Human Potential is one of the main types of aggregate economic potential and is distinguished by specific and qualitative characteristics. The required population size is distinguished by certain qualitative indicators (qualification and professional structure) and is a necessary resource, without which not only the development of the national economy, but also its normal functioning is impossible. Accordingly, the greater the degree of provision with human potential, the greater the potential ability of the national economy to grow.
Russia's human potential
The total population of Russia in 2000 was 145.6 million people, which corresponds to the sixth place in the world. The average life expectancy of the population of Russia, according to the State Statistics Committee, is 69.5 years, for men - 63 years, for women - 74. The decline has led to the fact that the natural increase has decreased several times.
Since 2000, there has been a major shift in the structure of the population, consisting in an increase in the proportion of the urban population and an increase in the number of women involved in economic activities.
Qualification structure of human potential in Russia has changed significantly since 2000 - 274 people per 1000 employees who have higher or secondary specialized education. This indicator differs significantly across the regions of Russia and is highest in Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is characteristic that there is a significant concentration of human potential in the central regions with a decrease in the regions of the North.
The main factor under the influence of which the placement of the country's human potential is. It hinders the prospective development of productive potential. It is necessary to redistribute human potential in order to create priority industries. Human potential is highly mobile. Migration flows are mainly directed to the central regions. The influx of people from neighboring countries is also significant, but for the most part it is illegal. In order to curb migration, a corresponding law was adopted, which introduces a significant amount of fines for enterprises that use illegal labor.
As a result of the unstable socio-economic situation in the country, the removal of the state from the regulation of most economic processes, there has been a significant decrease in the quality of human potential. Most of it was irretrievably lost to the national economy due to leaving the country for permanent residence. It also decreased, which became a direct reason for the decline in the quality of human potential.
The problem of human development
The problem of human development - it is the problem of matching the qualitative characteristics of the labor force with the nature of the modern economy.
In the conditions of post-industrialization, the requirements for physical qualities and especially for the education of an employee, including his ability to constantly improve his skills, increase.
However, the development of the qualitative characteristics of the labor force is extremely uneven in the world economy. The worst performance in this regard is shown by developing countries, which, however, are the main source of replenishment of the world labor resources. It is this circumstance that determines the global nature of the problem of human development.
Physical qualities of a person
The potential of a person's labor activity is determined primarily by his physical abilities for creative activity, the state of his health and development as a living organism. The increased intensity of modern production increases both the physical and intellectual burden on and objectively implies the creation of adequate conditions for its reproduction. At the same time, opportunities for this exist mainly in developed countries, and replenishment of the world occurs to a certain extent at the expense of developing countries. In the latter, the development of a person's physical qualities is actively hampered by such factors as low income, lack of good nutrition, poor housing conditions, low level of healthcare development and mass diseases, etc. It is enough to note that, according to WHO estimates, by the beginning of the 21st century. in Africa alone, about 25% of the workforce was affected by AIDS.
Education as an element of human potential
The most important element of the qualitative characteristics of labor resources is level of general and professional education. According to the theory of human capital, there is a strong relationship between and the costs of general education, vocational training and health care, i.e. " investment in people”, and such investments in the long term are higher than investments in physical capital.
In modern conditions, the costs of general education, vocational training and health are no longer considered as non-productive costs, but are considered one of the most profitable types of investments. According to data for 2004, public spending on education in France, Great Britain and the USA amounted to 5.6%, 5.3% and 5.7% of GDP, respectively, and 3.8% in Russia. At the same time, in a large group of developing countries, the same indicator was less than 2%. For example, in the Dominican Republic and Indonesia it was 1.1%, in the Gambia it was 1.9%.
The average number of years of education for an adult is 1 year in Burkina Faso, 2.25 years in Mozambique, 5 years in India, 5.77 years in Nigeria, 8.4 years in Brazil (versus 9-14 years in developed countries). ).
