovery has been received are included in other expenses and, before they are paid, are reflected in the balance sheet as part of accounts payable (clause 76 of PVBU 34n).

9. The amounts of accounts payable and accounts payable, for which the limitation period has expired, are written off to other expenses for each obligation on the basis of (clause 78 of PVBU 34n):

Inventory data;

Written justification;

- (and) the order (instruction) of the head of the organization.

Credit debt is a type of obligations of an entity, expressed in a monetary amount that must be paid in favor of other persons on the basis of a previously drawn up agreement. It arises in the event of failure to pay for the services or work provided within the agreed period.

Dear Readers! The article talks about typical ways of solving legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve your problem- contact a consultant:

APPLICATIONS AND CALLS ARE ACCEPTED 24/7 and WITHOUT DAYS.

It's fast and IS FREE!

V credit relations there are two subjects: the creditor and the debtor.

Typically, the credit debt of organizations occurs for:

non-payment for services and goods to suppliers and contractors;
late payment wages and insurance payments for employees;
absence tax payments to the budget;
failure to fulfill obligations to creditors.

For malicious evasion from payment of credit debt, criminal liability is provided for under Art. 177 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The imposition of a fine of up to 200 thousand rubles or imprisonment of up to two years is envisaged.

If the subject of the debt is a legal entity, then the head of the organization is attracted to responsibility. Depending on the degree of guilt and the size of the debt, liability may arise in the form of arrest or forced labor.

Analysis

Credit debt is calculated from the total value in monetary terms of the obligations that the debtor must fulfill. Direct repayment of accounts payable must take place within a period not exceeding 12 months since its inception.

Debt may include obligations to pay:

supplies of goods and services;
employee salaries;
redemption of issued bills;
social insurance;
tax deductions.

The broad concept of credit debt implies many subjects of these relations and a large number of sources of financial liabilities. As a result, direct management and control requires in-depth research in order to properly align repayment priorities.

Reasons for the analysis

On the financial success of conducting economic activity enterprises can be judged not only on the receipt of income from transactions, but also on the timeliness of repayment of short-term liabilities. The liquidity of an enterprise directly depends on its ability to timely ensure the fulfillment of the terms of transactions, payment of taxes, salaries and insurance contributions to state funds.

To make an analysis of the debt of the subject of economic relations, a study of the balance sheet and form No. 5 is carried out. As a result of the study, the dynamics of the ratio of credit debt to the direct scale of the enterprise's activities is clearly visible. As a result, an accurate forecast of the possibility of repayment of obligations is made.

Business activity largely depends on.

V financial work enterprises have debts all the time, but the maturity period is spread out over time, so there is no need to accumulate a large amount of funds for the simultaneous return

Application of analysis results

After conducting the analysis, it is possible to determine the need for additional fundraising for the timely repayment of existing obligations in order to avoid the appearance of penalties and interest. Basic indicators of credit debt are calculated even on the basis of indirect information about the company, available in public information.

The future lender, having the necessary knowledge and skills, as well as information available in the open press, will be able to preliminarily determine the success of a future transaction. The statistics obtained are not reliably accurate, and many factors will not be taken into account, but the plight of the enterprise will not be difficult to notice.

Since any production is tied to relationships with suppliers, it is very important for an enterprise to maintain constant relationships with them. An interruption in the supply of raw materials or other important element for production will lead to the fact that the work will be stopped. Therefore, the expense column "Accounts payable to suppliers and contractors" is considered one of the priorities along with the redemption of bills.

The laws of economics made it possible to clearly see the formula for successful economic activity, in which total expenses should be in proportion to the credit debt. In other words, you cannot spend too much on expanding activities and purchasing new equipment and assets, otherwise the income received will not be enough to repay existing debts.

An important factor in the analysis of total credit debt is the identification of overdue obligations. A large number of them will lead to the fact that they will be followed by violations of the deadline for the fulfillment of other requirements of creditors. As a result, an incompetent business strategy will lead to bankruptcy, followed by a recovery on the assets of the enterprise.

Accounts payable methods

The immediate period for repayment of accounts payable is prescribed in the contract and, as a rule, is calculated before 12 months... The law allows the establishment of a shorter period, which the parties agree on in advance before entering into a relationship. Debt repayment occurs from the moment the parties fully fulfill their obligations or write off the debt.

Debt cancellation methods

The concept of the other party includes not only suppliers and contractors, but also employees, financial institutions who provided a loan, etc. The law provides for cases of debt cancellation in the absence of its return and not receiving a request to do so. There is a limitation period 3 years from the moment the delay began.

This means that a party can go to court with statement of claim to enforce debt collection only during 3 years old, after which she loses this opportunity.

