Economic development of Russia under Alexander III. Economic Policy Alexander III Economic Policy Alexander 3 Table

Alexander III policy

Note 1.

The purpose of the Tsar-Peacemaker Alexander III was the internal development of the state and strengthening the position of the country against the background of other countries without the help of weapons.

For the undertak of the emperor, a powerful economy was needed. The government sought to develop industry and made every effort for this.

Alexander III himself was not an economist, but understood the importance of personnel, so talented specialists worked on him - Bungja N.Kh., Vysnegradsky I.A., Witte S.Yu. Common among these figures was determination in transformations, as well as a protective position in relation to the domestic industry. As a result of their activities, Russia made a jerk to the industrial economy.

Bung N.Kh.

Minister of Finance at $ 1881 G. Becked Bunge N.Kh. He had a degree of professor of the economy. Bunge ratified for the accelerated development of the economy, but at the same time did not consider the financial financing by the state. According to Bung, the government should have created a favorable legislation for the development of the economy.

Bunge reformed, first of all, the scheme tax fees. He performed for the weakening of taxes for the peasants, lowered redemption payments. With it, the gradual cancellation of the puffer grade began. The state from this, of course, suffered losses, and to cover them, indirect taxes were introduced, as well as taxes from income. Excise taxes on alcohol, sugar, tobacco, oil, increased fees on imported goods, new taxes introduced on trade, crafts, etc. Total for $ 3 $ year from $ 1882 $ $ 1885 $. Payments grew by $ 30 $%.

The Bunge continued to reduce the costs of army costs, given peace times, it made it every year to $ 23 $ million rubles annually.

Vyshnegradsky I.A.

Bunge resigned in January $ 1887 G. His place was taken by Vyshgradsky, also a scientist and inventor. In addition, Vyshnegradsky turned out to be talented in the financial sector. His goal was to improve cash circulation In Russia, and in short time. The Ministry of Finance began to accumulate money, and then actively participate at foreign exchange trades. These actions raised the purchasability of the ruble.

Under Vyshnegradsky I.A. Customs duties reached a maximum. At $ 1891, a new one appeared customs tariff. Vyshnegradsky performed for the active participation of the state in creating good conditions for entrepreneurship. He also performed for the active attraction of foreign capital into the country.

Witte S.Yu.

Vysnegradskiy as the Minister of Finance at $ 1892 G. changed Witte S.Yu. His program continued in many features of the idea of \u200b\u200bpredecessors. According to Witte's plan, the government should have tightened the tax policy, increasing indirect taxes and introducing a monopoly on vodka. In addition, customs duties were to increase, in order to protect the domestic industry from foreign competition. Witte also planned further attraction of foreign capital and monetary reform. However, most points of the program Witte S.Yu. were implemented after his death.

Note 2.

$ 1890 $ -E. became the golden decade of the Russian industry. Production in the country over the years has doubled. The most actively developed industries working with oil and coal. So, in the Donetsk pool by the end of the century there was $ 17 of the metallurgical plants (against only two at $ 1880 $.). It should be noted that foreign capital played a huge role, the participation of the state was minimal.

Completed at $ 1897 Monetary reform increased the stability of the ruble, which increased the inflow of capital in the country. High customs fees also made for foreigners beneficially the production of goods in Russia, and not their imports. The Oil Industry of the Caucasus was actively developed.

Enterprises $ 1890 $ -kh. Mainly created on new principles - using advanced technology.

At $ 1893, the new ascent experienced railway construction. The construction of the Transuciiberian Railway began. The government has stolen railways while striving for the creation of a single transport network. Such a rapid development of industry has made shares of Russian enterprises very valuable.

The main directions of the development of the economy:

The development of the domestic industry and capitalist began in the organization of production.
Appointment on key economic positions of professionals of their case - N. X. Bunghaj, I. A. Vichnegradsky, S. Yu. Witte.
Improving tax collection, railway construction.

The main activities in the field of industrial production.

In May 1881, the post of Minister of Finance took a prominent scientist-economist N. X. Bung. He was a supporter of the acceleration of economic development, but opposed direct financing of industry by the state. The main task of the Government of the Bunge saw in the publication and fulfillment of laws favorable for the development of the economy.

In first place he set reforming a tax collection system. Bunge made the weakening of the taxation of the peasants, he conducted a decline in redemption payments and began to gradually cancel the pillow.

Bungja introduced indirect taxes and taxes from income. Were installed excise fees for vodka, tobacco, sugar, oil; have new taxes of city homes, trade, crafts, income from cash capital; customs duties increased for goods imported from abroad.Only from 1882 to 1885 the duties rose more than 30%.

The government helped the growth of the Russian industry, proceeding from the needs of strengthening military power. At the same time, it carried out a significant reduction in the army, which brought an additional 23 million rubles per year.

After leaving in 1887, N. X. Bunghand retired his chair took professor I. A. Vysnegradsky, Large inventor and successful financier. His the main task he considered the rapid improvement in the state of money circulation in the country. To this end, the Ministry of Finance accumulated large reserves of money, and then took a wide participation in transactions on foreign exchanges. As a result, the purchasing power of the ruble rose.

In customs policy, the government has become a new energy to move along the way increased duties that have reached the highest point with its highest point. In 1891, a new customs tariff was established. If in the previous period by increased fees, raw materials imported into Russia, now they began to affect the products of mechanical engineering.

Vysnegradsky is more vigorously than the Bunge, advocated the direct participation of the state in economic activities and especially in creating favorable conditions for private entrepreneurship. In addition, the Economic Program of Vysnegradsky envisaged the involvement of foreign capital in Russia, the revision of rail transportation, the introduction of the wine monopoly. Some of these measures were implemented by his successor as Minister of Finance.

In 1892, S. Yu. Witte was appointed Minister of Finance. He developed an economic program in which he continued the case of his predecessors. This program provided:

Holding hard tax Policy, an increase in indirect taxes, introducing a state monopoly on the production and sale of vodka;

Further increase in customs duties, designed to protect the developing Russian industry from foreign competition;

Monetary reform In order to strengthen the ruble, the introduction of its free exchange for gold;

Wide attraction to the country of foreign capital.

Most of this approved Alexander III. Witte's programs have proved to life after his death.

The 90s became a period of unprecedented take-off of the Russian industry.Over the decade, industrial production has doubled in the country, and the release of heavy industry products increased 3 times. Especially rapidly developed the sectors of the national economy associated with new types of fuel - coal and oil. In the Donetsk pool, where until 1887 there were only 2 metallurgical plants, by the end of the 90s. Already on 17. And only 2 of them were built by domestic entrepreneurs. All others belonged entirely or partially to foreigners - Belgians, French, British.

The influx of money from abroad was particularly increased after successful completion. in 1897, the monetary reform ensuring the sustainability of the ruble.The increase in customs fees also made no importation of industrial goods for foreign entrepreneurs, but their production in Russia itself.

From the 90s. The rapid growth was worried about the oil industry concentrated in the Caucasus.

All enterprises created in the 90s, primarily in the locomotive and car-building, rail, sampler, cement, rubber industry, were "new formation" enterprises. They used advanced techniques, the latest forms of large production were introduced. With the cheapness of the labor force and the wealth of natural resources in Russia, this was the main source of ultrahigh income of entrepreneurs.

In the overseas markets, the promotion of new Russian giants, which brought huge profits, was valued very high.

In 1893, after several years of relative tissue, a new, even more powerful rise of railway construction began. An increase in the length of the railways was on average over 2.7 thousand km per year. The construction of the Trans-Siberian railway line from Europe to the shores of the Pacific Ocean began. At the same time, the Government actively scared private railways, creating a single transport network of the country.

Agriculture.

Agriculture developed out of state control and was deprived of state support. Nevertheless, there was a lot of new things.

Expressing peasants forput the landowners to move to the use of their own inventory and hiring free workers. The landowners of the Baltic, Western, southwestern, southern parts of the country, as well as the St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl and Saratov province, were organized in a new way. At the same time, the landlords of the Central Black Earth and Middle Authorities, as well as the lands of the majority of the provincial non-sinnamine band, still cultivated the peasants with their livestock and inventory as a fee for rental attendants (processing).

In the 80s. Specialization increased markedly agriculture in separate districts. Polish and Baltic provinces, as well as Pskov and St. Petersburg, passed to the cultivation of industrial crops and milk production. The center of grain farming moved to the steppe areas of Ukraine, the Southeast and the Lower Volga region. In some areas of Ryazan, Orlovskaya, Tula and Nizhny Novgorod province, animal husbandry was developed.

In general, the country was the prevailing grain farming. Moreover, about 36% of the arable land was under the sowing of rye, 18% - oats, 17% wheat, 7% - barley. Sowing areas grew. 30 years after the reform of 1861, they increased by 25%. Almost 30% increased the overall collection of breads.

However yield rose very slowly.

The main reason for this was that the overwhelming part of the peasants processed the fields with old ways, i.e. dry and wooden harrow, without making a sufficient number of fertilizers.

In these conditions serious weather faults - Drought, cooling, long rains - could lead to terrible consequences. So, in 1891 - 1892. Russia survived hunger, as a result of which over 600 thousand people died.

The active economic policy of the Government of Alexander III made it possible to significantly strengthen the finance of the country, gave a new impetus to the growth of industry. In this case, the development of agriculture was prevented by serfs and technical backwardness.

Agriculture continued to remain a backward branch of the economy. The evolution of capitalist relations in agriculture occurred very slowly.

After the reform of 1861, the situation of many landlords worsened. Part of the landlords could not adapt to new conditions and broke, the other was an old-fashioned farm. The government was concerned about this provision and began to take measures to maintain landlord. In 1885, a noble bank was created. He issued landowners a loan for a period of 11 to 66 years from the settlement of 4.5% per annum.

The situation of a significant number of peasant farms has deteriorated. Before the reform, the peasants were in the care of the landowner, after reforms were provided to themselves. The majority of the peasantry has no money for the acquisition of land, no agronomic knowledge for the development of their farms. The debts of the peasants on redemption payments grew. The peasants ruined, sold the land and went to the cities.

The government has taken measures to reduce the taxation of the peasantry. In 1881, redeemed payments for land were lowered and forgiven the peasants accumulated on redeeming payments of arrears. In the same year, all tempted peasants were translated into a mandatory ransom. In the village, the main problem for the government became more and more became the peasant community. She restrained the development of capitalism in agriculture. The government was both supporters and opponents of further conservation of the community. In 1893, a law was adopted on the suppression of the permanent redistribution of land in communities, as it led to the growth of tension in the village. In 1882, a peasant bank was created. He provided the peasants on favorable conditions Loans and loans for performing operations from Earth.

Thanks to this, new features appeared in agriculture. In the 80s. Specialization of agriculture in separate regions increased markedly: farms in the Polish and Baltic provinces were transferred to the production of industrial crops and milk production; The center of grain farming moved to the steppe areas of Ukraine, the Southeast and the Lower Volga region; Livestock was developed in the Tula, Ryazan, Oryol and Nizhny Novgorod province.

The country prevailed the grain farming. From 1861 to 1891. Sowing areas increased by 25%. But agriculture developed mainly extensive methods - due to the disintegration of new lands.

Natural disasters - drought, long rains, frosts - continued to lead to terrible consequences. So, due to hunger, 1891 - 1892. Over 600 thousand people died.

\u003e\u003e Economic development during the reign of Alexander III

§ 31. Economic development during the reign of Alexander III

The overall characteristics of the economic policy of Alexander III. Alexander III's desire to strengthen the greatness of the Russian Empire was unthinkable without creating a powerful economy. Under it, the government undertakes energetic efforts aimed at the development of the domestic industry and capitalist began in the organization of production.

The emperor, little sense in matters of the economy, appointed the key economic positions of professionals of his case - N. X. Bunghaj, I. A. Vithnegradsky, S. Yu. Witte. These were bold reformers, who considered the necessary "decisively join the path of the patronage policy of the domestic industry", improvement tax collection , Railway construction development. The result of their policies was the rapid growth of industry, especially heavy, transition to the golden cash circulation. From the agrarian power, Russia turned into an agrarian industrial.

Agriculture, which remained the basis of the economy, also actively developed. However, it retained the semi-feudal bases - landowner land tenure and the peasant community, which restrained his growth.

Activity N. X. Bung.

In May 1881, the post of Minister of Finance took a prominent scientist-economist N. X. Bung. He was a supporter of the acceleration of economic development, but opposed direct financing of industry by the state. The main task of the Government of the Bunge saw in the publication and fulfillment of laws favorable for the development of the economy. In the first place, he put the reform of the tax collection system. Bunge made a weakening of taxation peasants, there was a decrease in redemption payments and began to gradually cancel the pillow.

To reimburse the loss of the state from these measures, the Bunge introduced indirect taxes and taxes from income. Excise fees for vodka, tobacco, sugar, oil were established; have new taxes of city homes, trade, crafts, income from cash capital; Customs duties increased for goods imported from abroad. Only from 1882 to 1885 the duties rose more than 30%.

The extension of the customs charges of the Bunge considered not only from the point of view of replenishing state cash, he attached to this more significantly: "Customs duties charged from goods brought from abroad are of paramount importance as a measure, which protects the domestic industry from foreign rivalry and promoting Development of internal production. "

Economic policy I. A. Vysnegradsky.

January 1, 1887 N. X. Bungja resigned. His chair was taken by Professor I. A. Vysnegradsky, a major inventor and a successful financier. He considered its main task to quickly improve the state of money circulation in the country. To this end, the Ministry of Finance accumulated large reserves of money, and then took a wide participation in transactions on foreign exchanges. As a result, the purchasing power of the ruble rose.

In the customs policy, the government has become moving towards the increase in duties with the highest point with its highest point. In 1891, a new customs tariff was established. If in the previous period by increased fees, raw materials imported into Russia, now they began to affect the products of mechanical engineering.

The Golden Decade of the Russian Industry.

In 1892, S. Yu. Witte was appointed Minister of Finance. He developed an economic program in which he continued the case of his predecessors. This program provided:

Conducting a tough tax policy, an increase in indirect taxes, the introduction of a state monopoly on the production and sale of vodka;

Further increase in customs duties, designed to protect the developing Russian industry from foreign competition;

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The power of the government is kept on the ignorance of the people, and it knows this and therefore will always fight against the enlightenment.
Lev Tolstoy

Alexander 3 put the tasks to make Russia the world's largest power. It is impossible to achieve this goal without the development of the economy. Therefore, many steps took place, but the economic policy of Alexander 3, as in general, the socio-economic policy of Russia of the late 19th onwards of the 20th centuries, did not have great success. How many people would not tell us today that the Russian Empire was the most beautiful country in the world, this is far from that.

Basic changes in the country

In any textbook on the history of Russia, we will see that the first undertaking of Alexander 3 in terms of economic transformation in the country is an invitation of economist scientists. The most authoritative of them of them: Witte, Bunge and Vysnegradsky. We have already considered Witte reform peculiarity. The Bunge and Vysnegrad policy was based on the mass attraction of foreign capital. Modern economists will tell that it is beautiful, but imagine: you have a factory, you sent equipment for it, you pay rent for it, but at any time you can pick it up. Therefore, the dominance of foreign capital is evil for any country.

The main changes in the economy of the country are characterized by an attempt to combine capitalism, but with the preservation of the formerly defined system. The problem is that things are incompatible, and as a result, the contradictions in society have become only increased. The main changes in the development of the economy under Alexandra 3 are as follows:

Combining hired and serfdom. Nobody canceled the barbecine and marks, but the peasants could hire a salary.
Completion of industrial coup. Its results used units.
Formation of a single Russian market.
Land use crisis.
Capitalism rose not from below, but was imposed on the state.

As a result, it turns out the ugly form of capitalism, which could not bring anything good. It is noteworthy that both attempts to build capitalism in Russia developed in ugly forms. We are talking about the first attempt today, and we saw the second attempt in the 90s, after the collapse of the USSR.

At the end of the 19th century, the main changes in the economy affected the agriculture and industry. We will look at them further.