For developing countries, a separate, but extremely important task in the field of education is the elimination of adult illiteracy. Over the past 20 years, the share of illiterates in the world population and in the total population of developing countries has decreased, but in some regions it remains high. In addition, the total number of illiterates in the world is growing. South Asia has an adult illiteracy rate of 45%, sub-Saharan Africa 39%, and the Middle East and North Africa 35%. In a number of developing countries, the share of illiterates among the adult population reaches prohibitive values. For example, in Niger, 86% of the adult population is illiterate, in Benin - 56%, the Gambia - 63%, Senegal - 61%, Ethiopia -58%, Pakistan and Bangladesh - 51%.
Calculation of the human development index
At the international level within the UN in the second half of the 1980s. the concept of the “Human Development Index” (HDI) is being formed, which takes into account the opportunities for human development provided by health and education systems.
Since 1990, data on the size of the HDI for countries that are members of the UN have been published. In these calculations, it is defined as the arithmetic average of three indicators: life expectancy, level of education, real per capita GDP (gross domestic product).
An HDI of 1 would be a country with an average life expectancy of 85 years, a GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) of $40,000, where 100% of the adult population is literate and everyone who reaches age-appropriate, attending primary or secondary school, or studying at a higher or secondary specialized educational institution. Closest to this indicator today is Norway, whose HDI is 0.944.
An HDI of 0 would be a country with an average life expectancy of 25 years, a GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) of $100, where 100% of the adult population is illiterate and no one receives any education. Closest to this extreme today is Sierra Leone, which has an HDI of 0.275.
Each indicator (index) is calculated using formulas of the form:
- I is the index of the given species;
- D f - the actual value of the indicator;
- D min is the value of the indicator, taken as the minimum;
- D max is the value of the indicator, taken as the maximum.
The life expectancy index was calculated as follows. Based on the achieved values of life expectancy in the early 1990s. (Japan - 79 years, Sweden - 78, Canada and France - 77, USA and Great Britain - 76, Chile - 72, Mexico - 70 years), when calculating the HDI in 1994, the following values were taken: maximum - 85 years, minimum - 25 years. In Russia, life expectancy in 1994 was 63.8 years. With these data, the life expectancy index for Russia was:
I p.zh \u003d (63.8 - 25/85 - 25) \u003d 0.646
The education level index according to the existing methodology is calculated as a weighted average of two indices characterizing respectively the level of literacy (weight 2/3) and the proportion of students under the age of 24 (weight 1/3).
In 1994, the literacy rate of the adult population of Russia was 98.4%, and the proportion of students under the age of 24 was 49.1%.
(26 million students in secondary and higher educational institutions with 52.9 million people under the age of 24). With these data and the normative range (100% - 0%), the literacy indices and student shares in 1994 were, respectively:
Taking into account the weights of these indices, we obtain the education level index for Russia in 1994:
I arr \u003d 0.984 * 2 / 3 + 0.491 * 1 / z \u003d 0.819.
The most complex and debatable is the methodology for calculating the third of the above indicators of the HDI - an index that characterizes per capita GDP. The authors of the UN methodology took into account that in 1994 the values of per capita GDP could be in the range from $40,000 to $100. The “utility” of $1 in various countries was also taken into account. Based on this, the nominal value of per capita GDP in the given country was adjusted according to purchasing power parity (PPP). In 1994, the adjustment was made at per capita GDP of $5,100. When calculating the HDI, the maximum of this value was assumed to be $5,448, and the minimum was $100. In Russia, per capita GDP for 1994 was $1,044.5. data, the per capita GDP index was:
Based on the resulting population, the human development index is calculated.
For Russia in 1994 it was:
This value corresponds to 119th place out of 174 countries for which the HDI was calculated in 1994. In 1992, Russia's HDI was 0.849, which corresponded to 52nd place; in 2005, according to this indicator, Russia was in 67th place (HDI = 0.802). The highest HDI values in 2005 were in Iceland, Norway, Australia, Canada, and Ireland.
List of countries by HDI ranking
Human Development Index gives a summary assessment of the human process and covers three parameters: 1) longevity, measured as life expectancy; 2) the level of education - as a combination of the adult literacy index and the total share of students among the population in primary, secondary and higher educational institutions; 3) standard of living - based on real GDP per capita. When constructing the HDI for each of the listed indicators, the minimum and maximum values were given: life expectancy - 25 and 85 years; literacy of the adult population - 0 and 100%; cumulative share of students - 0% and 100%; GDP per capita - $100 and $40,000
The 2005 UNDP report shows that out of 174 countries for which the HDI was calculated, in most countries the average life expectancy increased, the proportion of the population receiving education increased, and positive trends in GDP dynamics were observed. Of these, 45 are in the high development category (HDI > 0.800), 94 are in the medium development category (0.500-0.799), and 35 are in the low development category (HDI > 0.800).< 0,500).
The list of HDI countries is headed by Kanala, followed by Norway, USA, Australia, Iceland, Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Japan, UK; Russia ranks 60th, followed by Sierra Leone, Niger and Ethiopia. Moreover, the discrepancy in the HDI is huge: Canada's index is 0.935, and this is more than three times the indicator of Sierra Leone - 0.262. An interesting fact is that the first places in this rating are occupied by countries that do not experience an influx of people who want to settle there (with the exception of the United States), on the contrary, Canada and Australia, and even the United States, are pursuing an active policy to attract immigrants. Meanwhile, Germany and France, which are not included in the top ten, are actively fighting off the arrivals.
The main goal of human potential development is the formation and development of the nation's intellectual potential and its effective use.
Over the past five years, Russia has moved up three places in the Human Development Index. It now ranks 65th out of 169 countries.
However, the effectiveness of the implementation of human potential lags behind the leading world powers (Table 24)
Table 24
Dependence of the economic development of some countries of the world on the skill level of their labor force (2002 - 2005) 12
|
The country |
Population, million people |
GDP, billion dollars |
Share of the world resource of skilled labor force, % |
Labor force skill level, % |
The relative values of the skilled labor force are calculated for every 100 million of the country's population, which makes it possible to compare the skill levels of the labor force in different countries. Japan, having only 9% of the world's skilled workforce (Russia has 16%), provides a GDP that is five times higher than the domestic one, which indicates an extremely inefficient use of intellectual potential. Despite the fact that the level of qualification of the labor force in Russia today is the highest in the world, according to this indicator, we are significantly ahead of the most economically developed countries: for example, Japan - one and a half times, and the United States - almost 40%. This confirms the thesis that the effectiveness of the development of the economy of modern states to a large extent depends on how much money they invest in their people.
This situation is the result of different approaches to human resources. The basis of the new economy is human capital, which is the main driving force of the socio-economic development of modern society.
In this connection, it is necessary to change the role of human capital, its transformation from a cost factor into the main productive and social factor of development. The basis of the concept of human potential development should be the creation of conditions for the self-realization of a person and work on self-identification of the individual. With such a passage, the uniqueness of a person, his talents and abilities will be at the forefront.
Achieving the set goals is possible when implementing the main tasks in key areas that have a direct impact on the formation of human potential: education, culture, health care, physical culture and sports.
Trends in the international and Russian market economies place new demands on labor markets and education systems. The modern education system should become an effective tool for preserving the human potential of our country, improving its quality, developing the intellect and spirituality of Russian society, which is today a necessary condition for ensuring Russia's national security. The education system should be aimed at identifying in each person his unique abilities and stimulating creativity.
In this connection, it is necessary to form programs for the education and upbringing of children, stimulating their creativity and striving for excellence, educating their individuality.
Achieving this goal is impossible without the development of a system of additional education. The main criterion for the effectiveness of municipal policy in the system of additional education should be the availability of a wide range of services offered by institutions of additional education, in addition, it is necessary to create conditions for self-realization of the individual.
Vocational guidance as a process of assisting an individual in learning a profession and one's own personal qualities, a process culminating in a reasonable choice of one's own business, should become a key one in the education system. Such an approach will allow in general to form a demand for professions not on the basis of fashion trends, but on the basis of the abilities of each person. The institution of professional consultation should become part of the education system.
In turn, in the system of higher education, business incubation should become an integral part of the educational process. Student business incubators should become centers of student activity, where young people will be given the opportunity to realize their ideas and talents. This approach will lay the foundation for the development of small business and ensure self-employment of the population. The system of higher education should orient students towards the use of new technologies in their professional activities, the creation of new products and the continuous improvement of their skills.
In addition, municipal policy should be aimed at improving the conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, supporting start-up entrepreneurs and stimulating innovation.
Cultural value orientations and readiness for family life and raising children are among the key characteristics of human potential. In this connection, the promotion of cultural behavior and a healthy lifestyle, culture as a way of life, family education are some of the defining areas of education and culture.
When it comes to the quality of human capital, one must keep in mind the health of a person, his value orientations towards a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle should become one of the components of a person's success.
Health policy should be aimed at popularizing careful attitude to one's health, helping to create the right habits in the family. In this connection, the main priorities in this area should be prevention, early diagnosis, which can be ensured by expanding the sector of non-state medicine, which will be included in solving the problems of early diagnosis and the practice of maintaining health. to the expansion of the sector of non-state medicine, which will be included in the solution of problems of early diagnosis and the practice of maintaining health. This priority can be implemented on the principles of municipal-private partnership.
Since physical culture and sports are the basis of a healthy lifestyle, activities should be aimed at creating conditions for physical culture and sports and increasing its accessibility.
Investments in the preservation of human capital, health, extension of the working age and improvement of the quality of life have a direct impact on the effectiveness of already made and future investments in education, science, culture and production.
An important condition for the development of human potential is the creation of comfortable living conditions, which consists of housing conditions (accessibility of housing, high-quality provision of housing and communal services), ecology, life safety, personal security (law and order, protection of the interests of citizens, protection from emergencies, safety in domestic conditions), social protection (availability of social guarantees).
On February 21, representatives of 7 territories of the Siberian Federal District gathered in Tomsk for an interregional seminar "The role of the state and civil society in ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources and human development in the regions of Russia". As well as guests from the capital - from the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the Public Chamber of Russia, the Center for Environmental Policy of Russia, from the representative office of the United Nations Development Program in the Russian Federation. The guests noted that Tomsk was chosen as the meeting place not by chance. Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Ecology of the State Duma of the Russian Federation A.I. Fokin, in particular, noted that the laws adopted in the territory of the Tomsk region in the field of ecology are in many respects ahead of the similar work of the State Duma of Russia. He also agreed with the critical remarks made in the speech of the chairman of the State Duma of the Tomsk region, Boris Maltsev.
Speech by B.A. Maltsev at the interregional seminar
“The Role of the State and Civil Society
in ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources
and development of human potential in the regions of Russia"
February 21, 2006
Dear seminar participants!
Dear guests!
Let me, on behalf of the deputy corps of the State Duma of the Tomsk region, express to you gratitude and gratitude for the fact that you found the time and opportunity to get together on Tomsk land to discuss the most urgent problem for Siberians - how our natural resources should and can serve the development of human potential.
Since our region is, by definition, resource-rich, with raw materials (and there is no need to be ashamed of this: in the United Arab Emirates, a country that lives solely on oil, people live, frankly, not badly), the existence of Siberians is their income, life expectancy, the opportunity to receive quality education - today, more than ever, depends on the possibilities of sustainable, efficient and rational use of natural resources.
In this regard, the State Duma of the Tomsk region in its work attaches the most serious importance to this direction. A permanent commission on natural resources, the oil and gas complex and ecology has been created and is working in our legislative body. I'm not talking about the fact that in all three convocations of the Duma, deputies working in the raw material industries constitute a serious force.
With our laws, we strive to create an investment attractiveness for the region. So that various companies (including foreign ones) come to us and work here with pleasure. Deputies adhered to this principle, adhere, and will adhere henceforth. It is no coincidence that one of the priorities of the Strategy for the Development of the Tomsk Region until 2020, adopted by us, is the development of the oil and gas sector of the economy, the timber industry, the use of other natural resources, and biotechnology.
At the same time, we perfectly understand that health, as they say, cannot be bought. Therefore, in our work, next (together, inalienably!) to the issues of increasing and sustainable use of natural resources, which ensure the successful economic development of the region, there are also environmental issues.
The need to solve environmental problems and the rational use of natural resources in the Tomsk region has been thought about for a long time. In 1992, by decision of the Tomsk Regional Council of People's Deputies, the concept of the Environmental Program was adopted for a ten-year period. One of the most important blocks of this program was the legal one. And this is understandable: since it is impossible to engage in ecology without the development of legislation.
We have good developments in legislation in the field of ecology and nature management. We were among the first in Russia to adopt regional laws “On Environmental Audit”, “On Environmental Expertise”. The regional law “On Protected Natural Territories” brings real benefits to the population.
This also includes the adoption of such important regulations as the Law on Hunting, the Law on Subsoil Use, methods for assessing damage to natural resources and a number of other documents.
Every year, the Duma of the Tomsk Region adopts more than 30 different laws and other environmental regulations.
The people of Tomsk who were present here can confirm that I am a consistent supporter of those criteria in the field of assessing human potential that are used by the United Nations. These are the incomes of the population, and life expectancy - the birth rate, death rate, and the level of education. Therefore, I cannot but agree with the conclusions of the UN experts in the Report on Human Development in Russia (“Russia in 2015: Development Goals and Priorities”) that the demographic problem of Siberia must be solved, including through immigrants. How it happened all 450 years of the development of Siberia. And you don't have to be afraid of it. We just need to regulate migration. Siberia - unless urgent action is taken - will soon become a desert in terms of population.
The strategic way to solve the problem, of course, is the investment of the state in its own human potential! First of all - the material security of Siberians, and not only material security, but also material interest. Of course, it is also important to improve human health, increase life expectancy, and increase the birth rate. But even this is not enough: opportunities to get a good education and improve professional skills are needed. Actually, this is the essence of the national priorities recently announced by Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin in such areas as healthcare, education, housing, and food production.
I am very pleased to welcome the representatives of the United Nations Development Program in Russia today.
And I think that the dynamics of human development (in the modern UN interpretation of this term) is of great importance for analyzing the results of the socio-economic policy of regional authorities. Therefore, its calculation in the context of the subjects of the Federation becomes an important additional tool in choosing the directions of regional policy and more efficient spending of funds for its implementation. Here I agree with UN Assistant Secretary General Kalman Mizsey, who presented the Human Development Report in Russia, that for a country that has the necessary financial resources, it is very important to properly prioritize spending.
The main Law of the country - our Constitution - says: "Issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation." We say that we have a federal state, but in fact: instead of giving the subjects of the Federation the right to dispose of natural resources, we have lived to the point that we even have payments for the use of water resources - all goes to the Federation!
It is clear that in this state of affairs we could not support either the Forest Code (and when it was nevertheless adopted in the first reading, we sent some amendments in 40 pages), or the new Law "On Subsoil".
Our natural resources are undoubtedly one of the main competitive advantages. But we have seen more than once that the state is not capable of effectively managing specific enterprises. The best manager is a business. It's the same with natural resources: the state from Moscow cannot manage every outskirts and lawn. I am sure that more freedom should be given to regional and municipal authorities in the management of resources, especially forest and water resources.
They tell us: in 2006 we are transferring to the regional level a number of additional powers (FZ 199), most of which concern the use of natural resources and environmental protection. Yes, they are transmitting something. But again, no funding.
We are faced with the task of "digesting" these powers, creating a coherent, logical system of regional legislation. At the same time, it is important not to set new barriers and obstacles in the way of business, but to create an environment favorable for the development of clean, environmentally friendly industries, waste-free technologies, and the full realization of human capabilities.
To do this, it is necessary to develop and adopt more than 10 regulatory legal acts, eight of which are the laws of the Tomsk region, including the laws "On the protection of atmospheric air", "On the use of water bodies", "On production and consumption waste" and others. A number of legislative acts require significant revision, such as the Law on Hunting. New legal acts are also required - in terms of the distribution of resource use quotas, fees for the transfer of forest land, and so on.
