Evaluation of Fin state status. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise Finn of the enterprise

The main purpose of analyzing the financial condition Organizations is to obtain an objective assessment of their solvency, financial sustainability, business and investment activity, activity efficiency.
Purpose. Online calculator is designed for analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise.
Report structure:

Structure of property and sources of its formation. Express assessment of the structure of sources of funds.
Assessment of the cost of pure assets of the organization.
Analysis of financial stability in the magnitude of the excess (disadvantage) of own working capital. Calculation of financial stability coefficients.
Analysis of the assets ratio for liquidity degree and obligations under the maturity.
Analysis of liquidity and solvency.
Analysis of the effectiveness of the organization.
The analysis of the creditworthiness of the borrower.
The forecast of bankruptcy according to the model of Altman, Taffler and Lisa.

Instruction. Fill out the accounting table. The resulting analysis is stored in the MS Word file (see an example analysis.

Financial Analysis: What is it?

The financial analysis- This is the study of the main indicators of the financial condition and financial results of the organization's activities in order to accept interested persons of managerial, investment and other decisions. Financial analysis is part of broader terms: Analysis of financial and economic activities of the enterprise and economic analysis.

In practice, financial analysis is carried out using MS Excel tables or special programs. In the course of the analysis of financial and economic activities, both quantitative calculations of various indicators, relations, coefficients and their qualitative assessment and description, comparison with similar indicators of other enterprises are manufactured. Financial analysis includes an analysis of the assets and obligations of the organization, its solvency, liquidity, financial results and financial sustainability, analysis of the turnover of assets (business activity). Financial analysis allows you to identify such important aspects as the possible probability of bankruptcy. Financial analysis is an integral part of the activities of such specialists as auditors, appraisers. Actively use financial analysis of banks, decisive on issuing credit organizations, an accountant during the preparation of an explanatory note to annual reporting and other specialists.

Fundamentals of financial analysis

The basis of financial analysis is the calculation of special indicators, more often in the form of coefficients characterizing one or another aspect of the financial and economic activity of the organization. Among the most popular financial coefficients are the following:

1) the autonomy coefficient (the ratio of equity to the general capital (assets) of the enterprise), the coefficient of financial dependence (the ratio of obligations to assets).

2) the current liquidity ratio (the ratio of current assets to short-term liabilities).

3) the rapid liquidity ratio (the ratio of liquid assets, including funds, short-term financial investments, short-term receivables, short-term obligations).

4) profitability of equity (the ratio of net profit to the company's own capital)

5) profitability of sales (the ratio of profit from sales (gross profits) to the revenue of the enterprise), according to net profit (the ratio of net profit to the revenue).

Methods of financial analysis

The following financial analysis methods are usually used: vertical analysis (for example,), horizontal analysis, projected trend-based analysis, factor and other analysis methods.

Among the legislative (regulatory) approved approaches to financial analysis and methodologies include the following documents:

Decree of the Federal Department for Insolvency Affairs (Bankruptcy) of 12.08.1994 N 31-P
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2003, N 367 "On Approval of Rules for the Arbitration Manager of Financial Analysis"
CBR position of 19.06.2009 N 337-P "On the procedure and criteria for assessing the financial situation of legal entities - founders (participants) of the credit organization"
Order of the Federal Financial Markets Service of the Russian Federation of January 23, 2001 N 16 "On Approval of" Methodical Instructions for the Analysis of the Financial States of Organizations "
Order of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation dated 10/01/1997 N 118 "On approval of methodological recommendations for enterprises reform (organizations)"

It is important to note that financial analysis is not just a calculation of various indicators and coefficients, comparing their values \u200b\u200bin statics and dynamics. The result of high-quality analysis should appear to be informed, supported by calculations on the financial situation of the organization, which will become the basis for making decisions by management, investors and other interested parties (see example). It was this principle that was based on the development of the program "Your Financial Analyst", which not only prepares a full report on the results of the analysis, but also does this without the participation of the user, without requiring knowledge of financial analysis - this greatly simplifies the life of accountants, auditors, economists .

Sources of information for financial analysis

Very often, stakeholders do not have access to the internal data of the organization, therefore, the public accounting statements of the organization speaks as the main source of information for financial analysis. Basic reporting forms - balance sheet and profit and loss statement - make it possible to calculate all the main financial indicators and coefficients. For a deeper analysis, you can use reports on cash flow and capital of the Organization, which are compiled according to the financial year. An even more detailed analysis of the individual aspects of the enterprise, for example, the calculation of the break-even point, requires the source data under the reporting (data of the current accounting and production accounting).

For example, you can receive a financial analysis according to your balance sheet and profit and loss report on our website (both in one period and for several quarters or years).

Z-model Altman (Z-Altman's account)

Z-model Altman (Z-Account Altman, Altman Z-Score) is a financial model (formula) developed by the American Economist Edward Altman, designed to give a forecast of the bankruptcy of the enterprise.

Analysis of the company

Under the expression " analysis of the company"Usually imply a financial (financial and economic) analysis, or a broader concept, an analysis of the enterprise economic activity (AHD). Financial analysis, analysis of economic activities refer to microeconomic analysis, i.e. the analysis of enterprises as separate economic entities (in contrast Macroeconomic analysis, which implies the study of the economy as a whole).

Analysis of economic activity (AHD)

Via analysis of economic activity The organizations are studied by general trends in the development of the enterprise, the reasons for changing the results of activity are investigated, and management plans are being developed and approved and management decisions are being made; control over the implementation of approved plans and decisions, reserves are revealed to improve production efficiency, the results of the company are being developed, the economic strategy is evaluated. its development.

Bankruptcy (bankruptcy analysis)

Bankruptcy, or insolvency- This is recognized by the Arbitration Court the inability of the debtor in full meet the requirements of creditors on monetary obligations and (or) to fulfill the obligation to pay mandatory payments. Definition, basic concepts and procedures related to the bankruptcy of enterprises (legal entities) are contained in the federal law of October 26, 2002 N 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)".

Vertical reporting analysis

Vertical reporting analysis - Technique Analysis of the financial statements, in which the ratio of the selected indicator with other homogeneous indicators is studied within one reporting period.

Horizontal accounting analysis

Horizontal accounting analysis - This is a comparative analysis of financial data for a number of periods. This method is also known as "Trend Analysis".

The goal is to be based on an objective assessment of the Finnish resources to identify intra-economic reserves of strengthening the Finnish position and increase solvency.

Tasks: Evaluation of the dynamics, composition and structure of assets, their condition and movement; Evaluation of the dynamics, composition and structure of sources of own and borrowed capital, their state and movement; Analysis of the ABS and relates indicators of the financial sustainability of the enterprise and an assessment of its level of level; Analysis of the solvency of the household subject and the liquidity of the assets of its balance.

Sources info and: f. № 1 "BB", f. No. P-2 "Investment Information", f. No. P-3 "Information on the financial condition of the organization" and other f reporting, information on technical preparation of the pr-va, a business plan, economic (economic) accounting, operational (operational and technical) accounting, accounting, statistical accounting.

As part of the annual accounting report, P represent the following f: f. № 1 "BB"; F No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement"; F No. 3 "Report on Capital Movement"; F No. 4 "Report on cash flow"; F No. 5 "Annex to the Accounting Balance"; "PZ".

The main source of info and for the Finnish analysis is BB. The balance reflects the social property, equity and obligations of P on a specific date. BB is a system of indicators characterizing the social to a specific date. It records the cost (monetary expression) of the remains of non-current and current capital assets, funds, profits, loans and loans, credit-oh lighters and other liabilities. The balance contains generalized information on the state of economic funds of the enterprise included in the asset, and the sources of their formation constituting the liability. This information is present "at the beginning of the year" and "at the end of the year."

BB is classified according to the following features:

1. According to BP compilation: the introductory (at the time of the occurrence of P), the current (at the beginning and end of the analyzed period), liquidation (in the liquidation of P), separation (at the time of the division of the enterprise into several P), unifying (at the time of the unification of enterprises in one ).

2. According to sources of compilation: inventory (based on inventory inventory), book (based on current accounting records), general (based on book records and inventory data).

3. According to the VH info and: single (activity of only one P), consolidated (by adding amounts listed on articles of several single balances).

4. By the nature of the activity: the main activity is not the main activity.

5. For ff owners: state, collective, private, mixed.

6. According to the reflection object: independent, structural divisions.

7. By purification method: Boltto is a balance, which includes regulatory articles.

BB is a way to economic grouping and a generalized reflection of the state of funds by species and sources of their formation at a certain point of BP in a monetary meter. Group and generalization of info in balance Extinguished with the purpose of controlling and Express Fin. Children. The total balance of the balance is called the balance currency and characterizes the amount of funds P. BB consists of an asset that reflects information about the property and resources of the enterprise and the liabilities in which information on capital and enterprise liabilities are reflected. Who owns the assets of the enterprise. The active part consists of non-current and current assets, and the passive consists of capital and reserves, long-term and short-term obligations.

57 Express analysis of the Finnish state of the enterprise, its stages.

The financial social enterprise is a combination of indicators reflecting his ability to repay their debt obligations. It manifests itself in the solvency of the household subject, in the ability time to satisfy the payment requirements of suppliers in accordance with economic agreements, return loans, pay the salary, make payments to the budget.

Based on the tasks and the available information base, there is a preliminary analysis (express analysis), based primarily according to the accounting data, is focused mainly on external users (buyers, creditors, investors, shareholders, suppliers) and an in-depth analysis carried out with data involvement Management accounting is designed primarily for persons who make managerial decisions that produce a financial strategy of a household subject (managers, managers of departments, services, structural divisions).

The main purpose of express analysis is the overall assessment of the property state of P, VA and the structure of the funds involved by them, its liquidity and solvency, identifying the main trends of their change.

Documents provided by the Customer for the express analysis of the Fin State Status: General information about the company (at the request of the Client), Public Reporting for 2 years: Balance (Form N 1) Profit and Loss Statement (Form N 2) Cash Movement Report (Form N 4); Commercial (closed) reporting (at the request of the client).

The spheres of the recommended express analysis: attracting Finnish resources, search for high-cost projects, assessing the reliability of partners, assessing the feasibility of Finnish investments, the company's financial activity optimization, comprehensive financial rehabilitation of the company.

During the in-depth analysis, it is carried out: a study of sources of its funds (assessing the dynamics of their condition and structure, rationality of attracting borrowed funds), an assessment of the feasibility of placement of attracted funds and speeds of their turnover, the analysis of profitability and efforts use of property, analysis of cash flows.

Express analysis is performed in three stages: preparatory stage, a preliminary review of accounting reporting, economic reading and analysis of reporting. The first task is solved by familiarizing the audit conclusion. Further familiarization with the explanatory note to the balance sheet. The last stage is a generalized assessment of the results of economic activity and the financial condition of the object.

The main express analysis procedures are: Viewing a report on formal features; Familiarization with the conclusion of the auditor (if available); Identification of "patients" of articles in reporting and their assessment in dynamics; Familiarization with key indicators; Formulation of conclusions based on the results of the analysis.

The sustainable financial position of the organization is the most important factor in its insurement from possible bankruptcy. It is important to know from these positions how solvent is the organization and what is the degree of liquidity of its assets.

When express analysis, the vert-th and mountain analysis must be held. With a vertical and horizontal analysis of the income statement, it is necessary to trace the relationship of the dynamics of revenue and C / PIE. Unidirectional growth or decrease in the indicators should not cause anxiety from the analytics, but if there is a decrease in the costs of revenue, this testifies only to one thing: in the near future, the company may have serious problems with the effort of business.

The next step is to analyze the liquidity of the balance. At this stage it is necessary to answer the question: is a company with sufficient assets to cover the Company's obligations. Interest in conducting express analysis represent the coefficients characterizing the business activity of the company. Analysis of indicators should show the effect of the company's managers, both with suppliers and customers. The business activity of the enterprise in the financial aspect is manifested primarily in the speed of turnover of its funds. Next, it is necessary to calculate the coefficient of financial stability, which characterizes the proportion of own funds in the balance currency. And if there is an arbitrariness on loans and loans, it makes sense to make calculation of the coefficient of percent coating and the return on profitability.

58 Analysis of the structure of the asset and liabilities of the enterprise balance.

BB SOSF from an asset that reflects information about the property and resources of the enterprise and liability in which information on capital and obligations of the enterprise is reflected. Who owns the assets of the enterprise. The active part consists of non-current and current assets, and the passive consists of capital and reserves, long-term and short-term obligations.

The balance of the balance contains information about the placement and capital, having, at the disposal and prep-I, that is, about the investment of it into a specific property, and the Mother of Values, about the remains of free cash and the like. The main feature of the grouping of articles of the balance of the balance is considered to be their liquidity. On this basis, all assets are divided into long-term (fixed capital) and current (revolving) assets. The overall structure of assets is characterized by the coefficient of the coemic and non-current assets \u003d negotiable (Deb-Aya debt, the movement of cash, production reserves) / non-current assets (NMA and OS).

Analysis of the quality of current (revolving) assets is carried out on internal credentials. It is necessary to determine the £ -th weight of those assets, the possibility of the implementation of which seems unlikely. The liquidity is as long as the UD-th weight in the composition of the property of the household subject, liquidity depends. Then it is necessary to analyze the ratio of the employed assets to be easily implemented. Easily implemented assets are defined as a difference between the total amount of current assets and the incidentalizable assets. An increase in their relationship to easily realized assets indicates a decrease in the liquidity of current assets. The most liquid assets include the monetary CP-Vapid enterprises themselves and short-term Finnish investments in securities. Intelligent assets - land, buildings, equipment, the sale of which requires significant BP, and therefore it is extremely rare, it is extremely rare.

Current assets Group are risks:

1) MIN-I-C cash affinities, easy to implemented short-term prices. Bumagi

2) Malaya-DEB-Aya Delerability of P / X + Stocks + Finished Products.

3) the average products of production and tech appointments, incomplete production, expenditures of future periods.

4) High-debit debt enterprises that are in a serious financial situation, stocks of finished products that have come out of use, seeded stocks.

Har-ku structures of funds gives the coefficient of property production \u003d (OF + in-departing construction + reserves + in progress) / assets. Normal is considered an indicator\u003e 0.5. It is calculated from the periods, then the deviation is determined. The calculated coefficient is compared with the "threshold" value. In the event of a decrease in the indicator below the critical border, it is advisable to replenish your own capital or attracting long-term borrowed funds to increase the property P.

Fin-oe comprehensive prescription depends on which CP-WA it has at its disposal and and where they are embedded. According to the degree of affiliation, the capital used is divided into its own and borrowed. By continuing use-I distinguish between the long-term capital (permanent) and short-term capital. The information that is listed in the balance sheet allows you to determine which changes occurred in the structure of own and borrowed capital, as attracted to the turnover of the enterprise of long-term and short-term funds. From how optimally the social and borrowed capital, the financial situation of the enterprise largely depends.

Evaluation of the dynamics of the composition and structure of sources of eigen and borrowed funds is carried out according to forms No. 13.5. The analysis implies estimation of the composition, structure and dynamics of changes in its own and borrowed funds as a whole. Then it is necessary to separately analyze the composition and dynamics of elements of its own and borrowed capital.

On the correspondence of their own and borrowed funds, the factors are influenced by the difference in the validity of percents for credit and rates for dividends. If the percentage rate is less than the rates on dividends, then it is necessary to increase the share of borrowed funds, and vice versa. Expanded or short-circuits, in connection with this, in connection with this, it is reduced or carried out the need for the attraction of the CP-B borrowed. The accumulation of unnecessary or low-voltage stocks, obsolete, Mater-in. Distraction of funds in the formation of a dubious debt debt that entails the attraction of additional borrowed funds.

59 Analysis of the liquidity of the balance of the enterprise.

The main feature of the grouping of articles of the balance of the balance is considered to be their liquidity. Under the liquidity of the asset understand the ability to transform into cash, and the degree of liquidity is determined by the time period during which this transformation can be carried out. N is considered solvent if its general assets are greater than long-term and short-term obligations. P is liquid if its current assets are larger than short-term obligations. The need to analyze the liquidity of the balance arises in connection with the effort of the demand in Finnish resources and the need to assess the creditworthiness of P. The liquidity of the balance means the degree of coverage of its assets, the transformation of which in monetary form corresponds to the maturity date. The degree of liquidity balance depends on solvency.

The purpose of the liquidity of the balance and property of the organization is to assess the rationality of the structure of the balance of P \\ P and its ability to cover its short-term obligations of the asset.

The initial information in assessing the liquidity of the organization's balance sheet is the data of the accounting balance, the income statement and the applications to them, statistical and operational reporting, annual and quarterly reports, form No. 1.

Balance assets group themselves in transformation into cash CP-VAI are located in the order of liquidity of liquidity: A1 - the most liquid assets, A2 - rapidly implemented, A3 - slowly implemented, A4 are employed. The liability of the liability group is in terms of their repayment and are arranged in order of increasing time: P1 is the most urgent obligations, P2 - short-term liabilities, P3 - long-term liabilities, P4 - constant liabilities. To determine the liquidity of the balance, you should compare the results of the above asset groups and the liabilities. Balance is considered absolutely liquid if there is a place: A1\u003e P1; A2\u003e p2; A3\u003e p3; A4.< П4. (шеремет, сайфуллин)

(Savitskaya) A1- Naib Mobile Assets (Den-Aya Sr-Va and Short-term Finnish Finishes). A2 Mobile assets (Goth P, goods shipped, debit zadar). A3 Nam Mobile Assets (reserves, NWP, P-Dud Buds). BUDAYA-VA: 1) Zoar-tails of payment The cat has already arrived; 2) Zadar-th, the cat follows the passage T; 3) DolgSer Zadar.

Referring to Finnish Potter-I am to assess the promising solvency:

1) The coefficient of absolute liquidity shows which part of the short-term debt η can pay off in the near future. The solvency is considered normal if this figure is higher than 0.2-0.3. It characterizes solvency at the balance sheet date and is defined as the ratio of the most liquid assets to the amount of the most urgent obligations and short-term liabilities.

2) Coefficient of interim liquidity characterizes predictable payment capabilities, provided timely calculation with debtors. It characterizes the expected solvency for a period equal to the average duration of one turnover of the debt debt. Normal is considered to be 1: 1 or kp. L\u003e 1, however, if the large share of liquid funds is the debt debt, then it takes 1,5: 1, or KP. L\u003e 1.5.

3) general coefficient coatings or current liquidity (CT.l). It is defined as the attitude of all revolving (current) assets to the magnitude of short-term commitments. Normal value is within 1.5-2, or CT. L\u003e 2. It characterizes the expected solvency for a period equal to the average duration of one turnover of all working capital. Coefficient coatings depends on: Industry Prospect, the duration of the production cycle, stock structure and costs, forms of calculation with buyers. It shows the payment capabilities that are estimated not only if the calculations with the debtors are timeliness, but also sales, if necessary, versatile funds.

60 Analysis of the Deb-oh and the Kred-oh loss of the enterprise.

Debet Zadar - T-Oh Distraction of the CP-B from the turnover of the Hosa C-TA and use them in the turns of DR kozhychi s-com. Sostd Deb-oh and Credo-oh lighted, their size and quality have a strong impact on the financial statement of P.

The tasks of the Deb-oh and Kred-oh debt are: determining the magnitude of the debt, the establishment of the causes of the arise of the arms, the definition of measures to strengthen the payment discipline. Excessive growth in debt is one of the conditions for the initiation of bankruptcy procedure against P.

External analysis of the Deb-oh debt is fully accomplished on the basis of these forms No. 1.5. For internal analysis, analytical accounting data are involved, which provide generalized information on calculations with debtors.

An analysis of the state of the Deb-oh debt is starting with a general estimate of the dynamics of its Va as a whole and in the context of articles. Quantitative analysis of the Deb-oh debt allows you to move to the analysis of the qualitative state of the Deb-oh debt. Qualitative analysis of the Deb-oh debt allows you to determine the dynamics of the absolute and relative size of the overdue short-term and long-term debt debt. To summarize the results of the analysis of the state of settlements with buyers and customers, a journal-order or statement of accounting is conducted. Monthly conduct of the statement allows you to know the social settlements with buyers and customers and pay attention to overdue receivables. It is advisable to analyze the table in which the debt debt is classified by education.

Deb-kai arrears for education Classified on debt: - up to 1 month; 1-3 months; 3 -6 months; 6 months-12 months; - Over 1 year.

The change in the finish state is influenced by the rate of turnover of the Deb-oh debt. To estimate the distribution of the Deb-oh debt, a group of indicators is used.

1. DEBL TRANSPORT LAW \u003d Revenue from sales (rev.) / The average size of the Deb-th deb. The calculation of the average size of the Deb-oh lighter is absolutely either by middle arithmetic simple, or in the middle chronological one.

2. The period of repayment of the debt debt (turnover duration), in days (DZ) \u003d planning period / discharged DEB.ZAD.

3. The share of the Deb-oh debt in the total VE of the current \u003d deb distance / current (revolving) assets.

4. Share of the dubious debt lighter in the total debt debt \u003d dubious debt debt / Deb-Ala debt.

5. Ud-th weight of the debt lighter in the VE implementation \u003d DZ / VRED.

An analysis of the debt debt is needed to supplement the analysis of the Kred-oh debt. Credit-ala debt means the temporary attraction of Finnish resources into the turnover of this household subject, which at the time he carried the financial resources of the household subject. Credit-Ala debt is the sum of the short-term internal and external obligations of the household subject with the exception of short-term loans and loans. Its V, the qualitative composition and the movement characterize the social payment discipline, and therefore the financial position of P. The Movement of the Kred-oh debt is analyzed by F No. 1, 5, based on the analytical table. An analysis of the status of calculations with creditors shows that it worsened in the reporting year compared with last year.

Measures on the management of the Debian Debt Protection Process: 1. To detect unacceptable types of credit-oh lighten and debt lighters (overdue, unjustified debt). 2. Control the comprehensive settlements with the buyer for delayed (overdue) debts. 3. Landmark for more »Number of buyers in order to reduce the risk of non-payment by one or more large buyers. 4. Monitor the correspondence of the Deb-oh and the credit of debts: a significant excess of the debt debt creates a threat to the financial stability of the enterprise and makes it necessary to attract additional x (as a rule, expensive) sources of financier. 5. Use the Method of the presence of discounts in early payment.

IV. Analysis of the current status of the quality management system

IV. Learn the following words. Analyze and translate text

Financial analysis in the enterprise is needed for an objective assessment of the economic and financial state in periods of past, present and projected future activities. To determine the weak production places, foci of problems, the detection of strong factors to which manual can rely on, the main financial indicators are calculated.

An objective assessment of the position of the company in terms of farms and finance relies on financial coefficients that are manifestation of the ratio of individual accounting data. The purpose of the analysis of finance is achieved by the decision of the selected set of analytical tasks, that is, a concretized analysis of all the primary sources of accounting, management and economic reporting.

Main objectives of economic and financial analysis

If the analysis of the main financial indicators of the enterprise is considered as identifying the true state of affairs in the enterprise, then as results are answered to questions:

the possibilities of the firm on the contribution of funds to investing new projects;
true for business and other assets and liabilities;
the state of loans and the ability of the enterprise to their repayment;
the existence of reserves for bankruptcy prevention;
identifying prospects for further financial activities;
assessment of the enterprise in terms of cost for sale or re-equipment;
tracking of dynamic growth or decline in economic or financial activities;
identifying the reasons negatively affecting the results of the management and search for ways out of the situation;
consideration and comparison of income and expenses, identifying clean and total profit from sales;
study of the dynamics of income on the main goods and in general on all implementation;
determination of a part of the income used to reimburse costs, taxes and interest;
studying the reason for the deviation of the amount of the balance sheet profit from the amount of income on the implementation;
study of profitability and reserves for its increase;
determining the degree of compliance of own funds, assets, enterprise liabilities and borrowed capital.

Stakeholders

An analysis of the main financial indicators of the company is carried out with the participation of various economic representatives of departments interested in obtaining the most reliable information about the affairs of the enterprise:

internal entities include shareholders, managers, founders, auction or liquidation commission;
external submitted by creditors, audit offices, investors and employees of state bodies.

Financial analysis features

Not only its representatives, but also employees of other organizations interested in determining the actual creditworthiness and the possibility of investment in the development of new projects are becoming initiators. For example, bank auditors are interested in the liquidity of the company's assets or its ability to pay accounts at the moment. Legal and individuals who want to invest in the development fund of this enterprise, try to understand the degree of profitability and the risks of the contribution. The assessment of the main financial indicators with the help of a special technique predicts the bankruptcy of the institution or speaks of its stable development.

Internal and external financial analysis

Financial analysis is part of the general economic analysis of the enterprise and, accordingly, part of the total economic audit. Full analysis is divided into intra-economic management and external financial audit. Such division is due to two practically existing systems in accounting - management and financial accounting. The division is recognized as conditional, as in practice, external and internal analysis complement each other with information and are logically interrelated. There are two main differences between them:

in the availability and latitude of the information field used;
the degree of application of analytical methods and procedures.

Internal analysis of the main financial indicators is carried out to obtain generalized information within the enterprise, determining the results of the last period of reporting, detecting free resources for reconstruction or re-equipment, etc. To obtain results, all available indicators are used, which are also applicable in the study by external analysts.

External analysis of finance is carried out by independent auditors, analysts on the part that do not have access to internal results and indicators of the company. External audit techniques imply some limited information field. Regardless of the type of audit, its methods and methods are always the same. Common in external and internal analysis is the removal, generalization and a detailed study of financial coefficients. These main financial performance of the enterprise give answers to all issues regarding the work and prosperity of the institution.

Four basic financial status indicators

The main requirement of the break-even functioning of the enterprise in the conditions of market relations is economic and other activities that ensure profitability and profitability. Economic activities are aimed at reimbursement of costs of income received, making profit to meet the economic and social needs of the members of the team and the material interests of the owner. There are many indicators for characteristics, in particular, they include gross income, turnover, profitability, profit, costs, taxes and other characteristics. For all types of enterprises, the main financial indicators of the organization's activities are highlighted:

financial stability;
liquidity;
profitability;
business activity.

Financial sustainability

This indicator characterizes the degree of ratio of own funds of the organization and borrowed capital, in particular, as many funds are accounted for by 1 ruble of money invested in material assets. If such an indicator is obtained by the value of more than 0.7, it means that the financial situation of the company is unstable, the company's activities to some extent depends on the involvement of external borrowed funds.

Liquidity characteristic

This parameter indicates the main financial indicators of the company and characterizes the adequacy of the organization's current assets to repay their own short-term debts. It is calculated as the ratio of the cost of current current assets to the cost of current passive obligations. The liquidity indicator indicates the possibility of turning the assets and values \u200b\u200bof the company in cash capital and shows the degree of mobility of such a transformation. The liquidity of the enterprise is determined by two angles:

the time interval required to transform current assets into money;
the possibility of selling assets at the appointed price.

To identify the true indicator of liquidity in the enterprise, the dynamics of the indicator takes into account, which allows not only to determine the financial power of the company or its insolvency, but also to identify the critical state of the organization's finance. Sometimes liquidity indicator is low due to the increased product requirement. Such an organization is quite liquid and has a high degree of solvency, as its capital consists of cash and short-term loans. The dynamics of the main financial indicators demonstrates that the position is worse if the organization has a working capital only in the form of a large number of stored products in the form of current assets. To turn them into capital, a certain time is required for the implementation and availability of the purchasing center.

The main financial indicators of the enterprise, to which liquidity refers, show the state of solvency. The revolving assets of the company should be enough to repay current short-term loans. In the best position, these values \u200b\u200bare approximately at one level. If the working capital enterprises are much longer at cost than short-term loans, this indicates an inefficient money investment by the enterprise in current assets. If the amount of working capital is lower than the cost of short-term loans, it speaks of the rapid bankruptcy of the firm.

As a special case, there is an indicator of fast current liquidity. It is expressed in the ability to repay short-term liabilities due to the liquid part of the assets, which is calculated as the difference between the entire current and short-term liabilities. International standards define the optimal level of the coefficient within 0.7-0.8. The presence of a sufficient number of liquid assets or pure working capital attracts creditors and investors to invest money in the development of the enterprise.

Profitability indicator

The main financial performance indicators of the organization include the value of profitability, which determines the effectiveness of the application of the funds of the company and as a whole shows how profitable the company's work is. The value of profitability is the main criterion for determining the level of exchange quotes. To calculate the indicator, the amount of net profit is divided into the amount of average profit from the implementation of net assets of the company for the selected period. The indicator reveals how many net profit has brought each unit of sold goods.

The coefficient of generated income is used to compare the income of the desired enterprise, compared with the same indicator of another company operating on another taxation system. The calculation of the main financial indicators of this group provides for the ratio of profit gained before taxes and relying interest on enterprise assets. As a result, information appears on how the amount of profit has brought each monetary unit invested to work into the assets of the company.

Indicator of business activity

It characterizes how many finances it turns out from the implementation of each monetary unit of a certain type of assets and shows the rate of turnover of financial and material resources of the organization. For calculation, the ratio of net profit is taken for the selected period to the average cost of costs in material terms, money and securities of short-term character.

For this indicator there is no regulatory limit, but the company's managerial forces seek to accelerate turnover. Continuous use in economic activities of loans from the side speaks of insufficient finance of finances as a result of the implementation that does not cover production costs. In the event that the value of the wrapped assets on the organization's balance sheet is overestimated, this is due to additional taxes and interest on bank loans, which leads to the loss of profits. The low number of active agents leads to proceedings when performing a production plan and loss of profitable commercial projects.

For objective visual consideration of economic indicators, special tables are drawn up, in which the main financial indicators are shown. The table contains the main characteristics of the work in all parameters of the financial analysis:

reserves turnover coefficient;
the indicator of the turnover of receivables of the company in the time interval;
meaning of fund-studies;
resources rate indicator.

The turnover coefficient of stocks

Shows the ratio of revenue from the sale of goods to the amount in the monetary expression of stocks in the enterprise. The value characterizes the rate of selling material and commodity resources related to the warehouse category. The increase in the coefficient speaks of strengthening the financial position of the Organization. The positive dynamics of the indicator is especially important in conditions of large payables.

Accountability indicator on receivables

This coefficient is not considered as the main financial indicators, but is an important characteristic. It shows the average temporary interval, in which the company expects payment receipt after the sale of goods. To calculate the ratio of receivables for the averaged daily revenue from the sale. The average value is obtained by dividing the total amount of revenue for the year by 360 days.

The value obtained is characterized by contractual working conditions with customers. If the indicator is high, it means that the partner provides preferential working conditions, but it causes alertness from subsequent investors and creditors. The small value of the indicator leads in terms of the market to revise the contract with this partner. An option for obtaining an indicator is the relative calculation that is taken as the ratio of revenue from the sale to the receivables of the company. The increase in the coefficient speaks of a minor debt of debtors and high demand for products.

Value of fund-studies

The main financial indicators of the enterprise most fully complements the indicator of the foundation, which characterizes the speed of turnover of finances spent on the purchase of fixed assets. The rate of revenues from the implemented product averaged for the year of fixed assets is taken in the calculation. Increased indicator indicates a low cost of costs in terms of fixed assets (machines, equipment, buildings) and a high volume of sold goods. The great importance of capital studies indicates minor production costs, and low fund-reading shows the inefficient use of assets.

Relief ratio of resources

For the most complete concept of how the main financial indicators of the organization are developing, there is no less important factor of resource. It shows the effectiveness of the use of all assets on the balance sheet, regardless of the method of acquiring and obtaining, namely, how much revenue is obtained for each monetary unit of basic and current assets. The indicator depends on the amount of depreciation adopted at the enterprise and identifies the degree of illiquid assets, which are disposed of to increase the coefficient.

Main financial indicators Ltd.

Revenue management coefficients show the finance structure, characterize the security of investors' interests that have made long-term infringement of assets in the development of the organization. They reflect the body's ability to pay long-term loans and loans:

share of loans in the total amount of financial sources;
property coefficient;
capitalization coefficient;
coefficient of coating.

The main financial indicators are characterized by the volume of borrowed capital in the total mass of financial sources. The share of borrowed funds determines the specific amounts of acquisition of assets for borrowed money, including long-term and short-term financial obligations of the company.

The property coefficient complements the main financial performance of the enterprise characteristic of the share of equity spent on the acquisition of assets and fixed assets. The guarantee of obtaining loans and investor investors in the development and re-equipment of the enterprise is the indicator of the share of own funds spent on assets in the amount of 60%. Such a level is an indicator of the stability of the organization and protects it from losses during the decline in business activity.

Capitalization coefficient determines the proportional relationship between borrowed funds from various sources. To determine the proportion between its own means and borrowed finances, the reverse leverage coefficient is applied.

An indicator of interest percent to payment or the coating indicator characterizes the security of all types of creditors from the non-payment of interest rates. This coefficient is calculated as the ratio of the amount of profit before the payment of interest to the amount of money intended for the repayment of interest. The indicator demonstrates how much during the selected period the company helped money to pay for borrowed interest.

Market activity indicator

The main financial indicators of the organization in terms of market activity speak about the situation of the enterprise in the securities market and allow managers to judge the attitude of lenders to the company's overall activity for the past period and in the future. The indicator is considered as the ratio of the initial accounting value of the share obtained on it income and the current market price at this time. If all other financial indicators are in the permissible range, the market activity indicator will also normally be at the highest market value of the action.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the financial analysis of the organization's economic structure is important for all subjects of activities, shareholders, short-term and long-term lenders, founders and management apparatus.

Financial condition Enterprises are the movement serving the production and implementation of its products.

Between development of production and status of finance There is also direct, and inverse dependence.

The financial condition of the economic unit is directly dependent on the volume and dynamic performance of production. The growth of production improves the financial condition of the enterprise, and its reduction, on the contrary, worsens. But financial condition in turn affects production: slows it, if it worsens, and accelerates if it increases.

Profit - this is the difference between revenue from sales and current costs.

The current solvency of the organization directly affects the liquidity of its current assets (the ability to convert them into a monetary form or use to reduce obligations).

Indicators of the financial and market sustainability of the enterprise

Capitalization ratio

Capitalization ratio, or the ratio of the attracted (borrowed) and own funds (sources). It represents the attitude of the entire capital attracted to its own and is determined by the following formula:

The attracted capital (the sum of the results of the second and third sections of the liability of the balance "Long-term obligations" and "short-term obligations") / Middle capital (the result of the first section of the Liability "Capital and Reserves").

This coefficient gives an idea of \u200b\u200bwhich sources of funds from the organization more - attracted (borrowed) or their own. The greater this coefficient exceeds the unit, the greater the dependence of the organization from borrowed sources of funds. The critical value of this indicator is 0.7 if the coefficient exceeds this value, the financial stability of the organization seems to be doubtful.

The coefficient of maneuverability (mobility) of own capital (own funds) calculate the following formula:

Own working capital (the result of the first section of the liability of the balance "Capital and reserves" minus the result of the first section of the asset "non-current assets") to divide on the formal capital (the result of the first section of the balance sheet "Capital and reserves").

This the coefficient shows which part of the organization's own funds is in mobile form.allowing to freely maneuver with these means. The regulatory value of the coefficient of maneuverability is 0,2 — 0,5 .

The coefficient of financial sustainability Expresses the proportion of those sources of financing that this organization can use in its activities for a long time attracted to finance assets of this organization along with their own means.

The coefficient of financial stability is calculated according to the following formula:

Own capital to add long-term loans and loans to share balances on the currency.

If this organization has no long-term borrowed sources of funds, then the value of the financial sustainability coefficient will coincide with the autonomy ratio (financial independence).

Financing coefficient Indicates which part of the organization's activities is funded at the expense of its own sources of funds, and which is due to borrowed. This indicator is calculated by the following formula:

Own capital sharing on borrowed capital.

A significant decrease in the magnitude of this indicator indicates the possible insolvency of the organization, since most of its property is formed at the expense of borrowed sources of funds.

Coefficient of borrowed funds (The coefficient of the concentration of attracted capital) shows the proportion of loans, loans and payables in the total amount of sources of property of the organization. The magnitude of this indicator should not be more than 0.3.

The coefficient of the structure of long-term investments Shows the ratio between long-term liabilities (obligations) and long-term (non-current) assets:

Long-term liabilities (the second section of the balance sheet) non-current assets (the first section of the balance of the balance)

Next indicator - the ratio of long-term attraction of borrowed funds - It is determined:

Long-term liabilities (the result of the second partition of the balance sheet) to divide for long-term liabilities + own capital (the sum of the first and second sections of the balance liability).

This coefficient characterizes the proportion of long-term sources of funds in the total amount of permanent liabilities of the organization.

The coefficient of the structure of attracted capital expresses the share of long-term liabilities in the total amount of funds attracted (borrowed) sources of funds:

Long-term liabilities (the result of the second partition of the balance sheet) to divide on the raised capital (the sum of the results of the second and third partitions of the balance liability).

Coefficient of investment coverage characterizes the share of equity and long-term obligations in the total assets of the organization:

Long-term obligations (second section of the liability) add your own capital (the first partition of the liability) to divide the balance on the currency.

It is often based on the application of the current coefficient of current assets with its own working capital, showing which part of the organization's current assets was formed at the expense of its own sources of funds.

The regulatory value of this indicator should be at least 0.1.

Material Property Coefficient It shows with its own working capital, to what extent the stocks of commodity and material values \u200b\u200bare formed at the expense of its own sources and do not need to be involved in borrowed. This indicator is determined by the following formula:

Own sources of means minus non-current assets divide on material and production reserves (from the second section of the asset).

The regulatory value of this indicator should be at least 0.5. Another indicator characterizes the state of current assets is the ratio of the ratio of material and reserves and its own working capital. It is essentially reverse with respect to the previous indicator:

The regulatory value of this coefficient is greater than the unit, and taking into account the normative value of the previous indicator should not exceed two.

An important indicator is functional Capital Maintenance Coefficient (own working capital). It can be determined by the following formula:

Cash add short-term financial investments to share non-current assets to their own sources.

This indicator characterizes that part of its own working capital, which is in the form of money and rapidly rolled securities, that is, in the form of current assets with maximum liquidity. In a working organization, this indicator varies from zero to one.

The index of a permanent asset (coefficient of ratio of non-current and own funds) is a coefficient expressing the share of non-current assets covered by sources of own funds. It is determined by the formula:

Non-current assets to share their own sources of funds.

The approximate value of this indicator is 0.5 - 0.8. An important indicator of financial stability is the coefficient of real value of the property. This indicator determines what proportion in the value of the property of the organization is the means of production. It is calculated by the following formula:

The total value of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, improved production to share the total value of the property of the organization (balance currency).

All components included in the numerator of this formula are the means of production necessary for the implementation of the main activity of the organization, i.e. Its production potential. Therefore, this coefficient reflects the share as part of the assets of that property, which provides the main activity of the organization (ie, production, production, the provision of services).

Such value of this indicator is considered normal when the real value of the property is more than half of the total value of assets.

An indicator expressing the financial sustainability of the organization is also coefficient of revolving (current) assets and real estate. It is calculated by the following formula:

Current assets (second section of the balance of the balance) to divide on real estate (from the first section of the balance of the balance sheet).

The value of 0.5 can be taken as the minimum regulatory value of this indicator. Higher value indicates an increase in the production capabilities of this organization.

An indicator of financial stability is also the coefficient of sustainability of economic growth, calculated according to the following formula:

Net profit minus Dividends paid to shareholders to share on the formation capital.

This indicator characterizes the stability of profits remaining in the organization for its development and creating reserves.

In addition, the net revenue coefficient is determined by the following formula:

Net profit plus depreciation deductions to divide from sales, works, services.

This indicator expresses the proportion of the part of the revenue, which remains at the disposal of this organization (that is, net profit and depreciation deductions).

An important stage of analyzing the financial sustainability of the organization is to assess its creditworthiness. Under creditworthiness, the opportunities of the timely repayment (refund) of the loans and loans, as well as the payment of interest for the use of them on time being paid to the organization.

The creditworthiness of loaving organizations is determined by a number of indicators: the liquidity of the organization, the proportion of own capital (own sources of funds), profitability.

Depending on the values \u200b\u200bof these indicators and the industry to which this organization includes, the latter can be attributed to one of the following types:

type of creditworthy organizations that have a high level of liquidity and their own funds;

type of organizations that have a sufficient degree of reliability;

type of non-credit organizations that have illiquid balances or low security with their own means.

To assess the creditworthiness of an organization-loose serviceman, initially analyzes its financial condition. After that, the decision on the possibility of providing a loan organization is calculated by the net revenue coefficient, expressing the share of profit and depreciation deductions in each ruble of revenue from sales, works, services (without value added tax). The resulting value of this indicator can be extended to the estimated revenue in the future. This will determine the possible period of repayment of loans and loans, since the numerator of this coefficient, that is, profit and depreciation is the magnitude of the potential source of repayment of loans and loans.

At the conclusion between the bank and the organization of the loan agreement, the incredible amount of debt is determined, which includes the amount of the loan issued and interest for the use of them. The increasing amount of debt is determined by the following formula:

Where S is an extensive amount of debt;

P - loan amount;

(1 + N · i) - a factor of the increment;

n - the period for which a loan is issued;

i - interest rate for credit.

The increasing amount of debt (S) must be ensured by the value of the loan repayment source (RN) for the time that credit is issued. Therefore, if Rn\u003e s, then the loan-consuming organization is creditworthy. If the value of RN is not enough to pay off the amount of the amount of debt, that is, Rn
Along with the assessment of the creditworthiness of the organization, it is also necessary to analyze the efficiency of the use of the loan, which is expressed by the following main indicators: the amount of products sold per 1 ruble of the average debt on loans, as well as the turnover of loans in days. Comparing these indicators in dynamics in a few periods, it is possible to institute the increase in the efficiency of the loan use, if the amount of products sold per 1 ruble of average debt on loans increases, and the turnover of loans in days is accelerated.