In addition to writing off debt after the expiration of the limitation period, Civil Code The Russian Federation provides for other circumstances for the termination of credit debt:

release of the debtor from obligations by the creditor;
when circumstances arise that prevent the fulfillment of the terms of the drawn up agreement on which none of the parties has any influence;
when a legal act enters into force, which recognizes illegal actions aimed at fulfilling the terms of the drawn up agreement;
death or liquidation of the creditor.

The law clearly states that writing off overdue credit debt is not a right, but an obligation. Therefore, regardless of the wishes of the creditor, the demand for repayment after the end this period is illegal. But it should be noted that the legislation provides for a number of circumstances that may allow to extend the limitation period.

Having well-founded reasons that prevented the creditor from going to court first 3 years from the moment the debt begins, he can extend the term and achieve judgment enforcement.

In the event of the loss of the right to claim the repayment of the debt, which, as a result, would be counted as profit, the creditor has the right to apply to the tax authorities in order to reduce the fees. The financial statements provided for a line on the receipt of income from economic activity with the debtor, which actually did not take place. In addition, not only the fact of loss of profit appears, but also of loss, because the services or goods were nevertheless provided.

Direct debt write-off is carried out on the basis of an inventory. Based on its results, an appropriate act is drawn up. The head of the organization issues a write-off order. The amount of funds that should have been transferred to the creditor is recorded in the debtor's income. This is justified by the fact that finances remain in the budget and in the future can be put into the general cash flow.

Overdue

To calculate and analyze overdue credit debt, its inventory is carried out. The complex of these activities is repeated quarterly. Municipal enterprises shall submit a report to the chief administrator of the territorial budget by the 15th day of the next month after the end of the quarterly period. In addition, information on the income received is submitted by the 20th day of the same month.

The amount of debt includes:

general credit debt to all creditors;
the amount of calculated fines for late performance of the contract;
penalty for each day of delay, or another period specified in the contract.

The main distributor of the territorial budget examines the report and has the right to demand additional documentation to confirm the information submitted.

The report must have a mandatory package of documents, which consists of:

an explanatory letter from the head, in which he must name the justified reasons that subjected the enterprise to violate the legal requirements of the opponent;
copies of contracts under which the debtor has not fulfilled obligations;
a copy of the quarterly debt reconciliation made by the debtor and the creditor.

The submitted report is studied until the 25th, as a result of which it is accepted or returned for revision with a written justification of the reasons. Most often this is a discrepancy between the declared amount in the report and the total amount of debt in the documents provided.

The company is given a deadline to recalculate or add lost copies of contracts that were included in the report, but were not present in the package of documents for a number of reasons.

The result of the check may recognize the debt as authorized or unauthorized, as well as one that requires clarification. The manager prepares a letter of recommendation on how to eliminate the violation of credit debt.

Authorized debt

If, after studying the report and the provided documentation, the appearance of the debt is recognized as justified, then the budget manager allocates banknotes for their repayment, which were previously provided for this entity.

As a result, if the region's budgetary limit can fully cover the creditor's claims, then the debt is fully closed. If the funds are not enough, then negotiations are underway with the lender for a partial repayment with the use of restructuring.

Debt requiring clarification

During the check, you may receive additional questions for individual costs and profits. Unlike authorized debt, its repayment has a generally accepted limitation of actions... If the budget manager did not recognize the fact of the debt by starting to repay it with budgetary contributions, and the creditor did not go to court, then it is written off.

Unauthorized debt

In case of unauthorized credit debt, its repayment also occurs at the expense of budget funds, but only those that are received as a result of income. If the income is insufficient, then the manager can make proposals for the redistribution of funds between the entities entrusted to him.

As a result, if the budget provided for expenses for a separate enterprise that does not need them, then the funds can be used to support the unprofitable organization.

Restructuring

If it is impossible to timely repay the debt, the lender can provide restructuring. This concept means the division of debt into partial payments, which must be repaid within a specified period, the violation of which will lead to negative consequences.

In addition, restructuring can have a number of concessions for the debtor:

writing off part of the debt;
decrease in interest rates;
refusal to charge fines;
refinancing;
replacement of debt for services or goods.

Restructuring not only allows you to break the debt into payments, but also to offset when the parties have mutual monetary claims to each other under different agreements.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 140) provides for the conditions for such a transaction:

the parties must have at least two general agreements, in one of which the debtor and the creditor have an opposite position;
offset is possible only if the payment for each contract is the amount of money;
the deadline for fulfilling the terms of the contract has already come.

If the amounts of obligations differ, then for the party with the lower debt, the full repayment is counted, and for the other - the partial payment. After the missing amount is credited to the creditor's account, the debt is considered fully repaid.

The offset is confirmed by a bilateral agreement or a statement by one of the parties. Art. 411 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for some restrictions in this regard, which, as a rule, are not subject to economic entities.

Novation

The parties may decide to replace their contractual obligations with services. Having a different object or method of performance, the debtor, after fulfilling the amended obligation, is considered such that he has paid off the loan debt in full.

The novation agreement is drawn up in writing, it must consist of information: