Introduction

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POWER INDUSTRY

1 Industries of the electric power industry in Russia

2 Structure of the power industry in Russia

3 United Energy System

ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA XXI century

2.1 Current position in the industry. The concept of Russian energy policy in the new economic conditions

2 New trends in the spatial organization of the Russian electric power industry

3 Prospects for the state innovation policy in the electric power industry

3. POWER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

1 Alternative sources of electricity

2 World Electricity in Perspective

3 Prospects for development in Russia

Conclusion

List of sources used

Appendix A. Location of power plants in Russia

Appendix B. Location of Nuclear Power Plants in Russia

INTRODUCTION

The electric power industry is an industry engaged in the production of electricity at power plants and its transmission to consumers.

Energy is the basis for the development of productive forces in any state. Energy ensures the smooth operation of the industry, Agriculture, transport, utilities. Stable development of the economy is impossible without a constantly developing energy sector.

The energy industry is part of the fuel and energy industry and is inextricably linked with another component of this gigantic economic complex - the fuel industry.

The Russian energy sector consists of 600 thermal, 100 hydraulic, and 10 nuclear power plants. At the end of 2013, the total installed capacity of power plants of the UES of Russia amounted to 226 GW. The products of the fuel and energy complex make up only about 10% of the country's GDP, but the share of the complex in exports is about 40% (mainly due to the export of energy resources).

The most pressing issues of the electric power industry in Russia include:

the need to accompany changes in the wholesale electricity market with changes in the heat market. Otherwise, the most efficient cogeneration becomes uncompetitive;

the need to ensure real competition in the retail market, which creates the basis for the market operation of sales companies in parallel with the strengthening of regulation of the activities of guaranteeing suppliers. Established sales companies should be given the opportunity to conduct market business, and not just reduce monopoly earnings, while regulating the activities of last resort suppliers should ensure their costs are covered and the necessary profitability. Otherwise, there may be gaps in payments;

the need to strengthen the fight against non-payers (first of all, housing and communal services structures - management companies and heat supply MUEs);

the need to strengthen the fight against cross-subsidization, which causes an increase in tariffs mainly for small and medium-sized businesses.

The presence of these problems determines the relevance of the topic of this work.

The object of this work is the development and placement of the electric power industry in Russia.

The subject of the study is the principles and factors influencing the location of the Russian electric power industry.

The purpose of this course work is to study the placement and development of the electric power industry in Russia.

Research objectives:

analyze the structure of the electric power industry;
study industry groups and companies;
study the current position of the electric power industry in the industry;
study new trends in the spatial organization of the Russian electric power industry;
determine the prospects for state innovation policy in the electric power industry. .

The information base of the course work was journal articles, periodicals, Internet resources and textbooks by such authors as G.A. Titorenko, A.N. Galyaev, T.A. Filosov.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POWER INDUSTRY

1.1 Sectors of the electric power industry in Russia

The leading position of the thermal power industry is a historically established and economically justified regularity in the development of the Russian energy sector.

§ diesel;

§ gas turbine;

§ steam-gas.

The most developed and widespread in Russia are public thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels (gas, coal), mainly steam turbines.

The largest thermal power plant in Russia is the largest on the Eurasian continent Surgutskaya GRES-2<#"338" src="/wimg/15/doc_zip1.jpg" /> <#"justify">Electricity generation by Russian HPPs provides annual savings of 50 million tons of standard fuel, the savings potential is 250 million tons; allows to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by up to 60 million tons per year, which provides Russia with an almost unlimited potential for increasing energy capacity in the face of stringent requirements to limit greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to its direct purpose - the production of electricity using renewable resources - hydropower additionally solves a number of the most important tasks for society and the state: the creation of drinking and industrial water supply systems, the development of navigation, the creation of irrigation systems in the interests of agriculture, fish farming, regulation of river flow, which makes it possible to combat with floods and floods, ensuring the safety of the population.

Currently, 102 hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of over 100 MW are operating in Russia. The total installed capacity of hydroelectric units at hydroelectric power plants in Russia is approximately 46 GW (5th place in the world). In 2011, Russian hydroelectric power plants generated 153 billion kWh of electricity. In the total volume of electricity production in Russia, the share of hydroelectric power plants in 2011 amounted to 15.2%.

In the course of the reform of the electric power industry, the federal hydro generating company JSC HydroOGK (current name JSC RusHydro) was created, which combined the bulk of the country's hydropower assets. Today, the company manages 68 renewable energy facilities, including 9 stations of the Volga-Kama cascade with a total installed capacity of more than 10.2 GW, the first large hydropower plant in the Far East - Zeya HPP (1,330 MW), Bureyskaya HPP (2,010 MW), Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station (455 MW) and several dozen hydroelectric power stations in the North Caucasus, including the Kashkhatau hydroelectric power station (65.1 MW), commissioned in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic at the end of 2010. RusHydro also includes geothermal stations in Kamchatka and the highly maneuverable capacities of the Zagorsk pumped-storage power plant (PSPP) in the Moscow region, which are used to equalize the daily unevenness of the electrical load schedule in the IPS Center.

Until recently, the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP named after V.I. P. S. Neporozhny<#"323" src="/wimg/15/doc_zip2.jpg" /> <#"justify">electric power industry spatial alternative industry

In 2011, nuclear power plants generated a record amount of electricity in the entire history of the industry - 173 billion kWh, which was about 1.5% growth compared to 2010. In December 2007, in accordance with the decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom was established, which manages all of Russia's nuclear assets, including both the civilian part of the nuclear industry and the nuclear weapons complex. It is also entrusted with the tasks of fulfilling Russia's international obligations in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy and the regime for the nonproliferation of nuclear materials.

Operator of Russian NPPs - Rosenergoatom Concern OJSC<#"justify">geothermal energy

One of the potential directions for the development of the electric power industry in Russia is geothermal energy. Currently, 56 deposits of thermal waters with a potential exceeding 300,000 m3/day have been explored in Russia. Industrial exploitation is carried out at 20 fields, among them: Paratunskoye (Kamchatka), Kazminskoye and Cherkesskoye (Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol region), Kizlyar and Makhachkala (Dagestan), Mostovskoe and Voznesenskoe (Krasnodar Territory). At the same time, the total electric power potential of steam-water therms, which is estimated at 1 GW of operating electric power, is realized only in the amount of just over 80 MW of installed capacity. All operating Russian geothermal power plants today are located on the territory of Kamchatka and the Kuriles.

1.2 Structure of the electric power industry in Russia

As a result of the implementation of the main measures related to the reform of the industry, the structure of the electric power industry has become quite complex. The industry consists of several groups of companies and organizations, each of which performs a certain separate function assigned to it.

The main groups of companies and organizations:

2.Power grid companies

.Energy supply companies

.Consumers of electricity, small producers of electricity

Key characteristics of groups of companies and their composition:

Group. generating companies. Generating companies - large companies whose assets are power plants different types. In total, 20 new thermal generating companies were established, as well as 1 generating company that produces electricity and power at most hydroelectric power plants in Russia. In addition, there is 1 company operating all nuclear power plants in the country. Thus, nuclear power plants are managed by Rosenergoatom, almost all hydroelectric power plants are owned by RusHydro. Among the thermal power plants there are 6 wholesale generating companies (WGCs) operating large thermal power plants - GRES, the total installed capacity of each of these companies is more than 8 GW. The power plants of each OGK are located in different regions of Russia. Also, 14 territorial generating companies have been created, which own medium-sized TPPs and TPPs. Power plants and combined heat and power plants owned by the same TGC are located on the same territory (1 region or a number of neighboring regions of the country).

In addition to these generating companies, there are several more fairly large generating companies that were not controlled by RAO UES at the time the reform began, and therefore did not change ownership. We are talking about four so-called "independent" AO-energos: Tatenergo, Bashkirenergo, Novosibirskenergo, Irkutskenergo. These companies only formally (by establishing their subsidiaries) fulfilled the requirement of the law on the separation of competitive and monopoly activities. For example, Tatenergo has established a "generating company", a "grid company" and Tatenergosbyt as subsidiaries managing, respectively, generating assets, grid assets and energy sales activities in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Other companies from this four did the same.