Taking this opportunity (by the fact that today not only representatives of state administration and control bodies, heads of industrial enterprises, scientists, but also representatives of public organizations - associations, centers, funds, the media) have gathered in this hall - I would like to encourage them to be more active assert itself in the sustainable use of natural resources and human development. It is impossible to achieve serious progress in this matter without civil society structures.
We hope that our today's seminar will really serve the benefit of the population not only of the Tomsk land, but also of all the regions gathered here.
UDC 005.331 BBK Yu526.6
TV. IVANOV, M.V. HABAKE
INTERRELATION OF THE DEFINITIONS OF "HUMAN RESOURCES"
AND "HUMAN POTENTIAL"
Keywords: human resources, human potential, quantitative and qualitative aspects of their relationship.
The author's interpretation of the definition of "human resources" is proposed. The possibilities of using the term at the level of the region, industry and enterprise are differentiated. Based on the systematization of the definitions of human potential available in the literature, various approaches to its study are proposed, in particular: resource, factorial, integral, institutional. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of the relationship between the definitions of "human resources" and "human potential" are substantiated.
T. IVANOVA, M HABAKE INTERCONNECTION OF DEFINITIONS "HUMAN RESOURCES"
AND "HUMAN POTENTIAL" Key words: human resources, human potential, quantitative and qualitative aspects of their interconnection.
The author's interpretation of the definition "human resources" is put forth. Opportunities for using the term at the level of a region, an industry and a company are differentiated. Basing on systematization of available definitions for a human potential, different approaches for its study are offered: resource-based view, factorial, integral and institutional approaches.
The main wealth of any society is people, and the ultimate criterion for progress is the measure of human development and the satisfaction of his needs. In today's conditions, interest in human creative abilities and ways to activate them has sharply increased, and therefore the priority task of the policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the medium and long term is to preserve and develop the country's national human potential as the main factor in economic growth and the basis of Russia's competitiveness in the global economy. .
In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study the terminological base (the relationship between the definitions of "human resources" and "human potential") to improve the objectivity and validity of government decisions.
The theory of human capital had a significant impact on the formation of the concept of human resources, but we will not dwell on it in detail1. Science knows the dual origin of man: on the one hand, he is part of the animal world, and on the other, part of social relations. This means that he has absorbed all the functions of an animal necessary for his life: he is healthy, energetic, grasping, but in
1 The theory of human capital is considered within the monograph of one of the authors of the article.
At the same time, society, establishing its own norms of behavior, morality, obliges it to perform its functions, which a person is not able to violate, otherwise he will turn into an animal. We also find confirmation of this in the words of B. Hildebrand: “Man, as a social being, is, first of all, a product of civilization and history”, “his needs, his education and his attitude to material values ... never remain the same same, both geographically and historically, they are constantly changing and developing along with the entire education of mankind. Obviously, in this combination, one should approach the concept of "human resources".
The first studies that proved the need to take into account the quality of human resources in the process of production activity are contained in the works of K. Marx and F. Engels, who noted: "... the history of industry and the emerging objective existence of industry are an open book of human essential forces", and reading this book is usually took place "not in its connection with the essence of man, but always only from the point of view of some external relation of utility."
The basic foundations of the concept of human resource development were laid in the works of D. McGregor and M. Follet, E. Flamholtz, who appeared in the 1960s. The latter belongs to one of the most interesting and well-known attempts to use the concept of human capital at the corporate level - the concept of "Human Resource Analysis", where he singled out three main tasks, among which, in our opinion, the fundamental one is the motivation of managers to think about people not as costs, that should be minimized, but rather as assets that should be optimized [Cit. according to: 13. S. 132].
More firmly, the term "human resources" (from the French ge880rse - reserves, stocks) came into use in the 1970s. in developed capitalist countries and until the end of the twentieth century. most often identified with the category of "labor resources" and was interpreted as available people, manpower (reserves) with their professional and physical abilities. This definition reflected the economic feasibility of capital investments in a person, the development of his skills, abilities, and abilities in the following proportion: the higher the labor productivity of an employee and the longer the period of his activity, the more income he produces and thus is of great value both for the enterprise and for society.
