1. Employment of the population and its regulation

2. Employment of the population: concept and types

3. Structure of employment and factors influencing it

4. State employment policy

5. Main activities of the Government of the Russian Federation in the labor market

6. State programs promotion of employment

7. Public employment service: structure and activities

Employment of the population: concept and types

Employment the most important characteristic of the economy, the well-being of the people; employment rate is important macroeconomic indicator. But employment is not only an economic phenomenon, it depends on demographic processes, it is part of social policy, i.e. has a demographic and social content.

How economic category employment is a set of relations regarding the participation of the population in labor activity; expresses the measure of its inclusion in labor, the degree of satisfaction of social needs for workers and personal needs and interests in paid jobs, in generating income. From these positions, employment is the most important characteristic of the labor market.

Employment- the most important parameter of the functioning of the labor market. In accordance with the law "On Employment in the Russian Federation", employment - this is the activity of citizens, connected with the satisfaction of personal and social needs, not contradicting the current legislation and bringing, as a rule, earnings (labor income). Many authors, to a greater or lesser extent agreeing with this definition, note that it reflects the legal and only partly the socio-economic content of the term.

It should also be noted that the presented definition of employment largely coincides with the most common interpretation of the category of labor, which is presented in the domestic scientific and educational literature. However, these are two different concepts, although related. In this regard, A.E. Kotlyar notes that employment, unlike labor, is not an activity, but social relations between people, primarily economic and legal ones regarding the inclusion of an employee in a specific labor cooperation at a particular workplace.

As long as the employee continues to remain in one or another subsystem of the economic complex, these relations are not interrupted. So, in order to consider a person employed, it is enough for him to have some kind of workplace - to be a member of some kind of production team, to work in the order of individual labor activity, private entrepreneurship, etc. The status of an employed person does not depend at all on whether a person is currently working or resting.

Employment creates the necessary prerequisites effective use of the labor potential of society, determines the standard of living and well-being of people. Employed according to Russian legislation(Article 2 of the Law "On Employment in the Russian Federation") are citizens belonging to one of the following groups:

Since 2000, there has been a clear trend towards an increase in the training of personnel in educational institutions and at enterprises in a number of industries. Moreover, the structure of students is changing in the direction of increasing the training of specialists in the field of jurisprudence, finance, accounting, management, economics, other humanitarian specialties, as well as in non-industrial specialties. These professions are in high demand in the labor market.

On Employment Efficiency can be judged by the indicator-lu - the rate of unemployment. In modern Western economic literature, the point of view is popular that full and effective employment is achieved in the presence of the so-called natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is its level (given the structure of supply and demand) that keeps the levels of real wages and prices unchanged at a zero increase in labor productivity. In practice, the unemployment rate is calculated by summing up fluid (frictional) and structural unemployment.

Underemployment It is, first of all, part-time employment. Underemployment is observed if workers do not have the opportunity (or do not want) to work as much time as they want or are forced to work in jobs where their labor efficiency is lower than potentially possible.

It can be caused by the following reasons:

Reducing the volume of production, reconstruction of the enterprise, when the staff or part of it is transferred to a part-time job, week, month, or goes on collective leave without pay or with partial pay;

The need for advanced training, education, health status, a combination of work with other duties, raising children, and other needs.

It should be noted that in international practice, persons who work part-time on their own initiative are not included in part-time employment.

The idea of underemployment is given, first of all, by indicators that characterize the actual length of the working day (week, year), as well as the loss of time due to the reduction in working hours at the initiative of the administration.

secondary employment affects people who have a second job, and is associated with the spread of part-time employment, delays in payment of salaries and a small basic salary.

A new form of employment in Russia is self-employment. It involves an independent search for employment and the creation of jobs by individual citizens at their own expense in order to obtain permanent or temporary income. V this case the process of transition from the position of unemployment to the position of employment is carried out without the direct participation of state and public organizations, but does not exclude support.

The category of self-employment is associated with a phenomenon that has received the name informal employment, - economic activity not registered in accordance with the legislation, carried out individually or at micro-enterprises, whose employees do not pay taxes. Similar activities existed in Russia before (tailors, nannies, tutors). However, at present, the informal sector has actually become an independent segment of the labor market and has a significant impact on the state of employment and the socio-economic situation in general.

When classifying employment, it is customary to single out non-standard forms of employment, which include employment in the mode (on conditions) of part-time work, temporary, seasonal and remote employment.

Employment in the mode (on conditions) of part-time work is labor activity for a period of time less than the normative one, paid in proportion to the time worked or the amount of output produced. In the practice of most countries, part-time workers include only employees who have regular, permanent employment.

Temporary employment- employment within the limits agreed in advance or certain deadlines(or limited by the amount of work). Temporary employment is most often associated with the performance of a certain amount of work, on a full-time or part-time basis, for a short period of time.

seasonal employment- this is employment (primarily associated with the cyclical processing of agricultural raw materials) on a full or part-time basis for several months.

Remote employment- this is, to a certain extent, a modern analogue of home work, i.e. work not associated with a specific workplace in the enterprise, but involving the performance of a specific task given by the employer. Remote employment does not include activities related to the performance of functions involving various kinds of movement and the absence of an employee at a particular workplace (courier, freight forwarder, etc.).

The number of people employed in the economies of the G8 countries is shown in Table. one.

Table 1

Number of people employed in the economy, thousand people one

The country
Great Britain
Germany
Italy						…
Canada
Russia
USA
France
Japan

Quantitatively, employment can also be characterized by the level of employment, which can be calculated in various ways:

1) the share of employed in the total population;

2) the share of employed in the economically active population (ie, in the total number of employed and unemployed).

In international practice, the initial indicator for the analysis of employment is the level of economic activity of the population, i.e. the share of the economically active population in the total population.

The economy of the Russian Federation is increasingly taking on a market character, which also has an impact on the social sphere. In tough conditions planned economy there was no opportunity to develop specific forms of labor relations. Market reforms corrected this situation, making it possible to single out new forms and types of employment. As a result, the employment market has become more streamlined. The public sector has sufficient popularity among the population. Private, although it occupies a certain niche in the market, but not in such a volume as to suppress the state. This material will describe the concept and types of employment.

What is included in the concept of employment?

Many definitions describe the concept of "rational employment". Species are completely different definitions. But in a broad sense, the essence lies in the complex of certain activities that have a different character. These are activities related to organization, finance and law. All of them are aimed at providing the inhabitants of the state with work.

All types of employment in Russia are only forms of activity permitted by law. This also includes those species that are characterized by individual provision. This is, for example, private enterprise or farming. Also, types of employment are such forms of activity that can be carried out thanks to an existing license from government agencies or private organizations.

What does the concept of employment mean?

Employment is a human activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy personal needs (mainly material), that is, to generate income. These actions must comply with state regulations. According to Russian law, every citizen has the right to dispose of work resources and creative potential at his own discretion. It is the fulfillment of such requirements that is necessary in order to characterize rational employment. Types of employment, regardless of their characteristics, do not imply any coercive measures. The Constitution of the Russian Federation says that the realization of the right to work should be initiated by the person himself and carried out by him in a free form.

Employed segments of the population

The concept of employment and employment (their types) cannot be complete without a description of the circle of persons who are the subjects of such relations. The subjects of labor relations are citizens who get a job, as well as employers.

All types of employment for work are purposeful actions in relation to a subject. An employed person is a person who is a citizen of the Russian Federation and who works due to the conclusion of an agreement that establishes labor relations. The list of such persons is quite extensive and includes the following categories:

People who perform a certain set of actions that have a paid basis. The employee is paid remuneration for the work done, which he performs within the framework of a full or shortened working day. This includes both permanent service and temporary, seasonal types of employment.
Persons having the status of private entrepreneurs and engaged in commercial activities.
Ancillary workers, whose essence of earnings is the sale of goods in accordance with the conclusion of supply contracts.
Persons who have entered into contracts that have a civil law basis. They are drawn up regarding the performance of work or the provision of services. The parties to the agreement may be individual entrepreneurs.
People who have received a position or appointment for which remuneration is due.
Persons involved in law enforcement agencies, such as the fire department, internal affairs bodies, criminal authorities.
People in the military or alternative civilian service.
Students and students of general education institutions, primary, secondary and higher professional institutions.
Persons who, for certain reasons, cannot carry out their usual work activities. Among such factors, one can list the lack of ability to work, taking refresher courses, vacation, sick leave, reprofiling, temporary shutdown of the institution, preparation for service in the armed forces, and more.
People who are founders of organizations. An exception to this paragraph is religious, public and charitable organizations, because there are no property rights in relation to such created structures.

How is employment carried out?

All types of employment in Russia have a common essence, which consists in an order consisting of successive steps that should ultimately lead to obtaining a job. In a narrower sense, this definition means the assistance of state bodies to their citizens in the form of providing vacancies. This includes not only assistance in finding an appropriate job, but also retraining, and retraining, and transfer. That is, these are the actions that are aimed at the realization by a person of his right to free labor. But at the same time, the law does not prohibit the implementation of actions to find a job by a person on an individual basis. From this it follows that the types of employment for work on such a classification basis as a method of implementation are as follows:

independent;
through government agencies.

This process plays an important role in social and social life, as it helps a person to exercise his right to get a job. On the part of employers, this is a plus in terms of selecting qualified workers or the necessary force. Another advantage of employment is a good coefficient of efficiency, that is, a person with maximum benefit realizes his working time without loss in finding a job.

How is this process carried out with the help of state bodies?

This process can be carried out with the help of special bodies. These include mainly institutions such as employment services. This way of carrying out this action is called special. Its distinguishing feature is that, unlike the independent version, it characterizes only the types of official employment.

Although labor is considered, according to the legislation in the Russian Federation, to be free, tough measures can characterize the implementation of this process with the help of state influence. For example, this can include recruitment, which is carried out in an organized manner, and the direction of persons to objects. It was more popular during the period of active development of the planned economy and is practically absent in this period of time. This was used in order to make this area more rational and provide human resources to those regions where they are sorely lacking.

Also, special employment refers to the direction of students who have graduated from vocational schools. This is done through the conclusion of the appropriate kind of contracts with enterprises and institutions, which involve the recruitment of young employees.

Another plus in the implementation of this process with the help of state bodies is that they have the right to subject jobs to quotas. This allows special segments of the population to find jobs.

What categories of citizens are eligible for preferential jobs?

Some segments of the population are entitled to social protection in the form of assistance for the realization of the right to work. The list of such people includes the following categories:

those with disabilities;
those who have been in places of deprivation of liberty;
those who have not reached the age of eighteen;
those who have two years left to complete before retirement;
migrants and refugees;
single mothers and large families;
parents raising a child with a disability;
those who are looking for a job for the first time;
those who graduated from specialized educational institutions.

How is this process of employment of disabled people carried out?

Types of employment of disabled people are very important in the social sphere, since these people constitute a special category of those who are employed. Quotas apply to vacancies that can allow people with disabilities to work. These persons cannot be 100% active in society. It is the search for work that helps disabled people regain their place in society, recover morally and become full members of society. Thanks to this process, a person can again feel needed and important, feel that he benefits other people.

Quota is a formal requirement that applies to all private entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs must allocate a certain proportion of vacancies for people with a disability group. However, the statutory percentage in Russia is quite low.

How is this process carried out for minors?

Types of employment of minors occupy their own niche in the employment market. This process is carried out in relation to this category of citizens according to specific rules. In most countries of the world, for persons under the age of eighteen, the possibility of obtaining a job is regulated by legislation separately.

According to Russian regulatory legal acts, the opportunity to enter into an agreement with employers appears upon reaching the age of sixteen. But the exception is fifteen-year-olds who have received a secondary school education or are studying according to an individual program. They are allowed to perform simple tasks that do not adversely affect health and do not interfere with development and life. A younger age category can be involved in the work process only as a part-time job. Labor should allow the teenager to continue his education. But this action is allowed for this age category only with the consent of the parents or guardians.

That is, persons who have not reached the age of majority can be involved in any type of work, with the exception of gambling establishments, nightclubs. They are forbidden to deal with cigarettes, alcohol and psychotropic substances. They should not be engaged in work that could potentially be harmful to health. That is, the transfer of weights and loads is limited to a certain weight.

All types of employment related to minors are accompanied by the passage of a medical commission, which must issue its opinion.

Teenagers may not be employed at work in holidays and night time. Overtime work is also prohibited for this category. It is not allowed to send them on a business trip.

For such workers, a reduced work week is established. For persons under the age of sixteen, this number is twenty-four hours. For teenagers from sixteen to eighteen years old, this time is thirty-five hours a week.

Underage workers have additional guarantees. That is, an employer cannot voluntarily fire a teenager. This can only be done with the help of the state labor inspectorate.

An employer who employs a minor must understand that he is obliged to provide annual leave. It must be at least one month old. And he was financially compensated.

Compensation for the work done for teenagers is calculated in relation to the hours worked.

How is this process carried out without a work book?

Types of employment without a work book is a very real option in the Russian Federation. This option is within the law. However, a work book is the document that confirms that a person was involved in the work process. It contains complete information about the person, which is necessary for the further implementation of such activities. That is, this is information about education, specialty received, dates of employment and the name of the organization. The document indicates the position and reasons for dismissal.

The work book confirms the fact of employment. But it is quite possible that this document is not required. This is quite realistic, but it requires the execution of another document, which is a civil law contract. The second way is part-time work. That is, one main work is framed according to the work book, and the second - by special agreement.

The last device option without this document is all types of employment. That is, it is labor provided by agreement with individual. If this is done legally, then an agreement must be drawn up between the employer and the employee. At the same time, the one who pays for the provision of the service must also make contributions to organizations such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Fund.

But most often, institutions that do not make entries in the work book, thus trying to hide from the law. This is mainly due to the concealment of the current financial situation, that is, non-payment of contributions.

Those who agree to work on such conditions most often face such problems as the lack of vacation, sick pay and maternity leave. And you can't be 100% sure of the stability of such work.

An important point is that the contract, which is concluded instead of writing in a work book, is of a civil nature, and not of a labor one. The parties in it are the customer and the contractor. Such contracts are of several types:

author's;
agency;
for contract work.

All of the above types have common features. For example, they must be in two copies, fix the details of the parties, deadlines and the amount of remuneration.

What are the types of employment?

Types of employment in the Russian Federation are represented by four main categories. The most common is a job that has a permanent basis. It is she who brings a stable income. It is preferred, as this species provides certain social guarantees. The person is protected, both socially and legal side. In the event of job loss or unemployment, such a person may qualify for benefits. A certain percentage of the salary goes to the balance pension fund which provides material support in old age. The advantage of this type of employment is also the possibility of obtaining a loan.

The second type is a part-time job. Most often this is a part-time job that brings a small income. Such employment is common among students.

The third type is contract work. The amount written in it is fixed, and no deductions are made from it. Tax fees must be paid for in this case.

Types of employment do not necessarily provide for material remuneration. Volunteering is one such example. Although it does not provide any financial benefit, its advantage is the acquisition of useful skills and connections.

At the moment, there are several more types of employment. These include freelancing and remote work via the Internet. Professionals in many industries can provide their services to employers from all over the world.

Employment is the activity of citizens that does not contradict the law, bringing them earnings (labor income). Circumstances, the proof of which makes it possible to recognize citizens as employed:

1. carrying out activities to meet personal and social needs, which does not contradict the current legislation;

2. paid nature of the specified activity. General rule its implementation is earning. This concept does not exclude the possibility of replacing earnings with other payments.

On the basis of the Federal Law “On Employment in the Russian Federation”, citizens are considered to be employed:

working under an employment contract, including those performing work for remuneration on a full or part-time basis, as well as having other paid work (service), including seasonal, temporary work, with the exception of public works (except for citizens participating in the organization of public works );

engaged in entrepreneurial activities;

· employed in auxiliary crafts and selling products under contracts;

performing work under civil law contracts, the subjects of which are the performance of work and the provision of services, including contracts concluded with individual entrepreneurs, copyright agreements, as well as being members of production cooperatives, artels;

elected, appointed or approved to a paid position;

Passing military service, alternative civilian service, service in the internal affairs bodies;

Passing a full-time course of study in general educational institutions, institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher professional education and other educational institutions, including training in the direction public service employment of the population;

· temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining, advanced training, suspension of production caused by a strike; call for military training, performance of other state duties or other valid reasons;

founders (participants) of organizations (having an income not less than that established for employees minimum size wages), with the exception of founders (participants) of public and religious organizations (associations), charitable and other foundations, associations legal entities(associations and unions) that do not have property rights in relation to these organizations.

Types of employment:

1. Full employment is the state of the greatest involvement of the able-bodied population in socially useful activities. It characterizes a state in which all those who need it and want to work are provided with work, which corresponds to the presence of a balance between the demand and supply of labor.

2. Productive (effective) employment is characterized from two positions:

1) Employment should bring income to workers, providing decent human living conditions. This implies a direct link between employment policy and income policy, anti-inflationary actions, and so on.

2) productive employment is opposed to formal employment. A special case of the latter is the maintenance of surplus workers or the creation of formal jobs in order to avoid unemployment.

3. Freely chosen employment assumes that the right to dispose of one's own ability to work belongs exclusively to the owner of the labor force, i.e. the worker himself. This principle guarantees the right of every worker to choose between employment and unemployment, prohibiting any administrative involvement in work.

4. Underemployment is a situation in which only a certain part of the economically active population is engaged in socially useful work.

5. Hidden employment of the population is characterized by the fact that a certain part of people from among those on long leave without pay, the unemployed, pensioners are engaged in trade, the provision of various services to the population (repair, construction, etc.) outside the framework of their official registration as employed.

6. Seasonal employment is a periodic (as a rule, in certain seasons) involvement of the able-bodied population in socially useful activities, taking into account natural and climatic features.

7. Pendulum employment is a special type of employment that is permanent in nature and at the same time is associated with periodic return movements during labor activity.

8. Periodic employment is a type of employment that involves the alternation of periods of labor activity with uniform periods of rest (shifts in the oil and gas industries).

Unemployed citizens

Unemployed citizens- according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start it (Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment in the Russian Federation"). At the same time, payments of severance pay and retained average earnings to citizens dismissed from organizations (from military service) regardless of their organizational and legal form and form of ownership (hereinafter - organizations) due to liquidation, downsizing or staffing are not taken into account as earnings.

Introduction

In order to implement an effective state policy for ensuring employment of the population in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to clearly define the concept of employment, as well as the categories of citizens recognized as employed. This work just reveals the concept of employment and considers various classifications of employment. Some types of employment identified in the legislation are still a topic of controversy in Russia.

Employment is the most important economic characteristic of the labor market.

In society, the idea of employment as a socio-economic process based on the social division of labor of applying the labor of different groups of the population in areas of socially useful activity (at school, in social production and individual farming) is more common.

Employment should be considered from two perspectives:

1. as an economic category

2. as a socio-economic category.

The practical needs of population accounting necessitate the allocation various kinds employment.

Definition of employment

To begin with, we define such a concept as employment.

Employment is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income (hereinafter referred to as earnings).1

All issues related to employment of the population are disclosed in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation".

Types of employment

Types of employment characterize the distribution of the active part of the population according to professions and specialties, according to the spheres of labor application. There are several types of employment in society.

The following features characterize structural types of employment:

Professionally - qualification sign:

Work experience;

The level of education;

The degree of labor automation.

Nature of activity:

Personal subsidiary plot;

Individual labor activity;

Work at plants and factories and public organizations;

Military service;

Work abroad.

Class type and social layer:

Entrepreneurs;

workers;

Management staff;

Engineering and technical workers and employees.

Property type.

Territorial sign.

The level of urbanization (this is the ratio between the number labor resources cities and villages).

Gender sign.

Form of labor organization.

Each of the above features of the types of employment is implemented with the help of organizational and legal methods and conditions for the use of labor, characterizing the forms of employment. O.V. Romashov "Sociology of Labor" p. 48.

Types of employed citizens according to the all-Russian classifier of information about the population: All-Russian classifier of information about the population.

1 Full-time worker

2 Temporary worker

3 Seasonal worker

4 Working on a fixed-term employment contract

5 Non-working

6 Unemployed

7 Unemployed, registered with the employment service

The form of organization of working time affects full-time (assuming full-time), part-time and home-based employment.

The sign of stability affects the permanent and temporary employment of K.G. Kazimov "Labor market and employment" p.56..

Full employment is a state in the labor market when the need of citizens for work is fully satisfied.

Underemployment is defined as part-time employment, or at the employee's own request, or when economically justified, due to reduced working hours.

One of the forms of part-time employment in Russia is leave without pay at the initiative of the administration.

Partial unemployment is a frequent and necessary phenomenon for market economy. The reason for part-time employment is that the employee due to a change of residence, work, etc. goes out of production for a while.

Also, a certain level of unemployment has a positive effect on competition in the labor market, stimulates the development of labor resources.

Underemployment is defined as employment in which natural level unemployment remains high VA Pavlenkov "Labor market. Employment. Unemployment" p.124. .

The problems of part-time employment have been repeatedly highlighted in the framework of international organization labor and are subject to legal regulation in almost all civilized countries. At the same time, the assessment of part-time employment by different states occurs in different ways due to the dual assessment of this social phenomenon Borodin I.I., Minaeva L.A. Employment, unions and illegal layoffs p.61..

Competition in the labor market is growing due to the fact that there is an increase in the scale of part-time employment. Therefore, the discontent of many people is growing. But there are those who, on the contrary, support part-time employment. Because it gives them a chance to combine work with family responsibilities and study.

In many countries, the promotion of part-time employment is seen by government authorities as an effective means of combating unemployment. At the same time, partially employed citizens in a number of cases are entitled to state assistance in ensuring full employment, as well as to material support in the form of unemployment benefits. In most countries, unemployment benefits are paid to all workers who lose their jobs, but part-time workers receive less benefits than full-time workers. In a number of states (Belgium, New Zealand), part-time workers with a certain level of income can be paid the same benefits as full-time employees. In Norway, part-time workers are entitled to benefits if their total income for three years is equal to the annual income of full-time employees. .

The most pressing problem for Russian market labor remains inefficient employment. It determines the extent to which Russia lags behind developed countries in labor productivity, unemployment, hidden from official observation - when the actually unemployed are ranked among the economically active population, as well as the discrepancy between the decline in production and the size of employment (surplus labor).

One of the open manifestations of inefficient employment remains part-time employment. The number of employees of organizations (with the exception of small businesses) who worked part-time during the year at the initiative of the administration, as well as those who were on forced leave, in 2002 amounted to about 3 million people, having decreased almost 4 times in 1998-2001 Government of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.03 No. 568-r "On the Concept of actions in the labor market for 2003-2005".

There is also such a classification of employment: productive (effective), full, freely chosen, incomplete, hidden, seasonal, pendulum, periodic, etc.

Productive (effective) employment is employment that brings workers income that provides decent living conditions.

Hidden employment of the population is characterized by the fact that the unemployed, pensioners are engaged in trade or the provision of various services to the population (repair, construction, etc.) outside the framework of their official registration as employed.

Seasonal employment is a periodic (during certain seasons) involvement of the able-bodied population in socially useful activities, taking into account natural and climatic conditions.

Pendulum employment is a special type of employment that is permanent in nature and at the same time is associated with periodic return movements during labor activity.

Periodic employment is a type of employment that involves the alternation of periods of work with uniform periods of rest (work on a rotational basis).

Accounting for the population by types of socially useful activities makes it possible to distinguish between the following types of employment:

1) productive - takes place in the spheres of social material production; brings labor income to employees; excludes hidden unemployment of persons formally employed, but not producing anything (excessive number of workers);
2) useful - applies to all socially significant types of employment of able-bodied citizens, including full-time study, military service, raising children, housekeeping and personal subsidiary farming, caring for sick family members, elderly citizens, social and religious activities;
3) rational - reflects the ratio of productive employment to other types of useful employment or the proportion of the distribution of the labor resources of society in areas of socially useful activity, including the proportions of the distribution of labor potential by type of occupation, industry, sector of the economy;
4) full - with it, everyone who wants to work at the prevailing (dominant) level of real wages has a job; according to another assessment, full employment takes place if the satisfaction of the demand of all comers for jobs occurs under the condition of the economic feasibility of the proposed jobs. In relation to an individual, full employment is work during the normal length of the working day (week) established by law (in the Russian Federation, the normal working day is eight hours a day or 40 hours a week). Achieving full employment cannot be achieved with the help of a single market mechanism, it is necessary to constantly regulate this process by the state and society, primarily in the field of education, science, health, environmental and national security, the functioning of the so-called natural monopolies(railroads, energy and pipeline networks);
5) effective - this is the employment of the population, providing a decent income, the growth of the educational and professional levels of able-bodied citizens based on the growth of social labor productivity and preserving the health of the employed. According to another assessment, effective employment is expedient, productive, socially useful, rational employment that satisfies social and personal needs. At the same time, productive employment is of decisive importance for any society, which, firstly, determines the country's economic potential; secondly, it forms the level and quality of life of the population; thirdly, it is the most important component of full and effective employment - a key task of the state's socio-economic policy.

Forms of employment

These are organizational and legal methods. and conditions of employment. Within the framework of the national labor market, the labor activity of people is organized using different norms. legal regulation duration and modes of working hours, regularity and place of work. Depending on the mode (conditions) of work, the following organizational forms of employment are distinguished:

o full-time/week (statutory 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek);
o shortened working day (a kind of full, but with shorter hours at work with harmful, dangerous, difficult working conditions; for persons 14-18 years old);
o separate working day (the daily norm of hours of work is divided into parts with breaks between them for more than two hours);
o part-time work (its duration is shorter than a normal working day);
o part-time work week (less than a full work week);
o homework (working from home, either individually or with the help of family members);
o part-time work (performing other paid work outside the working day of the main job; the so-called secondary employment);
o temporary (seasonal) work (within a specified period or limited work);
o self-employment (self-searching for a job and creating a job at one's own expense);
o labor semester (paid labor activity of students and students during the holidays).

According to the organizational and legal form of enterprises, employment can occur in:

o the public sector of the economy;
o cooperatives;
o joint-stock companies with a mixed form of ownership;
o the private sector;
o at joint ventures;
o public organizations;
o personal subsidiary and housekeeping.

Employment structure , and consequently, the structure of the use of the economically active population, is considered in the context of territories, industries, professions and skill levels. Specialists note a direct and inverse relationship between the distribution of the labor force by type of activity and the current structure of the economy (direct relationship) and between the proportions of employment and the structure of social production (strong feedback). The explanation for these links is:

1) the creation of a rational structure of production, unthinkable without the availability of labor, the necessary set of professions, qualifications, mental and physical labor, highly and low-skilled labor. Thus, the structure of employment reflects shifts in the material and technical conditions of production;
2) improving the structure of social production in order to increase its efficiency, which ultimately comes down to improving the structure of employment of the population, since it turns out to be more mobile.

Structural efficiency criterion employment is its compliance with the technical, functional and territorial organization of production, which ensures the highest possible growth in labor productivity and balance with social needs (industrial and personal). The most aggregated indicator, reflecting progressive changes in the structure of the economy and employment, is the transition from less complex to more complex types of labor. This transition is expressed in the growth in the number and proportion of jobs that require a higher qualification of the worker. This indicator depends on the type of employment proportions and may reflect:

1) the macrostructure of the employed, in which the "service shift" (the transfer of labor from industry to the service sector) is considered progressive if the share of people employed in the industrial sector of the economy is reduced as a result of an increase in labor productivity or the share of labor-intensive industries in the service sector increases;
2) shifts in employment within sectors of the economy, when the transition to more complex types of labor is expressed in an increase in the share of more productive and highly profitable industries that use more skilled and, therefore, more expensive labor. A special place here is occupied by knowledge-intensive industries (science and scientific service, the service sector), where the composition of the employed is very heterogeneous in origin, since some industries in this area are developing in the direction of mechanization and automation and their demand for highly skilled labor is growing; others are limited in mechanization and automation and accumulate a low-skilled labor force (for example, social and personal services, consumer service complexes in small settlements).

The aggregate indicator of the effectiveness of the intersectoral structure of employment can be considered the national economic productivity of labor in all sectors as a weighted average of sectoral indicators of labor productivity. The progressive development of the professional structure of employment is evidenced by the growth in the share of managerial personnel and engineering and technical workers, whose activities are saturated with a creative component. The socio-professional composition of industry workers (employment structure) can be assessed using the progressive structure coefficient, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of more advanced socio-professional groups (with a creative component in labor) to the number of workers in groups that are less developed in this sense.

Thus, the rationality of the employment structure is expressed not in the growth of any sector of the economy (for example, the number in the service sector), but in the transition from industries with a low level of qualification to industries with a high level.

The systemic transformation of employment, which is taking place all over the world, proceeds in the form of a combination of two processes - restructuring and reallocation of employment. Restructuring is understood as: 1) systemic transformation of employment as a purposeful change in its structure, part, element in connection with the transformation of the entire economic system (in the broad sense); 2) transformation on new market bases of activities of traditional firms (state and privatized), which have developed within the framework of the former economic system (in the narrow sense).

Reallocation means the formation of new private firms and the redistribution in their favor of resources from traditional sectors, including the labor force.

The interaction of restructuring and reallocation processes outlines the main vector of changes in the labor markets of transitional economies. Unemployment appears as a transit point in the redistribution of labor resources from stagnating segments of the economy to developing ones.