the main » JUR LITS

The level of state regulation of the industry. The presence of regulation of the industry from the state

As a result of the study of chapter 15, the student must:

know

  • types of regulation of the industry;
  • the content and purpose of regulating the trading industry;
  • Basic principles and methods of industry regulation;

be able to

Suggest a set of regulatory measures corresponding to the state of the industry;

own

Approach to the development of a set of measures aimed at ensuring competition in the market.

The main directions and principles of the regulation of the trading industry

Trade, like other industries of the modern economy, develops on the basis of the interaction of two principles, in accordance with which two types of its regulation are distinguished: Market and non-market. The latter includes state and non-state regulation.

Market type of regulation It was formed in the context of the development of capitalist relations, when the lowest richness of the market by goods and the relatively small scale of industrial and commercial capital was created by the favorable conditions for the emergence and development of a large number of small enterprises and, therefore, free competition.

The basis of market regulation was the activities of entrepreneurs who managed small enterprises, which occurred almost without state intervention, except for such general moments as taxation (or fees, filters), regulation of money circulation, etc. The effectiveness of the market self-regulation (the so-called invisible hand, according to A. Smith) is based on the laws of the free market. But the market should remain really free. In the process of activity, the enterprise is striving for growth, resources (financial, material, etc.) are concentrated under the control of strong enterprises and free competition turns into competition of monopolies, which is a competitive environment, but creates significant limitations of free competition in the market.

Market regulation has shown itself not effective at the end of the XIX century., In addition, many states seek to conduct socially-oriented internal policies, which includes and ensuring the necessary level of competition in the consumer goods and services market. As a result, by the mid-1930s. The basic principles of non-market regulation of economic activity were formulated, and the relevant methods are applied almost constantly in different combinations depending on the economic situation.

State regulation It is a combination of principles and methods of impact of state and municipal authorities for the organization and economy of the industry in order to solve the objectives of the economic and social development of the country and its individual regions. The main directions of state regulation of activities in the trading industry are as follows:

  • Development of measures aimed at ensuring healthy competition;
  • state regulation in areas where there is no competition;
  • Development and implementation of state policy redistribution.

Principles of ensuring conscientious competition were formed for more than 100 years, during which their own state regulation systems were developed in developed countries that take into account the features and traditions of business practices. The basic principles in this area are:

  • interaction of market competition and state regulation of the market;
  • preventing direct state intervention in the economic activity of market participants, but direct control of state bodies for compliance with established legal norms is allowed;
  • regulation and elimination of negative consequences of competition for the country's economy, when the market mechanism does not provide neutralization of these negative consequences;
  • Impact on the results of the activities of market participants in the form of damage or benefits for third parties who do not participate in market relations and the interests of which are not taken into account in the formation of prices.

In the Russian economy, the need for state regulation measures in many industries is not questioned, but it is important to determine the optimal relationship between mechanisms of market self-regulation and government regulation. In those areas in which competition is absent or under existing conditions cannot be effective, state regulation becomes the only tool for organizing economic activities. For example, in modern conditions, the environmental protection problem was particularly acute, which can be solved only at the state level. With reference to trade, food industry and transport, it is related to the use of the World Health Organization (WHO) of explosive and ozone-depleting freons from 2000. The World Health Organization (WHO) of Explosive and Ozone Refrigerators. Independently, the enterprise will not refuse potentially hazardous technology, only at the state level a set of measures to modernize the main funds of the trade industry, of course, subject to the material interest of trading enterprises.

The activities of natural monopolies and state monopolies should also be controlled to ensure the availability of their goods and services for the population. Natural monopolies are formed in industries for which the creation of a competitive environment of the commodity market is impossible or economically ineffective at the existing level of scientific and technological progress.

State revenue redistribution policy takes into account national, social, environmental and other features of the country's development. It is implemented through a complex of tax and credit and financial measures that provide preferential activities for enterprises and industries that perform socially significant functions (for example, the service of socially unprotected segments of the population, supplying the population at remote territories). Enterprises may be provided with privileges in terms of taxation, payment for renting premises and utilities, lending.

Foreign trade is, on the one hand, a source of commodity resources, and on the other, a source of budget replenishment. Regulation of foreign economic activity has several fairly controversial purposes: on the one hand, to ensure the population with high-quality goods at affordable prices and competition to domestic producers, on the other, to maintain on the domestic market favorable for the domestic manufacturer. In recent years, the activities related to the protection of its own market prevail in most countries. Among such restrictions: the establishment of quantitative quotas, tariff duties, subsidies to domestic producers. The reasons for the strengthening of protectionism not least are the tasks of compliance with the interests of consumers, optimizing the production structure of the economy, the solution of socio-economic problems (in particular, support for small and medium-sized businesses).

It should be noted that states adhere to similar principles for regulating market relations in general and internal trade - in particular. Differences arise at the level of ways to implement the goals, managerial approaches to solving specific tasks. In some countries, state regulation is given an advantage, and most of the tasks are solved precisely through government regulatory levers, the active actions of the market participants are encouraged to maintain and regulate market relations. The latter form represents non-state regulation.