Many of the remaining generating assets are controlled by the state, since they are located in the so-called territories of non-price zones (due to a serious imbalance in the volume of generating capacities and demand for electricity, or due to the isolation and small size of territorial energy systems). The “non-market” territories include those remote from the central regions of the country with a developed electric power infrastructure, the territories: the territory of the Far East, Kamchatka, Chukotka, about. Sakhalin, most of the territory of Yakutia, the Kaliningrad region, as well as the territory of the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region. True, the generating capacities of the last two regions are still in private hands - they belong to TGK-2, TGK-9, OGK-3.

Group. Electricity companies. Power grid companies are represented, firstly, by a giant company: the Federal Grid Company (FGC), which owns the so-called backbone networks - that is, high-voltage power lines (TL) (mainly 220 kV, 330 kV, 500 kV). Relatively speaking, these are transport arteries that connect various energy systems across the vast territory of the country, that is, they provide the possibility of flowing significant amounts of electricity and power over long distances between large remote energy systems. FGC, therefore, is of strategic importance not only for the electricity industry, but also for the economy of the entire country. Therefore, it is controlled by the state, which owns almost 80% of the company's shares.

Secondly, power grid companies are represented by large interregional distribution grid companies (IDGCs), united into a single holding - IDGC Holding. From time to time, there are suggestions about the future merger of regional IDGCs, but so far the Holding has a complex corporate structure: regional IDGCs and the parent holding company itself, which owns large stakes in regional subsidiaries. Such a complex structure is not the best form of organization in terms of management, regional IDGCs have a certain degree of independence, and many procedures become more complicated due to the “multi-corporate nature” of an inherently single organization. Subsidiaries of IDGC Holding are:

· IDGC of the South

· IDGC of North Caucasus

· IDGC of Volga

· IDGC of Urals

· IDGC of Siberia

· Tyumenenergo

· Moscow Electricity Company

· Lenenergo

· Yantarenergo

The last group of grid companies is small territorial grid organizations (TSOs). These organizations serve, as a rule, the electric networks of small municipalities may be owned by both municipal authorities and private regional investors. The number of such organizations is large, but the share of their services in terms of value compared to the cost of services of IDGC Holding and FGC is not so significant. Here it is worth mentioning the existence of ownerless networks - that is, such electric networks, the ownership of which is not assigned to any owner. This became possible as a result of multiple economic transformation that have shaken the country's economy in recent decades.

Due to poor management and low level control over the activities of small TSOs by municipal and regional authorities, other state bodies, as well as due to the weak motivation of current owners to develop and maintain the power grids of their TSOs, there are more and more proposals for the takeover of small grid companies by companies of the IDGC structure. This, on the one hand, certainly runs counter to the ideas of industry reform (growth in the number of participants and development of competition), but on the other hand, in the conditions of Russian reality (the inefficiency of small owners tuned in to the short-term use of the inherited asset with the maximum short-term return to the detriment of investment development) can be effective.

Group. Energy supply companies. The main representatives of this group of companies in the industry are power supply companies - the heirs of the RAO UES empire. These are "fragments" of vertically integrated AO-energos that have received a special status - the status of a supplier of last resort. In view of this specificity, the energy sales segment is perhaps the most unreformed segment of all today.

In addition to guaranteeing suppliers, there are also independent energy sales companies. These are, first of all, companies supplying electricity and capacity to large consumers directly from the Wholesale Electricity and Capacity Market (WECM). In addition to such companies, there are those that carry out activities for the purchase and sale of electrical energy in retail markets. But there are much fewer such companies due to the peculiarities of the market rules.

Group. Companies managing the modes of the unified energy system of Russia This is, first of all, the System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia (SO UES), as well as its territorial divisions. The system operator bears an important "intellectual" burden from a technological point of view. It controls the electric power regimes in the power system. Its commands are mandatory for the subjects of operational dispatch control (primarily for generating and electric grid companies).

Within technologically isolated territorial power systems, the modes are controlled by a separate company, which is entrusted with the functions of operational dispatch control in the local power system. It could be a network organization. (This situation can be in isolated energy regions, for example, in the northern territories, in Yakutia.)

Group 5. Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial market infrastructure (WECM and retail markets). Today it is, firstly, the non-profit partnership "Market Council" (NP Council of the Market), and, secondly, its subsidiaries: OJSC "ATS" - it is also a commercial operator and CJSC "CFR" - the center of financial settlements, carrying out the calculation and offset of counter financial obligations and claims. NP Market Council, as its name implies, has the form of a non-profit partnership, whose members are all participants in the wholesale electricity and capacity market (WECM). He develops and finalizes an agreement on joining the trading system of the wholesale market, which is mandatory for the conclusion of all participants in the WECM. This agreement, taking into account the annexes - regulations of the WECM, determines the rules, the procedure for the functioning of the WECM, describing in detail the various processes, the procedure for settlements, etc. The connection agreement must comply with the Rules of the wholesale market, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as other regulatory legal acts. When changes are made to the WECM Rules, changes are also made to the accession agreement. Important decisions are made and approved by the Supervisory Board of the Market Council. The Market Council also develops the rules for the functioning of retail markets (within its powers), is responsible for the development of the industry based on the balance of interests of the subjects of the electric power industry.

OJSC ATS is a commercial operator of the wholesale market. It organizes the work of the market and the interaction of market participants.

ZA "CFR" conducts financial settlements in the market.

Group 6. Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry. Control and regulation in the industry, within the limits of their powers, is carried out by various executive authorities: both of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The Ministry of Energy has a direct influence on the processes in the industry. A significant role is played by the Federal Tariff Service (FTS), the Ministry of Economic Development, directly the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as Rostekhnadzor, the state corporation Rosatom, etc. tariff committees, etc.).

Group 7. Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy. This is a set of enterprises of various sizes, organizations - subjects of the Russian economy, as well as citizens of the country that consume electric energy for their own needs.

From the point of view of the modern structure of the industry, all consumers can be divided into consumers of retail markets (the largest group) and consumers of the wholesale market. Only large enterprises can become consumers of the wholesale market, besides, they have carried out a number of necessary measures: the installation of AIIS KUE (automated information and measuring system for commercial accounting of electric energy), performed a number of organizational measures to obtain the status of a WECM subject and obtain admission to the WECM trading system. Since all these activities require financial investments, their effectiveness for each individual consumer should be checked separately.

1.3 Unified Energy System

An objective feature of the power industry products is the impossibility of their storage or accumulation, so the main task of the power system is the most rational use of the industry's products. Electrical energy, unlike other types of energy, can be converted into any other type of energy with least loss, and its production, transportation and subsequent conversion is much more profitable than the direct production of the required type of energy from an energy carrier. Industries that often do not use electricity directly for their technological processes are the largest consumers of electricity.

UES of Russia is the most complex automated complex of power stations and networks, united by a common mode of operation with a single dispatch control center (CS). The main grids of the UES of Russia with a voltage of 330 to 1150 kV unite 65 regional power systems from the western border to Lake Baikal into parallel operation. The UES structure allows functioning and management at 3 levels: inter-regional (CDU in Moscow), inter-regional (unified dispatching departments) and regional (Local control departments). Such a hierarchical structure, combined with intelligent emergency control and the latest computer systems, makes it possible to quickly localize an accident without significant damage to the UES and often even to local consumers. The central dispatching center of the UES in Moscow fully controls and manages the operation of all stations connected to it.

The Unified Energy System is distributed over 7 time zones and thus allows to smooth out peaks in the load of the electrical system due to pumping surplus electricity to other areas where it is lacking. Eastern regions produce much more electricity than they themselves consume. In the center of Russia, however, there is a shortage of electricity, which so far cannot be covered by transferring energy from Siberia to the west. The convenience of the UES can also include the possibility of placing a power plant far from the consumer. The transportation of electricity is many times cheaper than the transportation of gas, oil or coal, and at the same time it happens instantly and does not require additional transportation costs.

If the UES did not exist, then 15 million kW of additional capacity would be needed.

The Russian energy system is reasonably considered one of the most reliable in the world. For 35 years of operation of the system in Russia, in contrast to the United States (1965, 1977) and Canada (1989), there has not been a single global power outage.

Figure 3 Power grid load during the day

Despite the collapse of the Unified Energy System of the USSR, most of the energy systems of the now independent republics are still under the operational control of the CDU of the Russian Federation. Most independent states have a negative electricity trade balance with Russia. Thus, according to data from December 7, 1993, Kazakhstan owes Russia about 150 billion rubles, and Ukraine and Belarus together - about 170 billion, and not a single debtor currently has the financial ability to pay these amounts to Russia.

ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA XXI century

2.1 Current position in the industry. The concept of Russian energy policy in the new economic conditions

Due to the decline in production, the needs of the country's economy for electricity have decreased, and since, according to experts' forecasts, this situation will continue for at least another 2-3 years, it is important to prevent the destruction of the system by the time the demand for electricity begins to increase again. To maintain the existing electrical capacities, it is necessary to commission 8-9 million kW annually, however, due to problems with financing and the collapse of economic ties, out of the 8 million kW planned for 92, only a little more than 1 million kW were built and put into operation.

At present, a paradoxical situation has arisen when, in the context of a decline in production, its energy intensity is increasing. According to various estimates, the energy saving potential in Russia ranges from 400 to 600 million tons of reference fuel. But that is more than a third of all energy resources consumed today.

These reserves are distributed over all stages from production, transportation, storage to the consumer. Thus, the total losses of the fuel and energy complex amount to 150-170 million tons of reference fuel. The consumption of low-distillation petroleum products as fuel in power plants is very high. With the current shortage of motor fuel, such a policy is extremely unjustified. Taking into account the significant difference in prices between fuel oil and motor fuel, it is much more efficient to use gas or coal as a fuel for boilers of thermal power plants, however, when using the latter, environmental factors become of great importance. Obviously, these areas should develop equally, since the economic situation can change significantly even in the energy sector, and the one-sided development of the industry can in no way contribute to its prosperity. It is much more efficient to use gas as a chemical fuel (now 50% of all gas produced in the country is burned) than to burn it at a thermal power plant.

Taking into account the requirements of this program, several projects have already been prepared and dozens are under development. So, there is a project of Berezovskaya GRES-2 with units of 800 MW and dust trapping bag filters, a project of a CHP plant with combined-cycle plants with a capacity of 300 MW, a project of Rostovskaya GRES, which includes many fundamentally new technical solutions.

The developments of teams of industry and academic institutions formed the basis of the Concept of Russia's energy policy in the new economic conditions. The concept was submitted for consideration to the Government of Russia by a number of organizations - the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, the Ministry of Economics, the Ministry of Science of Russia and Russian Academy Sciences. Government Russian Federation approved the main provisions of the concept at a government meeting on 10/10/92 and after completion the draft document was submitted to the Supreme Council of Russia

· National Energy Saving Program. The result of the implementation of this program should be an annual saving of 50-70 million tons of reference fuel by 2010. The subprogram proposes several fundamentally new measures to save primary energy resources, but also to replace scarce types of energy carriers with cheaper and more affordable ones. It is proposed, for example, to modernize oil refineries and improve the processing of natural gas. It also proposes to fully use associated gas, which is currently simply flared. It is assumed that these measures will have an effect commensurate with the annual rent payments of the fuel and energy industries.

· National program to improve the quality of energy supply. It provides for an increase in energy consumption in the domestic sector, gasification of entire regions, medium and small settlements in rural areas.

· National program for the protection of the environment from the harmful effects of energy. The goal of the program is to reduce several times the emissions of gases into the atmosphere, to stop the discharge of harmful substances into water bodies. The idea of lowland HPPs is also completely rejected here.

· National program to support fuel and energy industries. It provides for the development of power engineering, a subprogram for improving the training of specialists.

· Gas energy program Yamal . The program provides for the development gas industry, the growth of condensate production and the deepening of oil refining, the reconstruction of the electric power industry and the heat supply system.

· Program for the development of the East Siberian oil and gas province. It is planned to create a new oil and gas producing region with an annual production of 60-100 million tons of oil, 20-50 billion m3 of gas, a powerful oil and gas processing industry. The development of the East Siberian oil and gas province will allow Russia to enter the Asia-Pacific energy market with the export of 10-20 million tons of oil and 15-20 billion m3 of natural gas to China, Korea, and Japan.

· Nuclear Energy Safety Improvement and Development Program. It is planned to use the components of nuclear weapons in the electric power industry, to create safer reactors for nuclear power plants.

· The program for the creation of the Kansko-Achinsk coal-energy complex, focused on the environmentally acceptable and cost-effective use of brown coal for the production of electricity in a vast region of Russia: from the Urals and the Volga region in the west to Primorye in the east.

· Alternative motor fuel program. A large-scale transfer of transport to reduced gas is envisaged.

· Program for the use of non-traditional renewable energy sources. With the introduction of global energy prices, independent power supply for cottages, farms and even detached city houses becomes economically profitable. It is planned that the increase in the use of non-traditional renewable energy resources for local energy supply by the year 2000 will reach 10-15 million tons of reference fuel.

· Scientific and technical program Environmentally friendly energy for the period 1993-2000. The creation of technologies and equipment is envisaged, with the help of which safety should be ensured, including environmental safety in the production of fuel, electric and thermal energy.

2.2 New trends in the spatial organization of the Russian electric power industry

In general, the topic of industrial geography was mostly outside the field of his scientific interests. But his erudition and scientific temperament served as an example and inspiration for many of his students, including the author of this text of the report.

The modern electric power base of the country has developed within the framework of an ideology unfamiliar to capitalism. To a large extent, it was formed over a long period of time under the influence of the ideology of the GOELRO plan. This ideology could not be broken for a long time by the reformers after 1991. To a large extent, this was facilitated by the famous Chaginskaya accident in Moscow, which greatly frightened the authorities in the country. After this accident, it became clear that it was urgent to determine which path of development this one of the most important life-supporting industries in the country would take.

There was a fundamental opportunity to choose one of several possible options: full privatization or the preservation of full state property, but on the condition that an effective and competent management team be created. After long hesitation, an intermediate option was chosen, which, on the one hand, suited many in government and business, and on the other hand, does not allow solving the problems accumulated in the electric power industry after 1991 in real time.

By the time privatization began, incompetent management of the electric power industry and severe underfunding had brought generation and the network economy to the limit. The share of equipment that is completely morally and physically obsolete has stepped over 50%. The ability of the national power engineering industry to produce new equipment, and, moreover, in sufficient quantities, has been greatly reduced. The previously existing powerful specialized construction and assembly organizations collapsed, special workers, engineering and design personnel and special construction equipment were completely lost.

Private business has replaced the former ideology of its construction and management in the electric power industry - the maximum degree of reliability and efficiency of work with another one - obtaining maximum profit by all possible means with the withdrawal of part of it to non-core funds. This principle is fundamental in the work of private business today, and therefore what is happening in the country's electric power industry is happening.

Centralized financial, banking, transport and energy systems are the most important levers for managing the country's economy and the life of society. The centralized electric power industry is one of the most important economic and political tools in the hands of the ruling system. Decentralization of these backbone elements national economy greatly weaken the central and regional authorities and at the same time strengthen the position of private capital. The ideologists of the reform in the field of the electric power industry naturally did not stick out this provision, but they were clearly guided by it. In addition, the real value of the fixed assets of the electric power industry was greatly underestimated in the country, and this alone promised significant profits to the privatization participants.

Unfortunately for the privatizers, the power industry reform took place at a time when the country was still in the process of “assembling” power into a vertical. Therefore, the ideologists of the authorities did not allow the reform to be implemented in its entirety. As a result, today the situation in the country's electric power industry has become extremely confused.

Part of the generation and grassroots networks were privatized, but not completely. The electric power industry of the Far East was left behind. The state left in its hands almost the entire hydraulic, all nuclear and part of the fuel generation. It retained control over the backbone high-voltage networks. The regulations for the operation of private companies included serious points of state encumbrance in terms of operating modes and especially in terms of investment policy. For example, federal dispatchers can interfere with the operating modes of private generation and change their load, and hence the profit they receive. What does such intervention lead to? can be illustrated by the example of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Regional dispatchers, due to the circumstances prevailing in the region, independently and remotely (but I do not have information about their technical condition) put into operation at increased capacity several HPP power units, which could no longer carry such a load. According to the rules adopted in the country, the owner of a hydroelectric power station is not obliged to inform the state authorities about the state of the generating equipment belonging to him, but civil servants can put it into operation in emergency cases without informing the owner. It is known that in the electric power industry the process occurs instantly, and the less time it takes for a long-term coordination of the actions of dispatchers and generation owners.

The system of selling electricity has changed and the system of resellers has been preserved, which raise tariffs for end consumers who do not have the right to enter the wholesale electricity and capacity market.

In preparation for privatization, the cost of electricity funds was overestimated, and plans for future growth in energy consumption in the regions (the level of effective demand) were underestimated. This created an additional incentive for the growth of capitalization of the power industry. The authorities themselves fell for this, creating an unnecessary burden for future owners on the mandatory future commissioning of a new generation. In the Russian economy of those years, there was great expectation of continuous economic growth- a kind of Russian economic miracle. And the miracle ended in 1998.

At all discussions of the draft reform, its authors and ideologues vowed to reduce energy tariffs in the future as soon as the market starts working in this industry. As a result, there is a market, but tariffs continue to grow, and this growth is predicted for the long term.

Our country has been building the foundations of national capitalism for twenty years, and the world at this time is switching in the electric power industry to fundamentally new equipment in generation, which has a fuel efficiency factor of 1015 higher.

The main trend in the development of nuclear power in the world remains the aggregate and factory concentration of power. Russia has temporarily lost its technological capabilities to produce similar equipment, but it is possible that it will restore it again in the coming years. Mechanical engineering capacities have been lost, and the country is unable to develop nuclear power plants at a proper pace, especially considering the export deliveries of reactors. The decision taken by the leadership of Rosatomenergo to create a new center for the production of nuclear reactors on the basis of the Petrozavodsk heavy engineering plant looks at least strange.

A crisis of uranium reserves is looming in the country, and meanwhile it is being actively supplied to other countries.

In the field of hydropower generation, there is a clear weakness and inability to ensure the necessary pace of construction of hydroelectric power stations. The reason for this is the loss of previously created regional bases for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The country does not have enough financial resources for the construction of hydroelectric power stations, and RusHydro purchases fixed assets in other countries in order to make a profit there.

The state company RusHydro has opened financing for the design of such specific projects as the cascade of the Nizhneenisei hydroelectric power stations and the South Yakut energy complex.

The development of the nuclear power industry in the European part of the country and the growth of electricity consumption in the non-productive sector of the economy require an adequate commissioning of flexible and cheap capacities here. These are primarily HPPs in the North Caucasus and Karelia, as well as pumped storage power plants near load centers.

The greatest changes have taken place in thermal generation. The transition to gas turbine and combined cycle units has led to a decrease in the average capacity of installed equipment and power plants. There is a new trend towards a decrease in the degree of aggregate and factory concentration. At the same time, a noticeable shift of the new generation towards the consumer of heat and into power-consuming nodes was indicated.

The problem of the formation and geography of the tariff for electric and heat energy deserves special consideration. The degree of politicization of energy tariff setting is high in the country. As we get closer to the elections, the authorities are beginning to actively regulate tariffs, while not trying to force companies to open up the system of tariff formation and cost structure. As a result, all parties to this process are not satisfied. Energy companies complain about the lack of funds for renovation, and the end consumer is slowly but surely losing one of its competitive advantages - the relative cheapness of energy costs. Especially it is possible to say about the population, whose energy prices and inflation eat up the increase in welfare and solvent demand, which is already not great. The supreme authorities in the country cannot decide on their policy in this regard, which creates great difficulties for real business, which cannot predict its energy costs for a sufficient period of years and therefore slows down investment process. At the same time, we hear spells about optimizing the investment climate in the country.