Evolving, the concept of "human resources" began to develop in two main directions: rationalistic and humanistic. The first is based on the position that achieving a high level of adaptability of the company to a competitive environment is possible due to the elasticity of the forms of personnel organization, the intensification of the work of highly qualified workers and the participation of workers in the distribution of profits. The second is based on the principles of making employees take responsibility for creating the competitive advantages of the company and achieving their involvement in the affairs of the organization through the development of a corporate culture (commitment to
certain values, rules, norms of behavior), effective communication, high motivation and flexible leadership.
Thus, the term "human resources" is a complex, multi-structural formation, within which a person is considered as an integral being with its own history, values, life prospects and way of life. In recent years, the semantic load of the concept of “human resources” has been filled with new content, the emphasis in which is shifting towards a more complete use of all potential (and, above all, intellectual) capabilities of a person.
New approaches to the development of human resources in our country are focused on the formation and development of a creative personality, where the cost of its maintenance is considered not as labor costs, but as long-term investments; the principle of "human resource management" is increasingly replacing the concept and practice of "human resources". Some domestic scientists see a direct relationship between the transition from the concept of labor resources to the concept of human resources and the change in the economic system: "... human resources are labor resources, which in a market economy are the most important factor of production" .
It should be emphasized that the concept of "human resources" is more capacious than "labor resources". It reflects the main wealth of any society, the prosperity of which is possible when the conditions for the development of each person are created. Human resources are determined not by the number, but by the qualitative characteristics of the population. In its most general form, human resources are understood as a certain set of qualities that allow one to obtain life's blessings and win social positions.
Summarizing the above, we can agree with the opinion of Yu.F. Lukin that "human resources are, in essence, the entire population of a country, territory, which is considered not as a means to achieve some ideologized goals, but as the goal of any economic development, management, policy" . In this regard, the most complete definition of human resources, in our opinion, will sound like this: “. human resources is a part of the country's population that has physical, mental and emotional innate and formed as a result of investment abilities, as well as performing, creative and organizational potential, which are expediently used in a particular field of activity and which should be considered not as a means, but as goal (object) of any economic development, management, policy”.
It is also necessary to differentiate the possibilities of using the term at different levels. In our opinion, at the regional level it is more expedient to consider “human resources” as a social category, and at the level of an industry and an enterprise, this definition, while retaining the qualities of an economic one, also acquires the qualities of a managerial category.
category was the concept of expanding human choice L. Sen. Income in this concept is seen not as an end goal, but as a means that expands the human choice of the goal and the way of life that a person considers preferable.
Systematizing the definitions of human potential available in the literature, we can conclude that most researchers tend to apply the resource approach to this category. So, N.V. Koro-vyakovskaya believes that "human potential is a characteristic (abilities, development, position) of the subject" . Thus, it is based on understanding the essence of a person as a unique biosocial substance that has absorbed physical, emotional and intellectual potentials.
A number of scientists believe that it is more justified to use the factorial approach, where the human potential is characterized as a form of the human factor. At the same time, the resource concept of human potential is expanded by assessing the employer's ability to use the abilities of employees as an active subject of production. T. Schulz, considering human potential, called it productive potential (productive stock), which is embodied in the person himself. He writes that this is “a potential due to which its owner will subsequently receive certain services. They include productive services, which provide an increase in future earnings, and consumer services, which consist in satisfying the needs of the individual throughout his life. according to: 12. S. 40].
The concept of "human potential" is also interpreted as an integral category, firstly, because "characterizes the internal spiritual energy of a person, his activity position aimed at creative self-expression", and secondly, because it characterizes the differentiated aspects of the inclusion of a person in social production and social relations and is related to labor economics, demographics, political, religious, ethical and ethnic conditions. V.V. Sartakov writes: “On the one hand, the potential of the individual is used as a characteristic of the organization (development) of the subject in one way or another (professional, qualification, cultural, intellectual, etc.) and as its integrated characteristic, reflecting its systemic quality. In the second case, this concept is characterized as a holistic education, its cumulative ability, the ability to effectively interact with the environment, the ability to solve technical, economic and socio-political problems.