Non-state regulation Includes various agreements on the combination of enterprises, the creation of intra-separable and inter-sectoral complexes, as well as a variety of regulatory impacts of commercial banks, commodity and stock exchanges, industrial and trade associations, chambers and information and analytical systems. As part of large corporations, transfer pricing and other methods of non-market control are used, as a result, the mechanism of intra-industry and intersectoral competition is undermined. At the same time, within the framework of large corporations, issues of intersectoral redistribution of resources are more effectively solved, which favors the development of intra-industry and intersectoral competition. Batterying large amounts of economic resources, the corporations are increasingly actively acting as conductors of people's economic or national interests and signals of the market self-regulating system PA level of medium and small enterprises.

Forms of non-state regulation, being in conflicting unity with market and government, play an increasing role in the modern mechanism of activity of the trading industry due to the processes of information and technological and organizational and economic development of the modern processing system.

Count on the omnipotence of the "invisible hand" of the market self-regulation at the beginning of the XXI century. Not falls. The modern economic mechanism is based on the interaction of three main regulators: market self-regulation, state and non-state regulation. Upon increasing role of non-state regulation forms, competition plays the role of the engine, and state regulation is a strategic reference point for the development of branches of trade.

In the process of state regulation of the market economy, the trading industry is considered as one of its largest subsystems focused on solving social and general economic objectives, which is constantly becoming increasing under the influence of the rapid development of scientific and technological progress.

The state regulation of commodity markets and trade activities contributes to the formation of economic relations and proportions on a competitive basis, coordinating economic processes and linking individuals and public interests, and consequently, the civilized evolutionary development of the economy.

The scope of material production is the most important object of state regulation. The material production includes a set of industries that produce products of production and objects of consumption and providing manufacturing services. It is the basis of people's life, creates conditions for the development of the non-production sector - health, education, etc. . The more efficient labor in material production, the higher the level of economic development, more national income. In the industries of material production, a product (industry, agriculture, construction) is created or the cost of the product produced (transport, communication, etc.) is increasing.

Production of material benefits is possible in various organizational forms of labor process and types of enterprises and has, as a rule, entrepreneurial character, i.e. It is initiative, independent and aimed at making a profit. Entrepreneurship with the involvement of hired labor has the form of an enterprise, and without the use of hired labor - individual labor activity.

Entrepreneurial activities (citizens and legal entities) is carried out on their own risk with property responsibility within the limits defined by the Organizational and Legal Form.

Entrepreneurial activity is carried out by the owner of the property or the manager to whom the owner provides the right of economic management on the basis of the contract (contract). The necessary condition for entrepreneurial activity is its state registration, compliance with the legislation and market requirements.

Citizens who carry out entrepreneurship are registered as an individual entrepreneur without the formation of a legal entity. The rules regulating the activities of legal entities that are commercial organizations are applied to the entrepreneurial activities of citizens. Bankruptcy regimen can be applied to an individual entrepreneur if it is not able to meet the claims of creditors associated with entrepreneurial activities.

Private entrepreneurship is based on private ownership of separate property and is carried out in the form of an organization registered in the prescribed manner (society or partnership). The authorized capital of organizations is formed from the contributions of the participants; The property produced and acquired in the process belongs to it on the right of ownership.

Collective entrepreneurship is carried out in the form of cooperatives. The production cooperative is a voluntary association of citizens based on membership for joint production or other economic activities, based on their personal participation and combining property funds.

Public Entrepreneurship is organized on the basis of the use of property in the state (municipal) property. The organizational form of public entrepreneurship is a unitary enterprise, participation in the activities of economic societies and partnerships, trade sharing agreements.

Entrepreneurship serves the driving force of the economy. Entrepreneurs organize production and sales, create jobs, provide long-term viability of the enterprise, payments to the budget are strengthened by the state's finance. Entrepreneurs are needed to society, but the entrepreneurs need a state, its support and protection in the domestic and foreign markets.

Since the beginning of economic reform, the state conducts a policy of regulatory management to create millions of citizens favorable conditions for the initiative and establish civilized relations between the business world and society. State regulation of entrepreneurship includes both incentive and control and restrictive measures that comply with the subjects of the market with certain "rules of the game", without which any business is impossible. The state regulates both small business and large monopolies.

In the conditions of the company's market, extended reproduction due to their own income, investment accounts accumulating accumulation facilities. The state affects reproduction processes mainly by indirect methods (taxes, interest rates, production orders, etc.). At the same time, it provides in various forms and direct financial support in accordance with selected development priorities.

The choice of priorities is subject to the general economic strategy, the demand and competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets. The most common priority is the manufacturing industry compared to the export of raw materials, which is more expedient to recycle in place. Based on this, the growth points are space, aircraft, oil and gas production, road construction. Light industry, agriculture, small business can develop on a market basis in effectively lending.

The funds of the republican budget are provided to enterprises, except enterprises with foreign investment, through state executive bodies, administration of subjects of the Republic of Belarus, banks and other legal entities that are agents of the Government of the Republic of Belarus.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus also provides state guarantees (within the framework of domestic debt) Belarusian investors under borrowed funds as insurance risks of projects credited by banks. This allows small amounts to maintain many projects at once. To the rescue of state, those enterprises that do not violate antitrust legislation do not overestimate costs and prices, pay, do not reduce artificially output, guarantee additional income.

For state financial support, the development budget is formed as an integral part of the state budget intended for capital expenditures. The amounts of funds sent to the Development budget are established by the Law on the State Budget for the next fiscal year. Development budget funds are accumulated on special accounts of state treasury bodies.

The Ministry of Economy and Trade of the Republic of Belarus conducts an analysis, evaluation and selection of investment projects for the provision of funds and government guarantees, provides coordinated financing of investment projects at the expense of investors and funds allocated from the budget.

The provision of funds is carried out under conditions:

* a higher level of return to the republican budget for each ruble of funds and guarantees compared to other investment projects;

* having a borrower of own funds in the amount of at least 20% of the full amount of financing of the project, and on major investment projects (at least $ 50 million) - at least 10% of the specified volume;

* Separation of the risk of the state with private capital (the availability of funds from the investor, not covered by the state guarantee, co-investors and creditors).

The allocation of funds is carried out in two forms: a) lending selected in contests of investment projects; b) Direct investment in the property of commercial organizations with an appropriate increase in the state's share in their authorized capital. For each investment project, an individual scheme of its financing is being developed, including a schedule for transferring funds, ensure them and repayment. The Government of the Republic of Belarus may transfer the authorities to conduct investment development budget competitions in certain categories of projects.

Prospective is also a sanitation of enterprises by capitalizing budget debts into their authorized capital. This allows you to focus in the hands of the state 60-70% of the shares of large enterprises. Subsequently, they can be rewriting under a rigid controlled investment program and employment guarantees.

Local authorities may affect the development of production by the provision of tax benefits within their competence. For example, in the Republic of Belarus, agriculture is exempt from paying local land taxes, the economic entity itself is entitled to choose the tax system and others.

To identify enterprises - applicants for the provision of priority state support, analyzes their financial and economic situation.

Enterprises are ranked in terms of production volume, share on the relevant commodity market, the book value of fixed assets, profitability, the number and share of the city, the village, the development of the production and social infrastructure, payables and receivables. The executive authorities distribute them into groups to depending on the size of the production assets and the level of demand for manufactured products. Enterprises of the first group (wear below the average industry, high stable demand) cannot be applicants for obtaining priority state support; Enterprises of the fourth group (wear above the average industry, the demand reduced) is subject to the conclusion from the number of ineffectiveness.

In the second and third groups, the feasibility and possibility of diversification, conversion, the introduction of new management methods, reduction of receivables, the sale of unfinished objects and other measures to restore solvency. Thus, the RB takes state regulation of industries of material production.


The modern industrial complex of Russia was formed in the conditions of centralized economic management. During this period, the main objectives of its development were established directively. HyperThorofed character received heavy industries and defense complex. Industries and enterprises producing consumer goods developed more slowly. Due to the irrational structure of the economy, the growth of the gross social product amounted to in 1976-1980. 4.2%, in 1981-1985 - 3.3%, in 1986-1989. - 2.8%. The growth of national income used on consumption and accumulation was 3.3%, 3.0% and 2.8% \\ ", respectively. Production volumes did not comply with the needs of what was manifested in the shortage of goods. Their quality was significantly inferior to overseas. All this says On the discrepancy of the system of economic management of the needs of society. At the same time, to fully deny the attempts to rationalize the management on the basis of a scientific approach to the formation of industrial policies and the sectoral structure of production would be wrong. So the sectoral structure of production was regulated by inter-sectoral balance. in 70-80. XX centuries were made Attempts to reduce the share of accumulation in national income, measures have been taken to develop the production of consumer goods on defense enterprises. A lot was done on the introduction of economic management methods and deployment of economic calculation. But they all did not affect the foundations of centralized management, the structure of the economy and did not pursue the objectives of Wearing radical measures, objective prerequisites for which ripened.
At the same time, the first decade of market transformations showed that the industrial production provided by itself without state regulation stagnates. The exception is now energetic, raw materials and some other industries working for export. At the same time, consumption of goods produced in the domestic market decreased. Theoretically, structural restructuring of the industry based on exclusively market mechanisms. However, this will require quite a long time. Russia for social and economic reasons can not go for such an option.
Currently, market structures in Russia are not interested in long-term investments. State investment has decreased. The predatory operation of the previously created production base and natural resources is being completed. The interests of large businesses do not coincide with the interests of the state and society. Therefore, the structural restructuring on market conditions first leads to stagnation of a non-disconnected market system or non-competitive industrial potential and then to its slow update. But this prevents the lack of investment and international competition, which is expressed in the low rate of development of the economy and raising the standard of living of the population. The solution of Russia's social problems requires a more efficient economic and industrial policy.
To reduce the period of economic transformation, it is necessary to actively use state regulation. The content management of the industry in modern conditions is essentially liberalized. But the economic conditions of its functioning are created by the state. It forms both industrial policies. State regulation methods are widely used by developed countries, especially during periods of economic recession and crises. They are based on the development of a national industry development strategy, the study of domestic and foreign markets, effective from the position of the state, the disposal of natural resources, the use and updating of technological potential based on stimulating economic mechanisms, and direct financing of large state investment programs.
Industrial production is the main source of GDP creation, internal consumption and exports. The share of industry at a steadily developing economy is about 40% in GDP. In the economy of the USSR of the late 80s. It reached about 60%. In industry enterprises during the stable development of the economy are employed, about 40% of the working-age population. Therefore, the main task of the government is to preserve, develop and support the domestic industry. Based on the volume and role in the formation of GDP, budget and employment, in the economic policy of Russia, the industry should be the main priority.
It was not complied with the transition of Russia to a market economy. The processing industry is most affected by the economic crisis. For the period 1990-1998 The industrial decline was more than 60%, including in mechanical engineering more than 80%. In 2000-2001 There was a correspondence of the domestic industry, but its pace is 3.5-4% of the level achieved. In 2002, the growth rates of industry in 4% are predicted. This amounts to the level of 1990 about 1.5%. If you consider the scale of the economic downturn, it can be argued that the potential of industrial potential is not used sufficiently.
Russia industry is in such a state that its independent revival is impossible. During the industrial downturn, stimulating measures of state support and regulation, the development and conduct of targeted state industrial policies, optimally taking into account the established economic relations, the promising interests of Russia and participation in the international division of labor are necessary.
State regulation (especially today) is the main factor in the development of industry. But the choice of its directions, assessing costs and results in modern conditions should be built on market mechanisms. With their help, it is necessary to implement the principles of efficiency and increasing the volume of implementation, reproduction and effectiveness of innovative investment activities, social results and environmental limitations.
Currently, the system of state administration of Russia is moving from direct management to economic mechanisms creating conditions for self-adjustability of industrial and realization processes. The strategy for the development of industry is based on the transition to market methods of regulatory, which can be effectively implemented with the marketing concept of industry corresponding to them.
Industrial enterprises are the main functional link in the market economy. All regulatory impacts are designed to navigate to support and stimulate their effective activities. In other words, state regulation is carried out for the overall effective industrial policy in commodity markets, to create the conditions for the effective functioning of enterprises adapted to market conditions. It is also necessary for selective support for industries and enterprises of the commodity specialization of the industry of Russia, creating a base for economic growth, satisfying the promising domestic and export needs of Russia in products and services. These needs can be met directly on the basis of the production and implementation of goods consumed in the domestic market or through commodity exchanges in foreign markets.
The national industry is designed to successfully compete with imports. For a country such as Russia, a positive balance of foreign trade balance should be formed not only on the basis of exporting products of energy and mining industries, but also taking into account the development of exports of the processing industry of industrial and non-productive purposes, the internal number, by industry, creating high-tech products.
Industrial policy covers the development of all the commodity production, but its participants are located at different levels of using market mechanisms. Therefore, the methods of economic impact on them must be unequal. For fully adapted to market conditions it is necessary to create common economic conditions for development. Defessions needed selective support depending on their national economic significance.
The State Long-Term Industry Development Program that implements industrial policies should be carried out by the State Commission with the participation of ministries of economic development and trade, industry and science, finance. It is also important to attract large industrial corporations and resource-supporting manufacturing systems. The program should be considered by the Government of the Russian Federation and approve of the State Duma, which monitors its implementation.

More on the subject of state regulation of industry development:

  1. 11.2 Interstate regulation of public utility of transnational companies
  2. Interstate regulation of international economical relations.
  3. 6.3. State regulation of finance of economic entities in the field of foreign economic activity
  4. State regulation of investment activity
  5. State regulation of employment and labor market
  6. State regulation of industry development
  7. State regulation of sustainable developed apk
  8. 2. State regulation of regional development
  9. State regulation of insurance activity
  10. 1.1. State loan as an economic category. State regulation of the economy and state loan
  11. § 3. State regulation of intellectual property relations

- Copyright - Advocacy - Administrative Right - Administrative Process - Antimonopoly-Competitive Law - Arbitration (Economic) Process - Audit - Banking System - Banking Law - Business - Accounting - Treatment Law - Public Law and Management - Civil Law and Process - Money Appeal, Finance and Credit - Money - Diplomatic and Consular Law - Contractive Law - Housing Law - Land Law - Electoral Law - Investment Law - Information Law - Executive Production -

In many countries of the world, tourism often turned out to be the lever, the use of which made it possible to improve the entire national economy of the country. Tourism plays a significant role in the formation of gross domestic product, creating additional jobs and ensuring employment of the population, activating foreign trade balance. Tourism affects such key sectors of the economy as transportation and communication, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and others, i.e. He acts as a kind of catalyst for socio-economic development. Tourism has become one of the most profitable types of business in the world. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), it uses approximately 7% of world capital, it is connected with it every 16th workplace, it accounts for 11% of world consumer spending and it gives 5% of all tax revenues. These figures characterize the direct economic effect of the functioning of the tourism industry. Developed tourism is called one of the main phenomena of the 20th century.

In our opinion, the prospects for the development of the tourist complex are largely dependent on the strengthening of the state regulation of the tourist sphere at the national level, which should be combined with the modern strategy of promoting regional tour products. State regulation of inbound tourism represents the purposeful impact of the state on the activities of business entities - participants of this type of business and market conditions to ensure favorable conditions for the development of tourism, the implementation of state priorities. It includes the development of public policy in this area and the choice of mechanisms for its implementation.

Regulation of tourism development is a multi-level system, which includes:

  • · Coordination and promotion of tourism development on a global scale, which is carried out through the World Tourism Organization with the participation of international financial organizations;
  • · Consistency of tourist policies at the interstate level, which is achieved through regional tourist organizations and special bodies of interstate associations (for example, the European Community);
  • · Consistency of tourism policies at the national and regional levels, which is carried out through specially created state bodies and public associations of tourist organizations.

State regulation of tourism development is the impact of the state on the activities of business entities and market conditions to ensure normal conditions for the functioning of the market mechanism, the implementation of state socio-economic priorities and the development of a unified concept of the development of the tourist sphere. This is a complex process that includes the procedure for developing a state policy of regulating the development of tourism, justifying its goal, tasks, key directions, the choice of tools and its methods (Fig. 4.).

In international practice, there are three approaches to state regulation of inbound tourism.

The first approach involves resolving issues of tourism development in places (independent entities of the business) based on the principles of a market economy.

Such an approach is effective in developed countries where private companies are dominated by different magnitude and specialization. The underlying condition for this approach: the country should be attractive for foreign tourists in all respects and do not need special advertising of its tourist product in the global market. In this case, you can do without special bodies of state regulation of tourism.

The second approach involves the creation of a special state body, endowed with significant powers and financial resources. This approach is effective in the case when the interests of inbound tourism require significant funds to create and maintain a high-level national tourist product and tourist infrastructure, attract foreign direct investment, supporting small and medium-sized businesses, ensuring the safety of foreign tourists.

There is a third approach when the functions of state regulation of tourism are entrusted to the multifunctional ministry. The ministry creates a specialized division, which develops and improving the regulatory framework, coordinates ministries, departments and regional authorities on the development of international tourism; establishes communications with other countries and international organizations on the development of tourism, engaged in promoting the national tourist product abroad; Carriages tourist business information.

Regulation of activities in tourism in most foreign countries occurs with the participation of public and private sectors.

Figure 4 - Methods of state regulation of tourism

The results of studies conducted by the World Tourist Organization (WTO) showed the growing participation of private structures in the process of developing international tourism in case of their support from the state.

It is assumed necessary for state regulation in a global procedure for two main generalized areas.

The first direction is associated with the correction of the market self-regulation by drawing up plans (forecasts) and state programs, taking into account the ratio of the "demand - proposal" of the Systems "for many important types of products and the services provided now.

The second direction ensures the exercise of social programs and social oriented market economy. Market self-regulation without proper state intervention leads: to the growth of monopolization, accelerating the country's stratification on the rich and poor, reducing those industries that are not sources of acquisition of instant profit (science, culture, art, health care, education, etc.).

Thus, government regulation in the field of tourism can be carried out by impact on the expansion of the tourism market and the implementation of the relevant social policy.

The impact on the expansion of the tourist market requires the development of a market strategy to promote a tourist product. The strategy is the choice of a long-term optimal behavior model on the tourist market, based on its features. With any strategic approach, appropriate impacts on the part of the public and private sectors are required.

The impact on the part of state bodies of various levels is determining in the formation of the organizational and economic mechanism for the management of the domestic sphere of tourism.

The main tasks of state regulation are:

ѕ Decisions on the development of organizational and economic and social policy in the field of tourism development, as well as the preparation and adoption of a plan of such development;

ѕ Creating conditions for solving problems of social, address tourism;

ѕ Development of public and private sectors development programs, taking into account the listed directions only;

ѕ ensuring effective investment of public and private sectors;

ѕ Ensuring constant control over the course and direction of tourism development, given its prospects, both in the economy and in the social life of society.

The state regulates the tourist sector directly through the Tourism Ministry or National Tourist Organizations (NTO), as well as indirectly with the help of legal levers, supporting their infrastructure and international politics. The state affects tourism in two ways: managing demand and income or managing proposal and prices. To manage demand, the state uses the following tools: marketing and promotion, pricing and access restriction. An integral part of marketing is activities to promote tourism conducted by the state and pursue the purpose of the awakening of demand from potential customers. According to the recommendations of the WTO, these activities should be aimed at creating a qualitative image of a country based on its attractive symbolic characteristics. There are different ways to create a qualitative image of the country - these are meetings of specialists with journalists invited to the country, business trips of domestic specialists abroad, speeches on television and radio, free distribution of brochures, slides and video materials, as well as participation in various exhibition fairs, for which it is purchased stand. Since the number of organizations included in the promotion of tourism activities is Veliko, the coordination of actions, which is usually dealt with representative offices of state organizations abroad, is usually engaged in an important role. The funds allocated from the budget to carry out activities to promote the tourist image of the country may exceed half of the budget of state organizations, and most of the budget goes to finance public relations (from one third to two thirds). The effectiveness of promotion activities may increase with the help of international cooperation agreements between the tourism ministries or organizations responsible for tourism. The purpose of these actions is to exchange or combine promotion efforts (spread of posters, audio and visual materials, sharing of representative offices, etc.). There are different means by which the state can regulate prices for tourist products. First, many attractions in the country are in the sphere of influence of the public sector, most airlines are controlled by the state, and in many developing countries, even the hotels belong to the state. As a rule, social infrastructure and transport networks are considered natural monopolies, and if they do not belong to the state, they must at least control them. Indirectly, the state may affect the price using economic levers (for example, using currency control, which can lead to a limitation of currency exchange, as a result of which tourists will be forced to change the currency at an inflated price and thereby increase the real travel price); Using sales taxes, opening stores in customs zones, etc. The state, in addition to the above levers, may affect the demand by licensing or graduation in service quality. This measure is particularly often used in the hotel business, when the number of rooms offered exceeds the demand and by regulating prices the government cannot eliminate this imbalance. The price regulation is very unpopular in the market economy by a measure to which the governments of some countries are still going to restrain domestic companies from the temptation of obtaining momentary benefits to the detriment of the long-term interests of the country's tourist business. In addition, the government, controlling prices, can protect the interests of tourists, protect them from over-rise and, thus, support the reputation of the country.

Figure 5 - System of state regulation of tourism development

The priority areas of state regulation of tourist activity are the support and development of internal, inbound, social and amateur tourism.

State regulation of tourist activity is carried out by the following way:

ѕ the creation of regulatory legal acts aimed at improving relations in the field of the tourism industry;

ѕ Assistance in promoting a tourist product in the domestic and world tourist markets;

ѕ protect the rights and interests of tourists, ensuring their safety;

* Standardization in the tourist industry, certification of the tourist product;

* establishing rules of entry in the Russian Federation, departure from her and staying on its territory, taking into account the interests of the development of tourism;

ѕ direct budget allocations for the development and implementation of federal targeted tourism development programs;

ѕ tax and customs regulation; submission of preferential loans, the establishment of tax and customs benefits to tour operators and travel agents engaged in tourist activities in the territory of the Russian Federation and attracting foreign citizens to occupy tourism;

ѕ facilitating personnel support of tourist activities;

ѕ Development of scientific research in the field of the tourism industry;

assistance to the participation of tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations in international tourist programs; providing cartographic products.

Thus, the scale and importance of tourism indicate its belonging to the strategic sectors of the country's economy, which requires direct state regulation, in order to ensure the proportionality of the development of territorial and sectoral national economic complexes, justifying employment policies, ensure the growth of budget revenues and management of the balance of payments.

The effective development of tourism is in many ways the lack of clear state regulation of tourism development, the underdevelopment of infrastructure, as well as the insufficiency of studying tourism from a scientific point of view.

The experience of various countries shows that the success of tourism development directly depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level, as far as it enjoys state support. Any civilized state in order to receive income from the tourism industry to the budget should invest in the study of its territories to assess the tourism potential, training programs for the development of the turbines, projects of the necessary infrastructure of resort regions and tourist centers, and information support, and advertising.

The organizational structure of management and regulation in the communications industry is a hierarchical system based on the subordination of the lower link management subjects, which in turn is an object of management from a higher level. All government and regulatory authorities are guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees and regulations of the President of the Russian Federation, the Resolutions of the Russian Government, international treaties and other regulatory and legislative acts on communication and informatization issues. The scheme of the management and regulation of the interconnected communication network of the country is shown in Fig. 2.1.

In accordance with the legislation, the Government of the Russian Federation as the highest federal executive body provides general management of the entire economic system, including the branch of communication, based on the establishment of priorities and strategic directions for the development of the country at a particular stage of its development. Control impacts are formulated in the form of relevant decrees aimed at coordinating the activities of all subsystem managed subsystems on the most efficient solution of economic development problems in a particular time interval.

The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Communication and Informatization (State Communications Communications of Russia) is a federal executive body, which conducts government policies and manage the mutages of the country's interconnected network, is responsible for its condition and further development. The tasks of the State Committee of Russia are:

Development of proposals and the implementation of the main directions and priorities for the development and improvement of communication and informatization,

Improving its quality, availability and sustainability of operation;

Regulation of activities aimed at a more complete satisfaction of the needs of state authorities, local self-government, legal entities and individuals in communications and informatization services;

Conducting state policy aimed at limiting monopolistic activities in the field of communications and promoting the development of entrepreneurship and competition in the provision of communication and informatization services.

The main functions of the State Committee for Russian Federation are:

Training programs for the development of communication and informatization infrastructure, development of concepts and development schemes and placement of communications and informatization systems in the country;

Development of a regulatory and legislative framework for the activities of the WCC of Russia, which is mandatory for all users and manufacturers of communication services, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership;

Intersectoral coordination in the field of electrical, postal and informatization and the organization of the State Examination of Project Documentation for the Construction of Communication Networks Joining General Communication Network;

Implementation of issuance to legal and individuals licenses for operating activities in the field of communications and informatization, maintaining licensees and organization of control over compliance with licensing conditions;

Certification of technical means of communication used on public communication networks (except for the means applied on special-purpose networks), as well as communication services produced by operators who have the relevant state communications licenses of Russia;

Participation in the development and implementation of investment policy in the field of communication and informatization;

Development of forecasts of development of funds and communication services and informatization;

Generalization and dissemination of the positive experience of the activities of communications organizations and informatization in the conditions of the formation of market relations, providing them with the necessary advisory, organizational and methodological assistance;

Implementation of direct management of subordinate state-owned enterprises and institutions, including the organization of work on improving the economic aspects of activities, accounting, statistical reporting and financing of budget organizations;

Organization of state supervision of communications and communication networks and informatization systems;

Representation and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in international organizations as the administration of communication and informatization of Russia.

The State Committee of Russia is headed by the Chair who have deputies appointed by the Government of the Russian Federation. The most important issues of the industry are considered by the Board, which, along with the Chairman of the Committee and its deputies, includes management assistance executives, representatives of other federal executive bodies, leading experts and scientists.

For the implementation of its functions and powers in the structure of the State Commission Committee, Russia organized special divisions governing operational activities, and system-wide units, whose functions are the solution of general-industry tasks. The first group includes electrical management, postal management, radio management, television and satellite communications, mobile and wireless telecommunication management.

The system of system-wide divisions includes the Office of Economic and Investment Policy, the Office of the Organization of License Work, the Office of Certification of Means and Service Services, the Office of International Cooperation, Scientific and Technical Management and Labor Protection, Management of personnel and educational institutions, etc.

For consideration and development of proposals for the introduction of achievements of domestic and foreign science, technology, technologies, advanced methods of organizing and managing production, the Scientific and Technical Council (NTS) operates. At its meetings, the results of the work of research and design institutions of communication, the positive experience of enterprises and joint-stock companies to improve innovative, operational and economic activities, which are issued by the NTS solution and are a recommendatory nature for all telecom operators united in public network.

With the State Communications of Russia, three commissions have been created, each of which on a collegiate basis coordinates the work on the implementation of state policy in the most important areas of communication and informatization. The State Telecommunication Commission (GKES) coordinates the development of federal and other networks that form a mutually related network of communication of the Russian Federation. The State Commission on Radio Frequids (GCRC) organizes work on the distribution and use of the radio frequency spectrum and to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of radio-electronic tools manufactured by national and foreign manufacturers. The State Commission on Informatization (GKI) coordinates work in the field of creating and developing networks and systems of informatization, the creation of the information services market and a single information space of the country.

The composition of these Commissions, which are headed by the Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Communications and Informatization, along with senior government officials, are representatives of such federal management bodies as the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Antimonopoly Policy and Entrepreneurship Support, the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology, and Certification, power ministries and departments, Russian Academy of Sciences. Thus, the activities of the Commissions are interdepartmental in nature, and their decisions are mandatory for all individuals and legal entities that are manufacturers and users of communication services.

In addition, in the framework of the Ministry of Committee of Russia, Russia has licensed and certification commissions, the Commission on the Examination of Communication Development and Informatization Projects, providing coordination of work in the relevant field of activity.

A special place in the management structure of the interconnected communication network is occupied by the State Supervision Service for Communications in the Russian Federation (Soviet Industry of Russia). It represents a unified system of supervisory authorities and consists of the General Directorate of State Supervision for Communications in the State Committee for Communications of Russia and subordinate to it regional (regional, regional and republican) offices.

The functions of the State Unitary Enterprise are grouped by six main areas: control and supervisory, permitting, prohibitive, international legal protection of frequency assignments, forced and regulatory. The main tasks of the public supervision for communications in the Russian Federation are:

Control over compliance with laws, decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents and regulations in the field of communication;

Control over the state of networks and means of electrical and postal service, for providing consumers of communication services only under licenses issued in the prescribed manner, and in accordance with the established quality standards;

Radio monitoring of radiation parameters of electronic means;

conducting (jointly with the GCRC) of the technical policy of using the radio frequency spectrum, planning, appointment and accounting of working frequencies, the issuance of permits for the production, importation from abroad, implementation, design, construction and use of radio-electronic means, ensuring their electromagnetic compatibility;

Control over the application on networks and facilities communication of equipment that has passed certification in the prescribed manner;

Examination of the newly commissioned networks of electrical, postal and electronic means for compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and issuing permits for their operation;

Ensuring with the administrations of the Communications of foreign countries to coordinate frequency assignments to the radio-electronic means of the Russian Federation and foreign countries.

Objects of control and permitting activities in accordance with the tasks assigned to it are organizations and institutions, regardless of the forms of ownership and departmental affiliation, as well as individuals providing postal and electrical communications services.

From the above fig. 2.1 The schemes can be seen that the competence of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Communications and Informatization and the structures created under it applies to all operators forming a common communication network, regardless of their departmental affiliation and ownership forms.

A similar role in the objects of impact plays the Ministry of Antimonopoly Regulation and Entrepreneurship Support (MAP Russia). It has been formed by the Department for the Regulation of Natural Monopolies in the field of communication, whose competence includes the regulation of the economic aspects of the activities of electric and postal operators, providing services related to the sphere of natural monopolies. The main objectives of the MAP of Russia are state regulation of the activities of natural monopolies in the field of communication in order to comply with the interests of the Russian Federation, its subjects, manufacturers and consumers of services, the formation of a nationwide market of communication services and improving the efficiency of the public relations network and business entities included in it.

To perform the assigned tasks, MAP Russia performs the following functions:

Develops proposals for the state regulation of natural monopolies in the field of communication, including proposals for improving competitive relations and changing the regime of a centralized impact on business entities aimed at improving the efficiency of their work and the protection of consumer rights;

Ensures the development of a regulatory framework for state regulation of the subjects of natural monopolies in the field of communication and the mechanisms of its implementation;

Forms and maintains the register of subjects of natural monopolies in the field of communication, in respect of which state regulation and control is carried out;

Analyzes and predicts economic situations in the country in the process of implementing the measures of state regulation of natural monopolies in the field of communication;

Carries out price regulation by setting tariffs or their limit level, and also determines the circle of consumers to be mandatory, and establishes the minimum level of their provision of communication in the event that it is impossible to meet the needs in full;

Regulates the formation of a common communication service market, the interaction of the subjects of natural monopolies providing services to publicly accessible electrical and postal communication on pricing and mutual settlements for mutually provided network resources and services;

Monitors the investment activities of natural monopolies in terms of its influence on tariffs established for communication services;

participates in the work of international organizations on pricing and regulating the activities of natural monopolies in the field of communication and implements scientific and technical cooperation in this area, and also performs other functions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In the structure of the Department for the Regulation of Natural Monopolies in the field of communication between MAP Russia, two main system-wide divisions were allocated: the management of tariff regulation and economic interaction of telecom operators and the Office for the regulation of the activities of economic entities of natural monopolies. The first includes the departments of the methodology for regulating tariffs, price regulation, analysis and control of the activities of the subjects of natural monopolies. The main divisions of the second are the registry management department and marketing marketing services and the antimonopoly control department.

His powers to regulate natural monopolies in the field of communications at the level of the subjects of the Federation MAP Russia should carry out through its territorial authorities.

State Communications and MAP of Russia carry out permanent cooperation in order to form a single economic policy to improve the efficiency of the operation of communication bodies, increasing the availability of consumers to the main services of communication, improve their quality and compliance with national interests in the markets and communication services markets.

The main objects of management and regulation are business entities - organizations (enterprises) of communication, which are direct manufacturers of services.

Communication organizations are subjects of entrepreneurial activities with administrative and economic independence. They operate in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and on the basis of licenses issued by the State Committee of Russia. The most important signs of administrative and economic independence are the availability of the Company's charter and its registration in the relevant local authorities, independent balance with the completed accounting and reporting system, the current account in the Bank, the rights and liability of the legal entity. The latter predetermines the organizational unity, property responsibility and an independent speech from its own person when interacting with other legal entities and individuals in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

All business entities are classified on departmental and sectoral affiliation, organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, the level of specialization and degree of completion of the production cycle, a place in a network of communication in terms of participation in the production and implementation of services, as well as by territorial sign.

Depending on the departmental affiliation, the organization of communication is divided into the subordinate State Commission Communications of Russia; subordinate other ministries and departments, regional and local governments; Independent commercial enterprises created by legal or individuals.

By industry signs, the organization of postal communications is distinguished (for example, post offices, affiliate posts, mail transportation), electrical communications enterprises (long-distance telephone stations, city telephone networks, telecommunication AOs, etc.), radio communications, broadcasting, television and satellite communications (for example , regional radiothelovation centers - orthpcs).

With the introduction of market relations in the communications industry, economic entities presented with various organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, including state unitary enterprises (for example, postal enterprises), joint-stock companies (including open and closed with the share of state in the authorized capital And without such), joint ventures with the participation of foreign capital, personal (individual) enterprises, as well as other entities of entrepreneurial activity.

From the point of view of specialization, there are distinguished (specialized) enterprises providing services of one links (for example, independent urban telephone networks, long-distance telephone stations, enterprises providing cellular telephone services) and combined enterprises that maintain consumers with the services of various subproduces (for example, Regional telecommunication AOs that organize the work of almost all types of communication except the postal).

For many organizations in the industry participating in the provision of network services (postal, telegraph, long-distance telephone enterprises), is characterized by an unfinished production cycle in terms of creating a final product - service. Each of them performs a certain set of work on transmitting messages at a particular stage (outgoing transit, incoming) production process. At the same time, there are enterprises within which the completed service is created, i.e., a fully complete production cycle is carried out. Such organizations include highlighted city telephone networks, urban radio broadcast networks, cellular networks, personal radio reviews.

Nonodynakova The role of communication organizations and in terms of their participation in the process of creating and implementing communication services. The main part of them is occupied by both production and direct customer service (post offices, long-distance telephone stations, city telephone networks, etc.). In the course of its activities, they directly contact the subscribers, enter into contractual relations with them, receive income for the services provided, are responsible, including legal, for the commitments of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the services created. Another part of the enterprises is not directly related to subscribers, but performs technological functions to ensure the process of transferring messages and maintenance of equipment and facilities. Typical representatives of this group are postal enterprises engaged in processing and transportation of postage (PDPs, OPP), Rostelecom OJSC and its branches -erritizional intercity centers (TCMS), maintaining main and partial telecommunication networks.

In terms of territorial sign, the organization of communication is divided into international, long-distance, zone (regional) and local. This status is determined by the license determining the scope of the specific operator and the level of accession to the public network.

As an object of management and regulation on the part of federal bodies, enterprises, in turn, carry out control functions with respect to their branches, structural units and divisions. At this level, management decisions of higher authorities are concretized in relation to the tasks facing direct performers, and the system of operational and industrial management of objects, processes and resources of enterprises is being formed. Thus, the optimal combination of state impact on business entities with the expansion of the rights of direct manufacturers in the direction of liberalization of the management system is ensured.