Situation in the village

Russia during the reign of Alexander 3 continues to remain an agrarian country. The number of its population reaches 126 million people, of which 103 million live in the European part of the country. The structure of the population is as follows:

Peasants - 70%
Messenger ( urban population) - 11%
Independents (non-Russian) - 7%
Cossacks - 3%
Nobles - 1.5%
Mercury - 0.5%

There are attempts in the country to create an agrarian-industrial system. In many ways, the specialization of the economy takes place for these purposes.

In this period Russia comes out on 1st place in the world of grain sales. This, probably, the most famous fact about the economy of Russia of that era, which today actively speculate all who are not too lazy. On the one hand, it is very good that the country earned, but on the other hand it happened due to the damage to its own population. In particular, with these volumes of grain exports, in Russia in 1891-1892 there was a terrible hunger.

Hunger 1891-1892

During the reign of Alexander 3, the first mass hunger in the history of the country happened in Russia. Before that, the hungry years were also, but the famine appeared only in other areas, and now it was about hunger within the country. In those processes, which then occurred in the village, the entire economic policy of Alexander 3. Why was such a massive hunger? The reasons are only 2:

The possibilities of extensive development of agriculture ended. All lands were mastered and expanding new land for agriculture was nowhere. After the end of the extensive path of development, the path of intense should begin. At the end of the 19th century this did not happen. There were very few landowners who are ready to develop the economy. I will tell about the reasons below.
The development of the factory actually killed rustic fishery (artel). Previously, village residents actively leaving fishery to the city. This is what is called a part-time job. They came to the city, performed a simple job, received money and returned to the village. Even if in the village was crumbling - the peasant had money to feed. Factories were destroyed.

As a result, there were no new lands, and economic phenomena made additional earnings impossible for peasants. To this you can add that Russian Empire There were existing contracts for the supply of grain, and they needed to be performed. As a result - the first mass hunger in domestic history.

Earth and landowners

During the reign of Alexander 3, a tendency to reduce landlord lands continues. The number of land in the landowners decreased by 27%. The estates of the landowners were reduced to an average value of 17 hectares. Half the land of the landowners were leased to peasants.

The landowners agriculture practically did not develop. Only units were rebuilt into modern farm manner and adopted the Rules of Capitalism. Most of the landowners "eating the future", laying out their property. Before the cancellation of serfdom in 1861, they laid the peasants, and then began to lay the estate. Indicative figures: In 1870, there were 2.2% in the pledge, and in 1895 - 40%. Other digit are eloquent: in 1886, 166 estates of landowners were sold for debts, and in 1893 - 2400. No other numbers emphasize how unhealthy was the Russian society of the late 19th century. The development of the economy and the economic policy of Emperor Alexander 3 did not solve this issue, but aggravated. After all, pay attention to how this emperor is perceived today - progress in foreign policy. About the internal as a rule nobody says anything. And in vain ... all this resulted in 1905, and then in 1917.

Industry development

Features of the economic policy of Alexander 3 in the field of industry was that the worker did not go to the factory, but the factory went to the employee. Industry has moved to the village. At the same time, by the end of the 70s, the process of forming factory production was actually completed.

Under Alexander 3, the formation of commercial districts in Russia is finalized. An already existing industrial districts in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Baltic States and Ukraine added another 2 district: Donbass and the Caucasus.

Industry at Alexandra 3 developed by wide steps, especially heavy. This was facilitated by the completion of the industrial revolution, as well as the actual necessity and need. The fact is that over the years from 1820 to 1850, Russia in terms of the development of the industry very lagged behind the world's leading powers. It was necessary to catch up. And it was done. It is enough to bring the numbers by the number of cast iron smelting to prove it.

All industrial centers developed in the European part of Russia. The reason lies in the fact that approximately 85% of the population lived west of the Urals. Moreover, under Alexander 3, they were built mainly in 2 areas: Donbass and the Caucasus (primarily Baku oil). And the industry was built on foreign capital!

RESULTS

The economic policy of Alexander 3 led to the following results:

Continued increase in urban population
Ending industrial coup
A lot of unresolved questions remains in the village that the crisis promises
Russia remains an agrarian country, and the deposit of agrarian and industrial society remains only on paper
Capitalism in the country was strongly deformed