Interest in the category of "human potential" in the Russian Federation was especially intensified during the period of market reforms. A.B. Doktorovich, T.I. Zaslavskaya, R.I. Kapelyushnikov, L.A. Migranova, A. Neshchadin and others began to analyze the structure and dynamics of this definition. Due to qualitative changes in views on the role of a person in the system of social
production in recent years, the semantic load of the concept is somewhat modified. As rightly noted by V.N. Yakimov: “The efficiency of production in modern conditions depends not only on the high level of professionalism of workers, but also on a comprehensive consideration of all the various qualities of a person, his inclinations, individual characteristics, creating conditions for creativity, self-expression of the individual. when labor is connected with the realization of all human abilities.
T.I. Zaslavskaya defines human potential as an indicator of the development of a social system: “The human potential of a country is a combination of physical and spiritual forces of citizens that can be used to achieve individual and social goals, both instrumental and existential, including the expansion of the very potentials of a person and the possibility of his self-realization” .
Therefore, in addition to labor resources and labor potential, “human potential” also includes professional, intellectual resources, the general level of culture and moral reliability, creativity, motivation, responsibility for decisions made, entrepreneurial spirit and potential opportunities for the comprehensive development of the employee both in production and outside of it, in his spare time. Therefore, it is necessary to create conditions when a person is given the opportunity to choose the area of application of his abilities.
One of the main goals of human resource management is to create conditions under which the hidden potential of employees will be realized and their commitment to the cause of the organization will be ensured. This potential, as a rule, includes not only the ability to acquire and use new knowledge, skills and abilities, but also the accumulated unrealized ideas for improving the organization's activities.
L.I. Evenko proposed an original approach to the study of the role of personnel in production, where the problem of personnel management, enterprise personnel is analyzed from the point of view of the postulates "man as a resource" and "man as a subject" of management, with which we agree in principle.
The modern theory of human potential, which defines a person as the main priority and an active subject of all socio-economic processes, considers the development of human potential as the ultimate goal and criterion of social progress. At the forefront of society has put society, the optimal development of which is possible only when based on an institutional approach; its most important tools are public institutions, it is on their state and development that the process of reproduction of a person as a “social” being depends.
Already at the initial stage of the development of the theory of human capital, its meaning was unreasonably generalized and its conceptual scope was expanded, which led to a shift in the semantic boundaries separating the concepts of "human capital" and "human potential". This not only distorts the essential characteristics, but also significantly complicates interpretation and practice.
The theoretical use of both, and sometimes leads to contradictions. Analyzing the goals of the development of these definitions, it is easy to detect their significant differences, which is a serious argument in favor of delimiting the semantic structure of the corresponding concepts.
Thus, the relationship between the categories "human resources", "human potential", "human capital" can be expressed by the simplest scheme (Fig. 1), on which it is obvious that "human potential", based on the category "human capital", is an integral part of the concept of "human resources" (if we mean by the latter a quantitative aspect - population, people).
If by "human resources" we understand the qualitative component - the totality of numerous characteristics of individuals, then the relationship should be presented differently (Fig. 2).
"human potential", "human capital" (developed by the author)
Thus, in this article, some definitions are considered and clarified that reflect the relationship between labor and a person - “human resources”, “human potential”, they are adapted to the realities of Russian reality, since without a transition to a new theoretical base it is impossible to make changes in practice.
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IVANOVA TATYANA VALEREVNA - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Management and Marketing, Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary ( [email protected]).
IVANOVA TATIANA - Candidate of Economics Sciences, Associate Professor, Management and Marketing Department, Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary.
KHABAKE MADZHED VALIDOVICH - master student of the direction "Management", Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary ( [email protected]).
HABAKE MADJED - Master's Program Student of the direction "Management", Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary.