In popular use, banks are the storehouses of money. In fact, such an interpretation of the bank does not reveal its essence, its true purpose in the national economy.

In Babylon (7th-5th centuries BC), it was practiced to issue cash loans for the purchase of seeds with repayment of the debt after the sale of the crop. Temples in Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire accepted cash deposits and put them into circulation. The centers of banking in the Middle Ages were the Italian republics, Holland, some German states, and later England.

The first banks, which were the forerunners of modern banks, arose in Florence and Venice (1587) on the basis of a money change business - the exchange of money from different cities and countries. The main operations of the banks were the acceptance of cash deposits, the provision of loans to the state, merchants and non-cash payments. The essence of the latter was to transfer the amount from one account to another in the banker's books in the presence of both clients. Later banks were organized according to this principle in Amsterdam (1609) and Hamburg (1619). It was a primitive form of banking. Banks served mainly trade and settlements; they were insufficiently connected with production, with the circulation of industrial capital. They did not develop such an important function as the issuance of credit money.

Banks of the modern type arose on the basis of relations in connection with the needs of reproduction, the circulation of industrial and commercial capital. The destruction of natural economy, the growth of trade and commodity exchange sharply increased the importance of cash payments and credit. The transition to wage labor on a large scale led to the fact that an increasing part of the income was paid in monetary form. A regular money turnover arose, the turnover and maintenance of which were taken over by banks.

As the volume of production and circulation grew, the role of banks in all countries increased. Free cash resources appeared, which were accumulated and directed to industrial and commercial capitalists in the form of loans. With the development of commodity-money circulation in all sectors of the economy, the influence banking capital more and more expanded. New functions were added to the listed initial functions, in particular, such as the management of interest-bearing capital.

Banks, as collectors and accumulators of capital, began to serve the entire production process and were able to influence it. From small institutions for keeping money, from modest intermediaries, banks have become active participants in the increase of industrial capital and active stimulators of the development of social production.

In addition to the traditional tasks of banks - the organization cash flow and credit relations- their functions also include the financing of the national economy, insurance operations, the purchase and sale of securities, and in some cases, intermediary transactions, investment operations, the acquisition of obligations on guarantees. In addition, credit institutions provide consultations, participate in the discussion of national economic programs, and keep statistics.

Banks, therefore, are a consequence of the development of credit, and credit is the foundation in relation to banks. It can be argued that a bank is such a stage in the development of credit business, in which credit, monetary and settlement operations in their totality are concentrated in a single center.

The first and main function of the bank is the function of mobilization, accumulation of temporarily free funds. In this case, it is necessary to take into account a number of features of such accumulation. The fact is that the bank collects not so much its own as other people's temporarily free funds. The collected financial resources are used by them not for their own, but for other people's needs. Ownership of the accumulated and redistributed resources is retained by the original creditor (bank customers). The accumulation of funds becomes one of the main activities of the bank. To carry it out in modern conditions, a special permit is required - a license.

The second function of the bank is the function of regulating money circulation. Banks act as centers through which the payment turnover of various economic entities passes. Thanks to the settlement system, banks create for their customers the opportunity to make an exchange, circulation of funds and capital. The turnover of both a single entity and the country's economy as a whole passes through banks. Through them, the overflow of funds and capital is carried out from one subject to another, from one branch of the national economy to another.

The third function of the bank is the intermediary function in making payments and lending, according to which the activity of the bank is understood as an intermediary in payments. Payments of enterprises, organizations, and the population pass through banks. Being between clients, making payments on their behalf, the bank thereby performs an intermediary mission. However, this is not a primitive, elementary mediation activity. The bank can accumulate small reserves of temporarily free funds of many clients and, summing them up, direct huge financial resources - only to one subject. The bank can borrow money from customers short term, and issue them for a long time. It can accumulate resources in one sector of the economy of a region, and redistribute them to other industries and completely different regions. Being in the center economic life, the bank, thus, gets the opportunity to transform or change the size, timing and direction of capital in accordance with the emerging needs of the economy. The intermediary function, in view of all this, becomes more of a resource transformation function.

Thus, a bank is a financial institution, an institution that performs various types of transactions with money and securities and providing financial services to government, businesses, citizens and other banks. Banks issue, store, lend, buy and sell, exchange money and securities, control the movement of funds, the circulation of money and securities, provide payment and settlement services.

To characterize a regional bank, we first define what is the criterion for highlighting this concept. There is no legally accepted definition of "regional bank" in Russia. Traditionally, when conducting research, they include credit institutions registered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they are guided by the fact that statistical information in the regional context is collected for the subjects of the Federation. In foreign practice, those credit institutions are considered regional if their activities are limited to a certain territory (state, land, region).

In domestic science, various signs of classifying a bank as a regional group are considered. From the point of view of some authors, a regional bank is created and operates in the region and does not extend its influence to Moscow and the Moscow region. However, this characteristic also includes state-owned, large federal, and subsidiary foreign banks.

A number of rating agencies, separating regional banks into a separate group, proceed from various performance indicators: the amount of equity capital, the level of capitalization, the volume of the balance sheet, etc. In our opinion, such a feature cannot serve as an essential characteristic, it reflects only quantitative performance results Russian banking system.

There are other criteria, for example, a controlling stake in a bank with local authorities, which predetermines the scope of a regional bank, its role and specifics. In our opinion, this feature of a regional bank is not decisive, since the participation of public authorities of a municipality or a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can also be carried out in banks of other regions or capital banks that are not related to the economy of a particular region.

Thus, there are many approaches, but each of them is ambiguous and therefore controversial. In our opinion, additional characteristics of a regional bank are needed to distinguish it from other credit institutions operating in the regional market:

the roots of the bank's own capital formation are in the region;
Liabilities are formed mainly at the expense of the population and legal entities region;
banking services are sold in the regional market;
independence from the financial resources of banks in other regions

So, let's formulate the definition of a regional bank - this is an organization that carries out specialized financial and intermediary operations in the region in order to develop its economy and depends on financial condition legal and individuals this region.

The modern needs of the regional economy in investments necessitate the involvement credit and financial system in the formation of resource potential to ensure the development of the economic system of the subjects of the Federation. By definition, a functional feature of the activities of banks is the accumulation of free funds created in the economy of the country as a whole, and regions in particular. Moreover, if the formation of the revenue side of the budgets of the subjects of the Federation occurs mainly due to tax deductions and is regulated tax policy states, then commercial banks have the ability to form a resource base in accordance with their own deposit policy. Providing depositors with the necessary protection of their investments is a paramount task in expanding the resource potential of the credit and banking system of the region. Further, the resources formed by banks on their own behalf and at their own expense, according to the strategic plan, are invested by them in priority sectors of the domestic economy. In turn, the direction of resources, according to some domestic economists, should be carried out jointly with the administrations of municipalities. Thus, banks participate in the reproduction process of priority sectors of the national economy. In order to activate the role of the credit and banking system in the reproduction process of the region, it is necessary to create a mechanism for the formation of a high-quality resource base for its diversified use, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the region's economy.

Summarizing the experience of developing the credit and banking system in Russia over the past few years, it is advisable to highlight the main problems in the functioning of the banking system headed by the Central Bank:

insufficiently effective influence of the consequences of the monetary regulation of the Bank of Russia on the development of the economy;

lack of interest of large metropolitan banks in the development of the economy of the territories;

small capitalization of regional banks;

industry specialization of commercial banks - servicing the financial flows of enterprises that are part of holdings;

inability of commercial banks to form a high-quality resource base;

low development of banking investment activity;

passive policy of banks in the field of lending to enterprises of various forms of ownership and the population;

reduction of the reproductive function of the national currency and the use of foreign currency by individuals as a means of accumulation.

Summarizing the experience of commercial banks in Russia in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods, it is advisable to study the activities of the credit and banking system in the territory of one administrative entity. This will allow assessing the results of banks' activities in the territory Tyumen region under the influence of economic factors, to show the role of the banking system in the formation of the resource potential of the region, and to formulate a concept for the development of investment activities of banks in the Tyumen region.

The economy of the Tyumen region is characterized by a high share of industrial production. Most of the Tyumen region, where the main oil and gas production is carried out, is made up of autonomous regions - Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They are independent subjects of the Russian Federation and provide 94% of the total volume of marketable products and occupy 89% of the region's territory. The south of the Tyumen region, headed by the capital of the region, initially concentrated managerial, financial functions and functions of branch headquarters and a transshipment base. At present, the south of the region from an economic point of view represents a region with a developed agro-industrial complex. The economic structure of the Tyumen region is dominated by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, and the diversified economy of the region is aimed at servicing the fuel and energy complex.

The second level of the banking system of the region is represented by commercial banks registered in the Tyumen region, with an extensive branch network within the region and beyond, as well as branches of banks not registered in the region, including branches of the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation. There are 28 regional banks registered and operating in the Territorial Administration of the Bank of Russia for the Tyumen Region. Their total capital is estimated at 9019.9 million rubles. The largest of them are Khanty-Mansiysk Bank, Surgutneftegazbank, Sibneftebank and Zapsibkombank. One of the major branches of Sberbank of Russia in the Tyumen region is the West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia. The West-Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia has an extensive network of branches in the Tyumen region, providing resources for the Tyumen branch. Branches of banks in other regions have an insignificant total capital, consisting of funds from the reserve and other funds of banks. The largest branches are those of the Ural-Siberian Commercial Bank and Alfa-Bank.

The main activities of the banks that make up the banking system of the region are based on various goals formulated in the strategic plans of these banks. Regional banks consider that the purpose of their activity is to provide priority sectors of the economy and the population of the region with the necessary banking products. The strategic goal of Sberbank of Russia is to strengthen the achieved positions of a universal commercial bank that maintains specialization and leadership in the retail market banking services, which means that its main activity is the provision of services to the population. Branches carry out the tasks assigned to them by the parent banks. Depending on the objective factors of functioning, the activities of branches are divided into:

maintenance of financial flows of enterprises that are part of the holdings to which the bank belongs, or is its founder;

mobilization of free funds created in the region to form the resource base of the parent bank;

participation in financing investment projects and programs.

A functional feature of the credit and banking system is the ability to serve the financial flows of industrial enterprises of various forms of ownership and create their own financial flows. This allows you to concentrate on bank accounts the funds that make up the resource base of the banking system. It is on the volume and quality of the resource base that the potential of the banking system in the reproduction process of the region depends.

Funds on the accounts of enterprises and organizations are stable sources of resources for banks, but during sectoral crises, their volume decreases and this negatively affects bank liquidity. Legal entities rarely accumulate funds in deposit accounts; their investments are short-term.

At present, the problem of forming the resource potential of commercial banks is the reduction of fixed-term investments. Commercial banks accumulate excess banking liquidity in accounts at the Central Bank. The growth of the resource base of banks in the Tyumen region is accompanied by an increase in free credit resources. Share transferred to accounts with the Bank of Russia required reserves accounts for regional banks - 11.3% of the total volume of investments; branches - 3.41%; at ZSB of the Savings Bank of Russia - 0. By accumulating funds from credit institutions in the asset, the Central Bank increases gold - foreign exchange reserves, accounting for bills and loans to credit institutions are reduced. To expand the resource potential of the credit and banking system, credit emission of the Central Bank is of particular importance. The mechanism of credit emission through commercial banks ensures the supply of money to the real sector of the economy. The Central Bank contributes to an increase in demand for loans from the "bank of banks" by reducing the refinancing rate, introducing new instruments for securing a loan - bills of industrial companies and guarantees from large commercial banks. But, on the part of commercial banks, especially regional ones, there is no activity in attracting loans from the Central Bank.

The deposit policy of regional banks is passive, but banking operations for the population are in a stage of continuous development. The era of extensive development of operations for the population is giving way to the intensive growth of complex projects for servicing individuals. The growth of private individuals' deposits is due to the increasing confidence in the banking system, tendencies towards the strengthening of the national currency, the functioning of payroll projects using plastic cards. Given this positive trend towards the expansion of the resource base at the expense of deposits and deposits of the population, it is necessary to insure deposits against depreciation. In our opinion, the deposit insurance fund can be created by commercial banks that are part of the banking system of the region.

Issued and non-issued securities of commercial banks circulate on the territory of the region. By issuing them, the bank attracts term resources.

Forming a resource base, commercial banks are faced with the problem of its small volume compared to the needs of large clients in lending to their needs and investing in production. The low capitalization of the resource base limits many regional banks in expanding investment and capital financing. There is an acute problem of short-term banking resources, which makes it difficult to implement mortgage programs and long-term investment. Increasing the resource potential at the expense of funds created on the territory of the district, commercial banks place them in the priority sectors of the region's economy. These are the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, serving its small enterprises, enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, subjects of the Russian Federation and the population of the region.

Regional banks are active in lending and investment. The share of lending and investment is 62.07% of the allocated resources of regional banks. ZSB of Sberbank of Russia allocates 46.14% of its allocated resources for lending and investment. Banks of other regions lend and invest only 27.20% of the total amount of placed resources. Such a passive policy of branches in the field of lending is explained by their lack of independence in the selection of potential borrowers and a high proportion of interbank settlements. At the same time, free credit resources at branches of banks in other regions amount to only 8.11%, from ZSB of Sberbank of Russia 0.02%, and from regional banks unused credit resources amount to 38.17. This means that regional banks do not properly use their credit and investment potential.

In the structure of credit and investment investments of the branches of banks in other regions, resources directed to lending prevail, amounting to 88.94%. ZSB of Sberbank of Russia allocates 61.06% of the volume of credit and investment investments for lending. A feature of the formation of credit and investment portfolios is the maximum diversification, that is, the presence in it of loans of a diverse spectrum of urgency. The share of short-term lending - up to 180 days is 31.51%; from 180 days to one year - 24.76%; the share of medium-term loans - from 1 to 3 years is 15%, over three years - 25.12%. Regional banks increase the share of long-term lending in the total volume of credit investments, as Khanty-Mansiysk Bank has long-term investments - 47.8% of the total volume of credit investments, Surgutneftegazbank - 72.43%, respectively, Sibneftebank - Zapsibkombank - 16.9%.

In the total volume of credit investments of regional banks, loans to enterprises and organizations of the real sector of the economy prevail; their share in the total volume of ruble loans is 76.49%, and 82.53% in the total volume of foreign currency lending.

Small business is experiencing a high growth in production in the Tyumen region. The needs of small businesses in the resources lent by banks are met by small regional commercial banks, ZSB Sberbank of Russia, Ural-Siberian Bank, Zapsibcombank, and so on. The share of lending to small businesses is not large. Reasons for being so passive credit policy due to lack of credit history, low-quality collateral for loans and high risk of investments. The share of lending to the population is only about 10%. If we take into account the growth of household deposits up to 18.68% in the total resource base, then such a passive policy of regional banks for lending to the population is explained by the low demand for them from potential borrowers.

The problem is particularly acute mortgage lending and the role of banks in this system. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has a “municipality-participated” model of mortgage-housing lending, in which the role of the bank is limited to providing bank loans to the authorities for financing housing construction. The share of construction lending by regional commercial banks is not large and amounts to only 3.3% of the total volume. The Bank of Khanty-Mansiysk, which has allocated 600 million rubles for this purpose, is providing long-term lending to the Zhilische Fund formed by the federal subject. Meanwhile, construction costs from the budget of municipalities are increasing every year. A special role in stimulating long-term lending, including mortgage lending, is acquiring economic cooperation between regional commercial banks and municipal administrations.

The activities of the participants in the banking system of the Tyumen region are heterogeneous in terms of the goals of functioning and methods for achieving these goals. In overcoming these contradictions, the problem of the competitiveness of regional banks in the resource market is acute. The resource market is saturated with supply, but the sources of their attraction for system participants are different. There is a specialization of banks according to the sources of formation of the resource base. The potential ability of banks to invest money in the regional economy depends on its quality. So far, investing and lending to the real sector of the economy, the banking system has not exhausted its capabilities in directing resources to the social sphere. Regional development should be financed by various sources, primarily from the resources of the banking sector, the role of which is growing.

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Yanin Valery Vasilievich. Fundamentals of functioning and sustainability of a regional bank: Dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.10: Saratov, 2002 155 p. RSL OD, 61:03-8/2740-5

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical basis functioning of a regional bank 10

1.1. Regional bank: essence, functions, role 10

1.2. Patterns and principles of functioning of a regional bank 27

Chapter 2. The stability of a regional bank and how to assess it 33

2.2. Methods for assessing the stability of a regional bank 45

Chapter 3. Ways to ensure the stability of a regional bank in Russia 75

3.1. Instruments of influence of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the stability of a regional bank 75

3.2. Monitoring of the Bank of Russia as a means of managing the stability of regional banks and regions 90

3.3. Opportunities for regional banks to ensure their sustainability... 107

Conclusion 121

References 131

Applications 146

Introduction to work

Relevance of the research topic. The main task in the banking sector
» Russia now is to ensure long-term sustainability

banking system. This is explained not only by the fact that the stability of the Russian banking system creates conditions for the stability of the economy, but also by the fact that the stability of Russian banks was violated as a result of the 1998 systemic banking crisis. Until now, a serious problem is the presence on the market of a significant number of banks with unsatisfactory financial condition and negative capital. Russian banks who suffered huge (2-3% of GDP) losses as a result of the crisis, are not able to become a reliable support in the revival Russian economy without fundamental changes in the banking system of the Russian Federation, without its modernization.

In accordance with the Strategy for the Development of the Banking Sector of the Russian Federation, adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia in 2001, tasks were set aimed at modernizing the banking sector, namely: strengthening the financial condition of existing and withdrawing non-viable credit institutions from the banking services market, increasing the level of capitalization of banks and the quality of their capital, expanding activities to attract funds from the population and enterprises, as well as strengthening the interaction of banks with the real sector of the economy, developing competitive principles in the activities of credit institutions.

The reorientation of banks to serve the real economy, increasing confidence in the banking system on the part of customers, creditors and depositors is unthinkable without solving the problem of ensuring the stability of banks. Only financially stable banks are able to fulfill the functions assigned to them, solve the problems of restoring the economy and ensuring its sustainable development based on injections of bank funds into it.

Under the current conditions, high demands are placed on the stability of regional banks, whose role in the development of the economy should be increased, since it is in the regions that the main opportunities for developing the country's productive forces are concentrated. Regional banks are closer to the real economy, their relations with enterprises have a long-term basis, they more fully take into account the interests of small industries, without which the balanced economic development of the regions is impossible. Therefore, the main areas of activity and the further prospects for the development of regional banks are directly related to their active participation in lending to production, small and medium-sized businesses, and financial support for programs economic development regions.

Improving the stability of regional banks involves the following activities:

strengthening banking supervision based on improving the methodology for analyzing the financial condition of banks, developing an “early warning” system for possible problems in banks, and bringing its tools in line with international standards;

development of intra-bank stability management of banks;

consolidation of efforts of regional governments, territorial offices of the Bank of Russia and regional banks to ensure the stability of the banking sector in the region.

Qualified quality management of the stability of regional banks in these areas is impossible without a theoretical study of the essence of regional banks, their stability and the foundations of functioning in accordance with laws and scientifically based principles. Only knowledge of the theoretical foundations can make it possible to find reliable methods for assessing the stability of regional banks and to select tools to influence it, determined by regional characteristics.

The relevance of this dissertation research is due to: firstly, the importance for the modern Russian economy of regional banks with stability and reliability; secondly, the lack of a comprehensive study of the theoretical foundations of the functioning of regional banks, uniting their essence, functions, role, principles and patterns; thirdly, the lack of development of the problems of assessing and managing the stability of banks in the regional aspect.

The degree of development of the problem. The regional aspect of the study of banking problems predetermines the use of knowledge of related sciences: banking and regional studies.

On the issues of regional economy, the works of foreign and domestic authors are known: X. Armstrong, S.S. Artabolevsky, A. Bendavid-Vala, O.P. Burmatova, M.K. Badman, S. Wagenaar, B.C. Varlamova, A.G. Granberg, S. Cohen, T.G. Morozova, P. Niykamp, F. Snikars, J. Taylor, M. Temple and others. But regional banking systems are not the subject of study of the regional economy.

Domestic and foreign science has accumulated a system of knowledge in the field of theory and practice of banking. A certain contribution to the development of banking theory was made by G.N. Beloglazova, M.Z. Bor, N.I. Valentseva, D.D. Van Hoose, E.F. Zhukov, A.Yu. Kazak, V.I. Kolesnikov, Yu.I. Korobov, L.N. Krasavina, O.I. Lavrushin, I.S. Levchuk, I.D. Mamonova, R.L. Miller, M. Ozium, A.V. Molchanov, M.A. Pessel, D. Polfreman, B.Kh. Putnam, V.V. Pyatenko, J. Rivoire, E. Reed, P. Rose, V.I. Rybin, J.F. Sinki Jr., N.M. Tavasiev, U.K. Timothy, M.M. Titarev, V.M. Usoskin, M.M. Yampolsky and others. But within the framework of this science, it has also not been formed as an independent theory of regional banks and

regional banking systems. Only a few studies of domestic authors on the problems of regional banks and regional banking systems are known: A.F. Borodina, S.Yu. Evseeva, O.G. Ivanchenko, A.V. Koltyrina, Yu. Karelina, R.M. Karimova, I.R. Koshchegulova, SV. Kugaeva, M. Matovnikova, R.Kh. Mardanova, I.V. Pashkovskaya, M.Z. Pozdnyakova, A.M. Polyantseva, V.V. Popkova, V.V. Rudko-Silivanova, M.Sh. Sagitdinova, V.Yu. Tulina, E.N. Chekmareva and others. But they do not provide comprehensive and detailed characteristics of regional banks, as well as the foundations of their functioning, which include, along with principles, patterns of development.

In the domestic literature, numerous studies of the stability and reliability of banks are known, presented by the names of the following scientists: D.A. Artyomenko, M.Kh. Aushev, L.G. Batrakova, L.P. Belykh, A.V. Buzdalina, P.V. Verzhbitskaya, I.V. Vishnyakova, I.V. Voloshin, M.B. Dichenko, V.N. Zhivalova, V.V. Ivanova, S. M. Ilyasov, V. Karpenko, V. Kozhinova, V. Konoshenkov, V. Kornilov, V. Kromonova, I. Mamonova, M. Matovnikova, V.A. Moskvina, V.V. Novikova, B.C. Pashkovsky, A.Yu. Petrova, M.A. Pomorina, V. Sevrinovsky, I.M. Strebkova, V.B. Tikhanina, G.G. Fetisova, P.S. Chumakova, A. Yudanova and others. However, they lack the regional aspect of studying the stability of banks: its assessment and ways to ensure it.

The relevance and insufficient scientific development of the theory of regional banks and the problems of their sustainability determined the choice of the topic, goals and objectives of the dissertation research.

The purpose of the dissertation research is the development of theoretical foundations for the functioning of regional banks and ways to ensure their stability.

Research objectives. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks that determined the logic of the dissertation research and its structure:

to find out the essence of a regional bank and its individual types, based on the methodology for studying a theoretical concept, highlighting the general, special and singular in it;

substantiate the functions and role of a regional bank, formulate patterns and principles of its functioning;

based on the theory of systems, to reveal the content of the stability of the bank; identify regional factors and factors affecting the stability of the bank; develop approaches to its assessment from a regional perspective;

study the essence of banking monitoring and the experience of its organization in Russia in comparison with foreign practice, give recommendations for improvement;

to systematize knowledge about foreign and domestic systems for monitoring the stability of the bank;

identify ways to ensure the sustainability of regional banks with
positions of their self-government and external influence on them from
territorial departments of the Bank of Russia.

The subject of the study is the theoretical aspects

functioning of regional banks, a system for assessing and regulating their sustainability.

Object of study are banks officially registered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Methodological basis of the work were the provisions of dialectical logic, systemic and integrated approaches. The work used such scientific methods and techniques as scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, grouping and comparison methods, mathematical modeling.

theoretical basis dissertations were compiled by legislative acts regulating banking activities in Russia, scientific monographs, articles in economic periodicals.

The information base of the work was statistical materials of the State Statistics Committee of Russia and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, information from the territorial offices of the Bank of Russia for the Samara and Saratov regions, the Syzran CJSC JSCB Zemsky Bank, as well as secondary information from the periodical press.

Scientific novelty The obtained results are determined by the fact that in this dissertation work for the first time a comprehensive study of the theoretical foundations of the functioning of regional banks was carried out and the regional aspect of assessing and managing the stability of banks was implemented.

Specifically, this was reflected in the following results:

about systematized features of regional banks with the allocation of two main defining two interpretations of regional banks: 1) in a broad sense - as officially registered in the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation; 2) in the narrow sense - having, in addition to this, regional significance, confirmed by the presence of at least one of the following features: establishment by regional authorities and municipalities; the predominance of funds of local authorities in the authorized capital (resources) of the bank; preferential service to local, municipal, budget organizations, regional (municipal) authorities, local off-budget funds; maintenance of accounts of budget recipients of the local budget;

for the purpose of scientifically based formation of models of regional
banking systems, the essence of the regional bank and its types
(municipal, investment, mortgage) using a comprehensive
approach, which, along with the traditional, taking into account the territorial
the sign and specifics of the bank as an economic entity, takes into account
attention to the role of the bank as an economic management body. As a result, given
the author's version of the concept of a regional bank in the narrow aspect as officially

an economic body registered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which has signs of special regional significance and is potentially capable of providing a full range of banking services, as well as an external economic management body that primarily pursues the interests of this constituent entity of the Russian Federation while participating in the management of the socio-economic development of regions in its locations ;

developed important for the formation of specific banking systems
regions a typical model of a regional bank in a narrow aspect in the form of its
characteristic features identified by a number of criteria and reflecting the features of its
liabilities and assets, composition of the clientele, type of management, etc.;

o In order to better use the potential of regional banks, the following theoretical provisions are substantiated:

a) in contrast to the traditional approach, a system of functions has been developed
regional bank as an economic entity and as a body of economic
region management;

c) for the first time in domestic science, regularities were formulated
placement of banks by region and justified as a leading law
self-preservation of banks;

d) in addition to those known in the domestic literature, there are formulated and
substantiated the author's principles of functioning of banks - principles
self-development, purposefulness, performance efficiency, maximum
use of the economic potential of the regions by regional banks for
compared with foreign branches;

for the first time in domestic science, a regional aspect of bank sustainability has been developed: regional factors and indicators to be studied in assessing sustainability have been identified; a methodological approach to its comprehensive assessment is proposed, including, along with the traditional synthetic stability coefficient determined by the bank's statements, an assessment of its competitiveness in the region, as well as an assessment by rating agencies of the bank and the region that does not go beyond the ratings, respectively, of a specific region and country;

the author's version of the concept of banking monitoring as a set of forms of management (banking self-management, economic management by banks, management of banking activities by external governing bodies) is given, which is more extended than the existing interpretations of the author's version of the concept of banking monitoring, which provides for the collection and analysis of information for current management and forecasting of the parameters of banking and the economy different levels;

proposed measures to improve monitoring of enterprises and monitoring of banking policy conducted by the Bank of Russia, proved the need for organizing daily monitoring by the territorial departments of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of the stability of banks, especially problem banks, quarterly monitoring by commercial banks of the activities of their clients based on maintaining their passports;

in order to use the possibilities of competitiveness in improving the stability of regional banks, as a new direction for domestic practice, their consolidation is proposed to organize a system for assessing competitiveness based on specific information from the banks of this consortium;

a system of measures was recommended to improve the formation of a mandatory reserve fund, providing for its partial "workability" for a bank, a differentiated approach to regions with varying degrees of stability and to banks that take different part in the implementation of regional programs;

a set of measures has been developed to strengthen the managerial impact of the territorial offices of the Bank of Russia on the stability of banks in the region: through the creation of regional clubs of banking analysts, a system of supervision with the maintenance of bank passports, limiting and regulating risk limits for a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and municipalities, establishing empirical regulatory norms for banks in the region, consolidation of banks within the federal district, etc.;

in order to increase the competitiveness and organize effective management of the stability of banks, a model of a customer-oriented divisional organizational structure of a regional bank is proposed as more optimal in the conditions of fierce competition of banks in the region; the expediency of allocating a department in the organizational structure of the bank, coordinating the efforts of various services of the bank to ensure its sustainability, is substantiated.

Theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the completed dissertation research develops an insufficiently developed in economics the theory of regional banks, including the essence, functions, role, patterns and principles of their functioning, and also contains ways to solve the problem of assessing and ensuring the stability of regional banks, which is of great national economic importance.

The theoretical provisions put forward in the dissertation can be used in the development of concepts for the development of regional

banking systems. Recommendations for assessing the stability of a bank from a regional standpoint and for the instruments that ensure it can be put into practice by both banks and supervisory authorities. Of practical importance for banking supervisors are recommendations for improving banking monitoring, which combines monitoring of enterprises, monitoring banking policy and monitoring the stability of the bank, and for banks - the developed model of a customer-oriented divisional organizational structure.

Approbation of work. The most significant provisions and results of the study were reflected in 3 publications of the author with a volume of 4.9 pp, were reported at a conference at the Ural State University of Economics in 2002.

A number of provisions contained in the dissertation and expressed in published works are used in the educational process by the Department of Money and Credit of the Saratov State Socio-Economic University when teaching special disciplines in banking.

Work structure. The structure of the dissertation is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study, the object of analysis and the theoretical and methodological basis.

The first chapter of the dissertation "Theoretical Foundations of the Functioning of a Regional Bank" discusses the issues of the theory of a regional bank, which comprehensively combine the essence, types, functions, role, patterns and principles of functioning.

The second chapter of the work "Sustainability of a regional bank and methods of its assessment" is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the concept of bank stability in the framework of systems theory, generalization of world experience in monitoring the stability of banks and methods for its assessment, as well as studying the experience of the region's rating.

Regional bank: essence, functions, role

The study of domestic and foreign literature shows that there is no properly developed theory of the regional bank and its sustainability. In our opinion, the statement of N.G. Chernyshevsky: "Without the history of the subject, there is no theory; without the theory of the subject, there is no thought about the subject." Therefore, research in terms of a regional bank and its sustainability should begin with theoretical questions, primarily with clarifying the essence of a regional bank.

At the same time, we will be guided by the following methodological technique: we will conduct a study using the criteria of "universality", "peculiarities", "singularity". In itself, this technique is not new. In the literature, installations of this kind are known: "the concept as such contains three moments: the moment of universality, the moment of particularity, and the moment of singularity." the common element that unites an element with the system and with its other elements; what distinguishes this element; as well as that which is singular, immanently inherent only in this element and no other. In our opinion, the selection of the above three points is typical for the concept of a categorical plan, and the bank, according to the majority, is an economic category.

It is known that a regional bank belongs to the category of banks, and the latter are part of the regional banking system, which, in turn, is an organic part of the national banking system. Therefore, as an element of the banking system, a regional bank can have something in common with it, with its specificity and a certain degree of autonomy and independence.

But what is a regional banking system? There are heterogeneous definitions of the regional banking system, differing in the degree of completeness and different approaches: institutional (the system is structured by institutions and organizations), organizational (with the allocation of forms and types of credit in which banking-type institutions participate), functional, hierarchical, orientational, etc. .

Narrow and formulated from the standpoint of the institutional approach is the concept given by the SY. Evseev: "The regional banking system should be understood as a set of interacting banks in the region that implement the following main functions:

Ensuring the need for cash in the required amount;

Uninterrupted conduct of non-cash settlements and payments;

Credit support for the socio-economic complex of the region;

Stimulating the attraction of funds from citizens and small entrepreneurs, as well as their effective placement;

Lending to innovation and investment projects and social economic programs, development of consulting services and non-traditional

banking operations."1

Broader than the interpretation of the SC regional banking system. Evseev, but also with institutional aspect, the concept of A.M. Polyantseva. A.M. Polyantsev defines the regional banking system as a set of banking entities that have isolated themselves in the territory of the region under the influence of factors of external and internal organization of the banking system, performing, each separately, special functions, as a result of which all the functions of the system are realized, and closely interacting with each other and with external environment". This author includes not only banks, but also other banking entities in the regional banking system.

A number of authors in the regional banking system, along with the subjects, distinguish functional elements. According to them, "the regional banking system is a set of banking institutions, banking infrastructure, banking legislation applicable to both regional and branches of national banks; banking corporate culture"3. There are also more expansive interpretations of the regional banking system.

Within the framework of the objectives of our study, namely, in order to clarify the essence of a regional bank, an institutional approach to structuring the banking system is important, since it allows us to select in it the element of interest to us - jars.

According to the principle of universality, banks act according to the laws by which the banking system operates, having similarities with other elements of it, but differ from them according to the criterion of "special". Banks also differ from other economic entities. What is the essence of the bank, its "generic features" in comparison with other subjects?

There are different approaches to characterizing the essence of the bank. Some authors define the essence of a bank as such, regardless of what level it belongs to (whether it be a central or a commercial bank), which, in our opinion, is methodologically correct. So, O.I. Lavrushin defines the bank as a monetary institution that regulates the payment turnover in cash and non-cash forms "1. Unison to him V.V. Mitrokhin2 sees the essence of the bank" in its ability to organize the monetary process and issue banknotes ". M. M. Yampolsky considers the bank "as an enterprise or institution designed to supply the money circulation with the necessary means of payment"3.

Most authors characterize the bank as an enterprise, meaning, first of all, apparently, a commercial bank. L.N. Krasavina calls for clarifying the concept of a bank as a special kind of enterprise working with money capital.4 Russian legislation. And Yu.I. Korobov considers the bank an enterprise due to the fact that the term "banking industry" has the right to exist, the primary link in which is an enterprise (by analogy with any industry).

The "special" criterion should be used not only when comparing a bank and an enterprise, but also when comparing a bank with other credit organizations and financial institutions. This allows highlighting new features of a commercial bank.

As features of the bank in comparison with other credit institutions are called:

1) its primacy and supremacy on financial market due to the universal nature of the activity and the exclusive right to issue and withdraw money from circulation (A.V. Molchanov5);

2) the unlimited possibility of granting commercial loans and the legal right to create checkable deposits (R.L. Miller, D.D. Van Hoose6);

3) the potential ability to provide a full range of financial services to any enterprise in the economy (P. S. Rose7).

The content of the stability of a regional commercial bank and the factors that determine it

One of the most discussed issues in modern literature is the stability of a commercial bank. This issue was studied by such Russian scientists as V. Kozhinov1, M.A. Pomorish2, A.Yu. Petrov3, A.V. Buzdalin4, L.P. Belykh5, I.D. Mamonova6, T.M. Leonov7 and many others, whose opinions we will refer to in the future, without presenting them in the list of authors.

V.N. Zhivalov understands the stability of a commercial bank as "the ability of a bank in a dynamic market environment to clearly and promptly perform its functions, ensure the reliability of deposits and its obligations to serve customers"8. Based on encyclopedic information and systems theory, one can be convinced that this author practically defines the reliability of a bank. According to systems theory, "the reliability of a system is the property of a system to implement given functions for a certain time with given quality parameters." And stability in this source is interpreted as "the ability to return to its original state after some disturbing influences, for example, acute external economic and social conflicts."

Yu.S. Maslenchenkov speaks about the stability of the bank as its equilibrium state. In his glossary, he characterizes the stability of the bank in two ways9: 1) as the equilibrium state of the bank; 2) as a mechanism for the interaction of factors that reduce the consequences of unforeseen financial losses over time. In our opinion, the preservation of the system can indeed be judged by the observance of balance. Therefore, based on the interpretation of Yu.V. Maslenchenkov and following the terminology of systems theory, the stability of a bank is its ability to self-preserve on the basis of maintaining balance in a changing environment.

To clarify the question whether the concept of bank stability has something special in relation to a regional bank, it is necessary to establish the categorical nature of this concept or its absence. The question now being debated is whether commercial bank sustainability is an economic category. So, V.N. Zhivalov considers it an economic category, and G.G. Fetisov rejects this on the grounds that this concept does not express social relations. In our opinion, the stability of the bank does not meet the requirements of categorization, because:

1) does not express the essence of social relations;

2) manifests itself not through individual forms, but as a whole, even if it characterizes the state of individual parts of the system or individual types of stability.

In our opinion, a category can be an essential phenomenon, and not its characteristics and properties. And sustainability, of course, is a feature, property, quality of the functioning of a bank (banking system) or other object, presented as an open dynamic system. She as a concept has no nuances in relation to various types banks. Therefore, the concept of "sustainability" has neither a special nor a single one, characteristic of a regional bank. We can talk about the concept of "bank stability" in general. However, when assessing sustainability, measures to maintain it, it is legitimate for a regional bank to single out "special". Thus, the economic potential of the regions may affect the stability of banks. The holding of a controlling stake in banks by regional authorities, which is typical for truly regional banks, predetermines a high degree of responsibility of the latter for the stability of such banks and their taking measures to ensure it.

Bank sustainability is a complex concept. It combines a number of particular stability. Yu.S. Maslenchenkov1 singles out as structural components of the bank's stability: financial stability of the bank, organizational and structural, functional, commercial and capital stability. Let us present his judgments on the content of these particular stability.

Instruments of influence of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the stability of a regional bank

Ensuring the stability of the bank is the task of both the banks themselves and external management bodies. To solve this problem, a system of tools is used:

1) external and internal order;

2) affecting the system of banks or an individual bank;

3) affecting individual (particular) types of stability or the overall stability of the bank.

There are different instruments for influencing the stability of any bank and specific instruments for managing the stability of a regional bank.

The stability of a bank of regional significance or located on the territory of a region is affected not only by internal factors, but also by macroeconomic and regional factors. Therefore, the instruments for regulating its sustainability are divided into instruments of internal, national and regional government. Due to the presence of many bodies of external management of a regional bank, ways of managing the stability of the bank on the part of each subject of management are distinguished.

The main subject influencing the activities of banks is the Bank of Russia and its local territorial offices. This is predetermined by the functions of the Bank of Russia, which is responsible for the development of the banking system of the Russian Federation and its stability. In his hands is a large arsenal of management tools, incl. and the functions of organization and coordination it performs.

The territorial banks of Russia can coordinate certain types of activities of commercial banks, using for this a form of organization such as clubs created on their initiative and uniting professionals in various areas of banking. Thus, at the initiative of the territorial department of the Bank of Russia for the Saratov region, the Banking Club was organized to coordinate the activities of credit institutions in the region, protect their rights and legitimate interests, and provide consulting, methodological and other assistance. Professional sections work under the auspices of the club: lawyers; service heads internal control; security services and bank press officers.

It should be noted that club activity is increasingly becoming a means of managing banks, their stability. In September 2000, the Club of Banking Analysts was opened in Russia. Its founders include the European Trust Bank, the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, the International Rating Agency Thomson Financial Bank Watch and the Association of Russian Banks. Club members are required to provide common base data financial information in the form of official reporting forms. This public organization conducts seminars, where, among other problems, the problems of methodological support for assessing the financial condition of commercial banks are discussed, which is aimed at ensuring the stability of banks and their effective policies.

But the community of banking analysts in our country is just being formed. Yes and in developed countries it is believed that the profession of financial and investment analyst is still young compared to, say, the accounting community. V European countries ah, the communities of financial and investment analysts are now developing. By uniting in national associations, analysts have developed qualification standards for their profession, and mechanisms for ensuring them.

For several decades now, the national societies of financial analysts of European countries have united in the international organization "European Federation of Financial Analysts Associations" (EFFAS). Since 1988 Russia began to participate in the work of this international organization. It is represented there by a Russian association of analysts, namely the Guild of Investment and Financial Analysts (GIFA). The GIFA also includes analysts from Russian banks. GIFA provides its members with professional information of interest to them. This is the support of the Internet site, conducting internships, seminars, conferences.

But regional banks do not take part in GIFA, as well as in the Club of Banking Analysts, although they have a need to exchange analytical information. Therefore, it seems necessary at the regional level under the territorial departments of the Bank of Russia to create clubs of banking analysts who coordinate methodical work bank to analyze the activities of regional banks in general and its individual parties. In this case, a single information space can be created within the region. In this way, it may be possible to create a unified methodology for assessing the stability of a regional bank and use it by the banks of the region when providing interbank loans, as well as when organizing banking supervision.

The efficiency of the functioning of banks in the region depends on how fruitful the cooperation of the main departments of the Bank of Russia in the constituent entities of the Federation with similar departments in other regions, primarily with departments that are part of the banking system of the Federal District or economic region, uniting several subjects of the Federation. Let's take Privolzhsky as an example. federal district, uniting 12 subjects of the Russian Federation, including Samara and Saratov region. The territorial departments of the Bank of Russia in the regions of this district exchange information with each other. Analytical material "Comparative characteristics of the regions of the Volga Federal District" is prepared quarterly on the development of the district as a whole and its constituent regions, as well as information on the state of banking in the subjects of the Federation.

Introduction

Banks and banking system

1 The emergence of banks, their essence and functions

2 Features of the development of regional banks

3 Foreign experience

Problems of development of regional banks

1 The optimal amount of bank capital

2 Government development plan

Optimization of the banking structure

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The growth rates of the national economy are largely related to the efficiency of the banking sector, the ability of credit institutions to perform their basic functions of accumulating and allocating funds. In the context of the acute need in general for the economy of the Russian Federation and its individual regions in investment support for the real sector, it is extremely important to establish a close relationship and balanced development of the real and financial sectors of the economy. The problem of the development of the regional market of banking products is especially acute: the incompleteness of institutional transformations in terms of the separation of regional banks, the reduction in their number, the establishment of the main parameters of the banking activities of the regions at the federal level, ignoring the role of local banks in the system of regional economic relations - all this complicates the functioning of the regional economy, contributes to the aggravation of socio-economic disproportions in the development of regions.

1. Banks and the banking system

regional bank capital

First, let's define the banking system and the institution. The banking system is a set of banks operating in the country, credit institutions, individual economic organizations that perform banking operations and specialized companies that ensure the activities of banks and credit institutions: cash settlement and clearing centers, bank audit organizations, dealer companies working with securities banks, firms providing banks with equipment, information, personnel.

By institutions, I will understand the public system of rules that define the position and position with the corresponding rights and duties, power and immunity, and the like. These rules specify certain forms of action as permitted and others as forbidden, and they also punish some acts and protect others when violence occurs. As examples, or more general social practices, we can cite games, rituals, courts and parliaments, markets and property systems.

To determine the features of the development of regional banks in Russia, it is necessary to understand what a regional bank is, what is its definition and place in the banking system.

Banks are an integral feature of the modern money economy, their activities are closely related to the needs of reproduction. Being at the center of economic life, serving the interests of producers, banks mediate links between industry and trade, agriculture and the population. Banks are not an attribute of a single economic region or any one country, the scope of their activities has no geographic or national boundaries, it is a planetary phenomenon with colossal financial power, significant monetary capital.

Domestic banks, like our entire economy, were unlucky in many respects. Unfortunately, for quite a long time, administrative, often unprofessional thinking replaced the economic approach, as a result, the true economic functions of credit institutions turned from the main ones into the secondary ones.

The purpose of writing a term paper is to analyze the development and formation of regional banks in the Russian banking system and identify measures for further development. The process of formation of the Russian banking system in the transition period is gaining momentum, which determines the relevance of the chosen topic. Throughout our history, banks have been so often ignored, their economic purpose reduced to such an extent that even now, in organizing the transition to the market, we do not give them the attention they deserve. In other words, the command style of managing the national economy has been so persistently introduced into our minds for so long and persistently, and the banks have been so cornered, have lost their authority and purpose, that at present the need to restore their true swarm does not sound convincingly.

It can be said that in our society there is still no complete understanding of the place that banks should occupy in the economic system of economic management. Our whole theory of banks is an actual retelling of what kind of banks exist in the country, what operations they perform at the same time. Society needs a thorough, deeper understanding of the essence of the bank, its concept is needed, the clarification of its social purpose. These are not simple questions, and their roots lie in the history of the development of banking.

The activities of banking institutions are so diverse that their real nature is uncertain. In modern society, banks are engaged in a wide variety of types of operations. They not only organize money circulation and credit relations; through them, the financing of the national economy, insurance operations, the sale and purchase of securities, and in some cases mediation transactions and property management are carried out.

1.1 Emergence of banks, their essence and functions

In popular use, banks are the storehouses of money. In fact, such an interpretation of the bank does not reveal its essence, its true purpose in the national economy.

The first banks, which were the forerunners of modern banks, arose in Florence and Venice (1587) on the basis of a money change business - the exchange of money from different cities and countries. The main operations of banks were the acceptance of cash deposits, the provision of loans to the state, merchants and non-cash payments. The essence of the latter was to transfer the amount from one account to another in the banker's books in the presence of both clients. Later banks were organized according to this principle in Amsterdam (1609) and Hamburg (1619). It was a primitive form of banking. Banks served mainly trade and settlements; they were insufficiently connected with production, with the circulation of industrial capital. They did not develop such an important function as the issuance of credit money.

Banks of the modern type arose on the basis of relations in connection with the needs of reproduction, the circulation of industrial and commercial capital. The destruction of natural economy, the growth of trade and commodity exchange sharply increased the importance of cash payments and credit. The transition to wage labor on a large scale led to the fact that an increasing part of the income was paid in cash. A regular money turnover arose, the turnover and maintenance of which were taken over by banks.

As the volume of production and circulation grew, the role of banks in all countries increased. Free cash resources appeared, which were accumulated and directed to industrial and commercial capitalists in the form of loans. With the development of commodity-money circulation in all sectors of the economy, the influence of banking capital expanded more and more. New functions were added to the listed initial functions, in particular, such as the management of interest-bearing capital.

In addition to the traditional tasks of banks - the organization of money circulation and credit relations - their functions also include the financing of the national economy, insurance operations, the purchase and sale of securities, and in some cases intermediary transactions, investment operations, and the acquisition of obligations on guarantees. In addition, credit institutions provide consultations, participate in the discussion of national economic programs, and keep statistics.

The third function of the bank is the intermediary function in making payments and lending, according to which the activity of the bank is understood as an intermediary in payments. Payments of enterprises, organizations, and the population pass through banks. Being between clients, making payments on their behalf, the bank thereby performs an intermediary mission. However, this is not a primitive, elementary mediation activity. The bank can accumulate small reserves of temporarily free funds of many clients and, summing them up, direct huge financial resources - only to one subject. A bank can borrow money from customers for a short period of time and lend it out for a long time. It can accumulate resources in one sector of the economy of a region, and redistribute them to other industries and completely different regions. Being at the center of economic life, the bank thus gets the opportunity to transform or change the size, terms and direction of capital in accordance with the emerging needs of the economy. The intermediary function, in view of all this, becomes more of a resource transformation function.

Thus, a bank is a financial institution, an institution that performs various types of transactions with money and securities and provides financial services to the government, enterprises, citizens and other banks. Banks issue, store, lend, buy and sell, exchange money and securities, control the movement of funds, the circulation of money and securities, provide payment and settlement services.

To characterize a regional bank, we first define what is the criterion for highlighting this concept. In Russia, there is no legally accepted definition of a “regional bank”. Traditionally, when conducting research, they include credit institutions registered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they are guided by the fact that statistical information in the regional context is collected for the subjects of the Federation. In foreign practice, those credit institutions are considered regional if their activities are limited to a certain territory (state, land, region).

· the roots of the bank's own capital formation are in the region;

· Liabilities are formed mainly at the expense of the population and legal entities of the region;

banking services are sold in the regional market;

independence from the financial resources of banks in other regions

So, let's formulate the definition of a regional bank - this is an organization that carries out specialized financial and intermediary operations in the region in order to develop its economy and depends on the financial condition of legal entities and individuals in the region.

1.2 Features of the development of regional banks

The regional banking sector is the circulatory system of the regional economy, without which the functioning and development of the real sector of the regional economy is impossible. However, today it has become a problem of the further existence and development of regional banks, their ability to compete with large banks from other regions. The uneven economic development of Russian regions contributes to the formation of an imbalance between the regions in terms of saturation and provision of banking services: the more investment attractive a region is, the more developed its banking system is. Due to the sharp differentiation in the size of commercial banks in Russia, the influence and role of medium and small banks in the real sector of the region's economy is declining. Recently, the strategy of large banks, which consists in expanding their business and capturing new markets in the regions, poses a threat of losing the share of the regional market and the further functioning of regional banks, forcing them to look for ways to increase competitiveness in the regional banking market. In this situation, regional banks need to form business strategies based on an analysis of the demand for banking products in the region from the real sector of the economy. A clear positioning of regional banks will allow them to accumulate financial resources and take their niche in the regional banking services markets. First of all, this is a specialization in such banking services as consumer lending, mortgages and lending to small and medium-sized businesses. The domestic experience of recent years shows that the majority in the structure of the country's banking system are small banks, which characterizes their proximity to real sector region, their ability to more quickly and individually solve problems at the local level, being an important factor in the development of regional business. Unlike large banks, small and medium-sized regional banks are most focused on “relationship” banking, relying on personal knowledge of the client’s creditworthiness and a deep understanding of the needs of the local business when making decisions, allowing them to be flexible in their relationship with the borrower. Regional banks are the main partners of small and medium-sized businesses, enterprises and organizations located in the region. The main reasons for the preference of small and medium-sized businesses to work with local banks are greater availability, trust, image and the ability to check the integrity of the reputation. These are the main competitive advantages of most regional banks. All activities of small banks are carried out directly in the region, in a particular city or district, and all interested persons have the opportunity, if necessary, to obtain information about the bank. The attracted funds are used by regional banks to perform lending operations in the region, which allows the resource base of the region to grow, and not to withdraw funds beyond its borders, as branches of banks from other regions carry out. However, regional banks also have weaknesses: - low level of capitalization; - poorly developed branch network - an imbalance in the structure of assets and liabilities in terms of terms and, consequently, a decrease in the level of liquidity with limited access to foreign markets; - low return on assets and capital in the absence of economies of scale; - shortage of medium-term and long-term resources; - insufficient development of banking technologies; - shortage of qualified personnel; - imperfection of internal control systems and insufficient level of management; - most regional banks are "captive", which characterizes a high risk of bankruptcy when funds are allocated from the bank by its owners or affiliates. In order for a regional bank to exist, it is necessary not only to develop and occupy any market niches, it is necessary to increase the volume of operating assets by filling these niches or increase the positive balance between non-interest income and expenses. Regional banks need certain integration processes aimed at increasing capitalization and improving reliability. State support for the regional banking sector, both at the federal and regional levels, should consist in optimizing the legislative and regulatory regulation of investment processes and supporting small businesses. In this regard, it is necessary: - to speed up the development of acts that simplify the access of small enterprises to sources of bank lending; - strengthen the institution of bank collateral, increase the efficiency of debt recovery procedures; - contribute to the effectiveness of the existence of the institute credit histories; - simplify the procedure for foreclosing the pledged property; - expand the tools of banking intermediation; - reduce bases mandatory reservation for participants in the system of deposit insurance of the population; introduction of payment for resources reserved in the FOR; - exempt banks from paying income tax in terms of sources of funds allocated to increase their own funds; - release banks from performing unusual functions, such as monitoring the cash discipline of organizations; - reduce the tax burden on the banking system, in terms of attributing the costs of formation created by banks reserves for other operations at cost. - develop and implement a procedure for granting subordinated loans to credit institutions at the expense of the Stabilization Fund. - provide guarantees from regional authorities, as well as compensate for part of bank interest on loans provided to business entities implementing projects important for the development of the region; - provide compensation from the state for the expenses of banks for the performance of social and other gratuitous functions (payment of pensions, allowances, compensations, acceptance of payments to the budget, etc.), which significantly affect the efficiency of banking units, especially in rural areas; - develop a long-term regional program for the socio-economic and financial development of the region. On the part of the Bank of Russia, in order to compete in the banking services market, it is necessary to take the following measures: - ensuring the openness of the activities of credit institutions, including the transparency of the ownership structure of shareholders (participants); - simplification and reduction in the cost of reorganization procedures, including the merger of credit institutions, the creation of additional conditions for informing a wide range of people about reorganization procedures; - optimization of conditions for network development banking service population, small and medium-sized businesses; - ensuring counteraction to the admission to participation in the management of credit institutions of persons who do not have the necessary professional qualities or have a dubious business reputation, including the creation of a mechanism for assessing the business reputation of managers and owners of credit institutions; - streamlining the mechanisms of control over the acquisition by investors of shares (stakes) in credit institutions; - expanding the access of regional banks to refinancing instruments through the territorial departments of the Bank of Russia; - allocation to banks on a competitive basis of centralized resources for financing economic growth in the region. To create incentives for the development of local banks, institutional transformations play a greater role than market methods. It is necessary to support the regional authorities in order to create tools and methods that provide different incentives for the development of different categories of banks, depending on their current need. Basically, the focus is on developing, improving, and increasing the level of capitalization of local banks in the regions. But are absolute administrative instruments sufficient? Probably not. In order to maintain successfully operating elements of the regional banking infrastructure, we need: - differentiated, not absolute capital requirements; - observance of the principle of transparency of state regulation; - a differentiated system of taxation and mandatory reserves, stimulating capitalization at the expense of profits and the direction of credit resources into the real economy; - evolutionary way of consolidation - voluntary concentration, banking cooperation, creation of integrated interregional holdings; - simplification of the reporting system within the framework of the law on electronic digital signature, as a result, a reduction in the costs that are tangible for small regional banks for the preparation and collection of reports. But under any conditions of the market environment, the principles of regulation and the stages of reforms, the main factors of competitiveness should remain a loyal and efficient clientele, a developed branch network, effective branding, the offer of modern financial services - all this will continue to determine the picture of the banking community. In this situation, there is a need to create a new model of the Russian banking system that meets the needs of the regions in banking services. In this model, as a rule, the following factors should be determined: - development of the target state of the regional banking system (number of departments, their type, location, list and volume of services provided, degree of participation in regional economic processes etc.); - formation of a list of specific measures to ensure the reduction of the regional banking system to the target state; - determination of the expected results of the program implementation. The above measures will allow regional banks to develop effectively, providing worthy competition to branches of other regional banks.

1.3 Foreign experience

A high market share of large banks is also characteristic of many developed countries. However, these countries have long understood that the market is not developing through the administrative reduction of its participants, as evidenced by the large number of credit institutions in these countries: in the USA - about 15800 units, in Germany - 1930 units, in Italy - 780 units.

The concentration and centralization of capital, the strengthening and possible reduction in the number of credit institutions is an inevitable process, and competition in the banking sector will only intensify over time. But this process must proceed according to economic laws. Banks that are ready to adapt and develop, to improve their positions either in general or in some particular areas, will survive. At the same time, the main principle should be the preservation and multiplication of stable banks, regardless of their size.

Why make excessive demands on a small bank that successfully operates in its segment of a limited territory and fully corresponds to the scale of its economy? Obviously, it is inappropriate to require him to be like industry leaders.

To maintain efficient operation, regional banks need to make considerable efforts. For sustainable functioning and development, they first of all need:

· take measures to improve the quality of corporate governance and provision of banking services;

· comprehend your competitive advantages and build strategies that do not allow you to go into unpromising directions;

· develop closer interaction with the industrial sector of the region's economy, including through the modeling of financial relations and flows.

The prospects for the development of credit institutions operating in the regions lie in increasing the efficiency of solving urgent problems of life support on the ground: regional banks should be closer to the interests and needs of customers in their region, since they, as a rule, are well aware of the specifics of the local market. Despite the difficult market conditions, regional banks, whose goal is not to survive, but to grow, in most cases achieve their goal by conducting an honest, efficient banking business.

2. Problems of development of regional banks

Let's consider the existing problems of development of regional banks. One of the main threats to the termination of their activities is the gradual tightening of requirements for the minimum amount of equity capital of banks. This process began with a requirement to increase capital to 90 million rubles from 01/01/2010, then to 180 million rubles. from 01.01.2012 onwards up to 300 million rubles. from 01.01.2015. The purpose of the increase in requirements is to strengthen the banking system, to prevent the use of a banking license for suspicious transactions. But will this solve these problems, and what disadvantages can we get?

Let's look at the statistics and foreign experience. Today, the ratio of assets of the Russian banking sector to GDP is 76%, while in the European Union it is 300%. The total capital of Russian banks is about 9% of GDP, and for example, in Austria, Brazil - more than 30%. Indeed, the capitalization of the Russian banking sector is still quite low, but we should not forget that banks in other countries have been building up their capital for centuries.

It is also obvious that capital is the best form of amortization of financial losses. The capital adequacy ratio is one of the main indicators of a bank's soundness and is closely monitored by the supervisory authority. In other words, the stability of the bank in times of volatile markets depends to a large extent on the capital stock that can cover the temporary losses of the activity.

But whether a constant increase in the minimum capital requirement will lead to the development of the banking sector and the regional economy, what results are expected from this and what will be obtained - these questions remain unanswered.

It is quite difficult to accurately determine the amount of capital that a bank should have, but one thing is certain - it must be sufficient to carry out all banking operations. The amount of capital required also depends on the level of risk the bank is taking on. In this regard, capital adequacy should be understood as the bank's ability to compensate for expenses and losses arising in the course of its activities. That is, the bank must have a sufficient amount of its own funds to solve its financial problems on its own.

There are several options for capitalization: from the funds of own profit, funds of shareholders and portfolio investors who are ready to increase the bank's capital by additional issue of shares, as well as the search for strategic investors who are ready to increase capital in order to develop the banking business. At the same time, it should be noted that active growth rates without regard to asset quality are not good for the industry, and banks have already begun to pay attention to this.

.1 Optimal bank capital

According to EU experts, the capital of banks must be at least 5 million euros in order for the bank to meet its purpose. At the current exchange rate, this is about 200 million rubles, which is slightly more than the current limit of 180 million rubles, which all Russian banks correspond to.

In our opinion, it is inappropriate to try to go further in this matter than is customary in the European Union. Although it is possible, the requirement of 300 million rubles. with a sufficient time lag, it will help to intensify the process of attracting funds from owners, namely, their transfer from other assets, including foreign ones, which in the end may have a positive effect on the work of banks.

In the year preceding the RUB 90 million threshold, banks with smaller capital accounted for 8% of the total number of credit institutions operating at that time and had a capital adequacy ratio of 36%. Over the next year, almost all banks increased their capital, and 15 had their licenses revoked. A year before the milestone of 180 million rubles. 18% of banks did not meet this indicator, having capital adequacy in the region of 34%. As of January 1, 2012, almost all of them increased their capital to the required level.

To date, the number of operating credit institutions in Russia is slightly less than a thousand. The third part is made up of banks with a capital of over 1 billion rubles, forming almost 96% of the capital of the banking sector. At the same time, the lowest level of capital adequacy (12%) is among banks that occupy leading positions in terms of assets (from 6 to 20), while banks with a capital of up to 300 million rubles. capital adequacy ratio - about 27%.

In general, the value of the capital adequacy ratio for 2011 decreased from 18% to 14%. Therefore, raising the minimum amount of own funds in the face of a declining capital adequacy ratio, in our opinion, is not a top priority.

What will this give the banking system as a whole? Almost nothing, while the possible negative will arise much more. The capital will either be "drawn" by most banks, or the number of credit institutions will decrease, and primarily in the regions, which will lead to even greater distortions in the development of the country's banking system. Already today, almost 90% of all assets of the Russian banking sector are concentrated in Moscow. With an increase in the minimum amount of capital to 300 million rubles. (since 01.01.2015) many small banks in the regions will cease their activities. This will lead to a reduction in competition and a decrease in the quality and availability of banking services in the regions, which contradicts the stated goals and objectives for the development of competition in the Russian banking market.

According to the Strategy for the Development of the Banking Sector of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, the main goal of the development of the Russian banking sector is the modernization of the economy, incl. through a significant increase in the level and quality of banking services, while ensuring systemic sustainability. In order to increase the stability of credit institutions, the Strategy provides for an increase in the requirement for the minimum amount of own funds of operating banks from 180 to 300 million rubles from January 01, 2015.

But will such a rapid tightening of capital requirements for banks lead to the development of the banking sector and the regional economy? What do we want to get in the end, and what will we get as a result?

It is quite difficult to accurately determine the amount of capital that a bank should have, but one thing is obvious - it must be sufficient to carry out all banking operations. The amount of capital required also depends on the level of risk the bank is taking on. In this regard, capital adequacy should be understood as the bank's ability to compensate for expenses and losses arising in the course of its activities. That is, the bank must have a sufficient amount of its own funds to solve its financial problems on its own.

According to EU estimates, the capital of banks must be at least 5 million euros in order for the bank to meet its purpose. This is slightly more than the current limit of 180 million rubles in Russia, which all Russian banks comply with. In our opinion, it is inappropriate to try to go further in this matter than is customary in the European Union.

It is quite possible that an increase in the amount of capital, with a sufficient time lag, in the future will help to intensify the process of attracting funds from owners, namely, their transfer from other assets, including foreign ones, which in the end may favorably affect the stability of banks.

In the year prior to the set RUB 90 million milestone, banks with smaller capital accounted for 8% of the total number of credit institutions operating at that time and had a capital adequacy ratio of 36%. Over the next year, almost all banks increased their capital, and 7 had their licenses revoked. A year before the milestone of 180 million rubles. 18% of banks did not meet this indicator and had capital adequacy of about 34%. As of January 1, 2012, almost all banks increased their capital to the required level.

Analysis of Russian banks

To date, the number of credit institutions operating in Russia is 956 units. The third part of them are banks with a capital of over 1 billion rubles (346 units), which form 96% of the capital of the banking sector. At the same time, the lowest level of capital adequacy (12.8%) belongs to banks that occupy leading positions in terms of assets (from 6th to 20th place), while banks with a capital of up to 300 million rubles. capital adequacy ratio - 26%.

In general, the value of the capital adequacy ratio (N1) for 2010-2012. decreased from 20.9% to 13.7%. Therefore, raising the minimum amount of own funds in the face of a declining capital adequacy ratio, in our opinion, is not a top priority. This is practically imperceptible for the banking system as a whole, but there can be many negative consequences. The majority of small banks will either have capital “drawn” or the number of credit institutions will decrease, and primarily in the regions, which will lead to even greater distortions in the development of the country's banking system. With an increase in the amount of capital to 300 million rubles. many small banks in the regions will cease their activities. This will lead to a reduction in competition and a decrease in the quality and availability of banking services in the regions, which contradicts the stated goals and objectives for developing competition and increasing the availability of lending for small and medium-sized businesses.

The inaccessibility of loans in Russia leads to the fact that the role of lending as a source of economic growth in the country is decreasing. Foreign experience shows that only in competitive environment bank lending instruments can create conditions for the emergence of many points of growth both in the regions and throughout the country.

The advantage of small regional banks is that they better understand the characteristics and needs of a particular region, know the local market well, and have established contacts with regional and municipal organizations. And most importantly, they are interested in expanding their presence in the regional markets of small and medium-sized businesses.

In our opinion, the issue of increasing the role of regional banks in ensuring Russia's economic growth is the most pressing issue. Here are the figures that testify to the growing disproportion in this sector of the country's financial system. Banks registered in Moscow account for 88% of total banking assets, 89% of all loans issued, and 86% of all household deposits in the country (see Figure 1).

That is, a significant part of regional financial resources (deposits of citizens, accounts of enterprises) flows into the capital. In the future, in very small amounts, they return to the region in the form of loans.

The negative consequences of this situation were most clearly manifested at the beginning of the 2008 crisis, when the head offices of large banks almost completely closed their lending limits in the regions, putting a number of enterprises on the verge of bankruptcy.

Rice. 1. Dynamics of assets of Moscow and regional banks, billion rubles

If we want to increase the stability of the banking sector, then first of all, we should pay attention to large banks that have an equity capital adequacy ratio of minimum size, and it is to them to offer a phased increase in capital. Apply to them, among other things, the requirements of "Basel III" (since January 01, 2014).

Proposals to leave only large banks in the country, in our opinion, are erroneous. As a result, we will get giant banks that are not interested in delving into the problems of specific territories and business sectors. In addition, they will become excessively socially significant, and it will be much more difficult to apply supervisory response measures to them.

In Russia, the 20 largest banks already today account for more than 70% of assets.

3. Optimization of the banking structure

The advantage of small regional banks is that they better understand the characteristics and needs of a particular region, they know the local market well, they have established contacts with regional and municipal organizations - this is also a competitive advantage. But the main thing is that they have an interest in strengthening their presence in the regional markets of small and medium-sized businesses.

To improve the stability of the banking sector, first of all, attention should be paid to large banks that have a minimum capital adequacy ratio, and it is they who should be offered a phased increase in capital. Apply to them, among other things, the requirements of Basel III. An attempt to leave only large banks in the country would, in our opinion, be an erroneous decision, as a result of which we will get banks that do not have a motive to delve into the interests and problems of specific territories and business sectors. These will be gigantic banks that will grow even more if, relatively speaking, 90% of their competitors leave the market. They will become excessively socially significant, and it will be much more difficult to apply supervisory response measures to them.

In Russia, the 20 largest banks account for 70% of assets. A high market share of large banks is also characteristic of many developed countries. Nevertheless, in these countries it has long been understood that the market is not developing through the administrative reduction of its participants, as evidenced by the large number of credit institutions in these countries: in the USA - about 15,800 units, in Germany - 1930, in Italy - 780.

The concentration and centralization of capital, the strengthening and possible reduction in the number of credit institutions is an inevitable process, and competition in the banking sector will only intensify over time. But this process must proceed according to economic laws. Banks that are ready to adapt and develop, to improve their positions either in general or in some particular areas, will survive. But the main principle should be the preservation and multiplication of stable banks, regardless of their size.

It seems quite logical that the proposal of banking associations to introduce differentiation of banks according to their size. Why make demands on a small bank that successfully operates in its segment of a limited territory and fully corresponds to the scale of the economy of this region. Obviously, it is inappropriate to require him to be like industry leaders.

Conclusion

All of the above makes it possible for us to give an affirmative answer to the main question: “Do we need regional banks for the economy of modern Russia?” This fact proves that it is the regional banks that are mostly focused on servicing small and medium-sized businesses, local budgets and public enterprises, etc. That is, these are the areas and industries in which the activities of regional banks are much more efficient than the activities of "banking giants", which often turn out to be clumsy and slow. Regional banks are an integral part of the Russian banking system. The role of regional banks in the Russian banking system is growing every year. This is due to several factors: firstly, the development of the economy is impossible without representatives of only large businesses. The presence on the market is still medium and small. Secondly, regional banks have obvious and undeniable advantages - flexibility, individuality, efficiency. This is due to the fact that the "regionals" are more aware of the features of the economic development of a particular region, as well as the needs of its population, so that the reputation is created by painstaking work and continues to grow and be maintained, and the development prospects are very high. To preserve regional banks, it is necessary to differentiate capital requirements depending on the size credit institution. With regard to large universal banks, the increase in capital requirements to 1 billion rubles, as well as the transition to international approaches to calculating its adequacy, are quite justified. But for banks whose activities are focused on traditional banking operations, and the geography is limited to the region, these requirements are inappropriate. Such credit institutions must obtain special licenses that limit the range of their operations and the possibility of territorial expansion. To prevent the use of small banks in money laundering schemes, they should be excluded from working for currency markets, open correspondent accounts abroad and offshore. Regional banks need to create a banking infrastructure that will provide them with the necessary services, including outsourcing, in the field of information technologies, financial consulting, assessment of risks and creditworthiness of borrowers, analysis of investment projects, legal support, etc. For all the problems and risks associated with small banks, they are more effective and useful for the regional economy than microfinance organizations and pawnshops. Under the current conditions, high demands are placed on the stability of regional banks, whose role in the development of the economy should be increased, since it is in the regions that the main opportunities for developing the country's productive forces are concentrated. Regional banks are closer to the real economy, their relations with enterprises have a long-term basis, they more fully take into account the interests of small industries, without which the balanced economic development of the regions is impossible. Therefore, the main areas of activity and the further prospects for the development of regional banks are directly related to their active participation in lending to production, small and medium-sized businesses, and financial support for regional economic development programs.

Thus one can say:

To maintain efficient operation, regional banks need to make considerable efforts. For sustainable functioning and development, they first of all need:

· pay close attention to the assessment of current risks: high concentration of credit risk, including that associated with lending to businesses of owners and affiliates, risks associated with securities transactions associated with their incorrect assessment, high operational risks;

· comprehend your competitive advantages, build strategies that do not allow you to go into unpromising directions;

· take measures to improve the quality of corporate governance and the provision of banking services.

Despite the difficult market conditions, regional banks, whose goal is not to survive, but to grow, in most cases achieve their goal by conducting an honest, efficient banking business.

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Despite the fact that banks have existed for a long time, the question of the essence of the bank is debatable. The following main aspects of the activities of banks are distinguished:

money store;
institution, organization;
economic management body;
exchange agent;
credit company.

The new economic encyclopedia gives the following definition: “A bank is:

a system that serves to accumulate (money, information, etc.);
a credit and financial organization that accumulates funds and savings, provides loans, performs cash settlements, issues and records bills of exchange and other securities, issues money, transactions with gold, foreign currency and other functions.

V federal law“On Banks and Banking Activity”, the concept of a bank is as follows: “A bank is a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out in the aggregate the following banking operations: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts individuals and legal entities".

Modern economic theory considers banks as a special kind of financial intermediaries. Banks as special financial intermediaries are characterized by the following essential features:

Firstly, like any financial intermediaries, they exchange debt obligations, i.e. banks issue their own debt obligations, and the funds mobilized on this basis are placed on their own behalf in debt obligations issued by other issuers;

secondly, banks form their own liabilities on the basis of highly liquid and fixed deposits. Acting as a financial intermediary, banks assume unconditional obligations with a fixed amount of debt to legal entities and individuals;

thirdly, banks as deposit financial intermediaries have a high level of "financial leverage", i.e. the share of borrowed funds in the structure of liabilities. Banks form credit resources mainly at the expense of borrowed funds, which makes them dependent on external and internal factors and necessitates a special system of banking supervision by the central bank and other bodies;

fourthly, banks have the right to open and maintain settlement, current, currency and other accounts, issue non-cash means of payment and, on this basis, ensure the functioning of the payment system.

Banks like financial intermediaries, accepting cash deposits from different subjects of economic relations, they lend them to other subjects for various periods. The former can return the money on demand or without notice, the latter usually need money for a long period. There are entities that have money they are willing to lend, but also want to get it back when they need it. At the same time, there are entities seeking to borrow money, but with the condition that they pay back the money only after a certain period. It is clear that these two groups cannot directly deal with each other. The bank's function consists of converting short-term deposits into long-term loans. The bank acts as an intermediary, accepting deposits, paying interest on them and making loans, assigning borrowers more high interest. Thus, the bank relieves the depositor of the need to investigate the reliability of the borrower.

Thus, the following functions of the bank can be distinguished:

accumulation of funds;
resource transformation;
regulation of money circulation.

The purpose of banks in servicing borrowers and depositors is to make a profit, and in this capacity they are similar to any commercial organization. The more money banks can lend, the more profit they will make. However, the bank cannot lend out all the funds it receives from deposits, as it is required to hold enough funds in liquid form to be able to meet depositors' repayment requirements. This is where the banker's dilemma lies: the more liquid the form in which funds are held, the lower the rate of return. Keeping cash, for example, i.e. the most liquid form of assets, does not bring profit to the bank.

Therefore, the bank must maintain certain proportions in the balance between maximizing lending and minimizing liquidity until the very end. low level in which it is safe to work. To some extent, this task is facilitated by official controls, but banks still have ample room to operate. The conflict of profitability and liquidity requirements can be seen as a direct result of the clash of interests between the two groups that give the bank its financial resources: shareholders and depositors. Shareholders jointly own banking property and are interested in receiving income on invested capital. Depositors provide the bulk of the funds used by the bank and demand security and the ability to withdraw their money from savings accounts without notice. good bank must be able to reconcile the interests of these groups, otherwise it will lose either investors or shareholders.

The role of banks is to ensure the concentration of free capital and resources necessary for simple and expanded reproduction, to streamline and rationalize money circulation.

Types and forms of banks

The banking system as a unity of constantly developing and interacting financial and credit institutions that perform banking operations both in full and in part, depending on the evaluation criterion, can be classified as follows:

on form of ownership allocate state, joint-stock, cooperative and mixed banks. In a number of countries, the capital of the central bank belongs entirely to the state (Russia, France), sometimes the state owns about 50% (Japan, Switzerland);
on legal form banks are divided into open and closed joint-stock companies and limited liability companies;
on functional purpose— issuance (issuance of money into circulation), deposit banks- accepting deposits from the public is their main operation; commercial banks engaged in all operations permitted by law;
on the nature of the operations performed banks are divided into universal and specialized. If universal banks are more typical for Europe (risk reduction), then for the USA they are specialized, since it is believed that specialization increases the level of customer service and reduces the cost of banking operations;
on number of branches- branchless and multi-branch;
on service industry— regional, interregional, national, international; municipal banks are also regional,
on scale of activity - small, medium, large, consortia, interbank associations.

Separately allocated special purpose banks, which carry out operations at the direction of the executive authorities, are authorized banks that finance government programs.

The elements of the banking system also include banking infrastructure - enterprises and services providing information, methodological, scientific, personnel, communication services for banks.

Banks are the center of the financial system.

Bank- a special credit institution specializing in the accumulation of funds and placing them on its own behalf in order to make a profit.

The main purpose of the bank - mediation in the movement of funds from creditors to borrowers and in payments. As a result, free cash is converted into loan capital that pays interest.

Working in the field of exchange, the bank regulates the money circulation in cash and non-cash forms.

The main functions of banks:

attraction (accumulation) of funds and their transformation into loan capital;
stimulation of savings in the national economy;
credit mediation;
mediation in payments;
creation loan funds appeals;
mediation for stock market(in operations with securities);
provision of consulting, information and other services.

Banks do not just form own resources, they provide internal accumulation of funds for the development of the country's economy. Incentives to save free funds population and capital accumulation are provided with flexible deposit policy bank in the presence of a favorable macroeconomic situation in the country.

Stimulating policy suggests:

establishing attractive interest rates on deposits;
high guarantees of the safety of depositors' funds;
a sufficiently high reliability rating of the bank and the availability of information about its activities;
variety of deposit services.

Credit intermediation- the most important function of the bank as a credit institution. It ensures the effective redistribution of financial resources in the national economy on the principles of repayment, urgency and payment. Credit operations are the main source of income for the bank.

Payment intermediation- the original and fundamental function of banks. In a market economy, all economic entities, regardless of their form of ownership, have settlement accounts in banks through which all non-cash payments are made. Banks are responsible for the timely fulfillment of their customers' instructions for making payments.

Creation of credit means of circulation is the process of money production by the banking system. It is able to expand loans and deposits by multiplying the monetary base. Such extension money supply called multiplier effect.

Understanding this process requires an understanding of the main types of banking operations. All operations are divided into passive and active, which is reflected in the bank's balance sheet.

By liability banks reflect the attraction of funds - the formation of deposits, and for the asset- their placement by issuing loans or investing, for example, in securities.

All funds mobilized by banks in the financial market are its resources, that part of them that can be used to conduct active operations is called free reserve(or credit resource).

Thus, the activity of banks is of extremely important social importance. Banks organize the monetary process and issue banknotes.

The specific result of banking activity is a banking product.

banking product- these are special services provided by the bank to customers, and the cash and non-cash means of payment issued by it. The specificity of the banking product lies in its intangible content and limited scope of monetary circulation.

Bank types

The following main types of banks should be distinguished: issuing banks, commercial banks (specialized banks, accounting and deposit banks, savings banks, mortgage banks, cooperative banks, communal banks). In the vast majority of countries, the issuing bank is central bank country.

In modern banking systems of developed countries, there are two main types of banks:

The group of commercial banks in different developed countries includes a number of institutions with different structures and different ownership ratios. Not interpreted in the same way different countries and the very concept of "commercial banks". Their main difference from the central ones are the rights to issue banknotes. There are two types of commercial banks: universal and special banks.

Universal Banks carry out all or almost all types of banking operations: the provision of both short-term and long-term loans; operations with securities, acceptance of deposits of all kinds, provision of all kinds of services, etc.

special bank, on the contrary, specializes in one or a few types of banking operations. In some countries, banking laws prevent or simply prohibit banks from carrying out a wide range of operations. However, banks' profits from certain special operations can be so large that activities in other areas become unnecessary.

The predominance of one type of banks in credit system of a particular country should be understood as a trend. In some countries where universal banks, for example, dominate, there are numerous special banks. And, conversely, in countries dominated by special banks, especially in recent years, there is an increasing trend towards universalization. This happens both as a result of the liberalization of banking legislation in individual countries, and as a result of circumvention of existing laws by banks. An example is the practice of creating independent special banks that belong to large banks and expand the range of banking operations of the latter. The countries where the principle of specialization of banks prevails include the UK, France, the USA, Italy and, with a reservation, Japan. The principle of universalization dominates in Switzerland, Germany and Austria. However, in many developed countries, the statistical differences between these two types of banks are becoming increasingly vague and controversial, since even in those countries where, according to statistics, special banks dominate, in fact, many of them have already turned into universal ones. There are loopholes in any barriers put up by the state authorities on the way of universalization. In the USA it is bank holdings. Similar examples exist in other countries. For example, the banking system in Hong Kong has three levels, which consist of three types of banking institutions, namely: licensed banks, restricted banks and withdrawing companies who are authorized to accept deposits from the public.

The third type of banking institutions for the withdrawal of deposits operates with various restrictions. Only licensed banks and banks with a limited license may be called banks.