The Russian power industry faces a difficult choice:

· or remain in a stagnant state, when state investments will pour into it, as into a "black hole", serving only to enrich the shareholders of the distribution system, but not to the proper development of the industry, which is necessary for the normal functioning of industry and other sectors of Russia;

· or revive, which is possible only with a radical reorganization of the industry, transforming it from the current market-monopoly system, which aims to enrich the shareholders, who by definition cannot be the owners of the country, into a high-tech state holding, whose goal is not the income of those groups and people who managed to get to the management of the industry, and the interests of the real owner - the Russian Federation, its maximum rapid development, that is, the minimum low price of electricity, equal to its cost, providing the best conditions for the development of all industries in Russia.

In the case of the introduction of ultra-long-range power transmission technology<#"justify">2.3 Prospects for the state innovation policy in the electric power industry

In the electric power industry, the following variant of changes in the wholesale and retail electricity (capacity) markets seems to be the most promising:

-introduction of real and technologically quite simply implemented competition for the consumer in the retail market among energy sales companies, including guaranteeing suppliers. At the same time, competition is created and developed both by new opportunities for retail consumers to purchase electricity not only from guaranteeing suppliers, but also by the transparent and high-quality work of sales companies;

-the main way to trade electricity and capacity both in the wholesale and retail markets is to make bilateral agreements between suppliers and buyers, concluded mainly for a period of one year or more. At the same time, the market should be based on financial contracts for the supply of electricity with capacity as the most developed and efficient way of trading;

-creation of infrastructure and trade rules for the development of all types of bilateral agreements: physical, financial, trading in derivatives - standardized contracts;

-replacement of centralized competitive power take-off as a way of centralized (almost state) guaranteeing in advance to suppliers of prices and volumes of purchase of their capacity - bilateral relations for the purchase of capacity and electricity and post-factum payment for capacity in the excess of consumption over purchase under bilateral agreements;

-strengthening the involvement of consumers in the process of setting prices and conditions for the supply of electricity (capacity) both through the development of bilateral agreements and through the development of trade in managed consumption (voluntary load limitation);

-changing the principles of operation and regulation of last resort suppliers, the main functionality of which will be the simplest transmission of the results of the purchase of electricity from suppliers to consumers, the organization of effective billing and collection of payments, with long-term regulation of the necessary gross revenue and compliance with the requirements for the reliability and quality of services provided;

-introduction of mechanisms that reduce or prevent non-payments along the entire chain of formation of the supply and cost (price) of electricity for consumers.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that the proposed changes in the wholesale and retail markets are tightly linked and should be carried out simultaneously. It is not advisable to implement changes in the wholesale market without developing competition in the retail market and vice versa.

In the retail market, any retail consumer is granted the right to leave guaranteeing service providers for competitive (non-regulated) energy supply companies (hereinafter - supply companies) subject to the following conditions:

-the presence of the simplest one that meets only the requirements of metrology and the mandatory requirements of legislation on the technical regulation of hourly metering of electricity consumption with storage (memory)

-no debt to the guaranteeing supplier.

Customers who meet these requirements are hereinafter referred to as qualified customers.

A qualified consumer can leave the supplier of last resort with the following frequency: before the beginning of each quarter - at the start of the implementation of new rules, then - before the beginning of each month.

Qualified consumers and any sales companies in relation to such consumers (hereinafter - both of them - qualified buyers) are given the opportunity, without obtaining the status of a wholesale market participant, to conclude free (non-regulated) bilateral contracts for the purchase and sale of electricity (capacity) (hereinafter - SD) with any electricity (capacity) suppliers of the wholesale and retail market. Such contracts can be concluded both through the same platforms as for wholesale market buyers (organized platform, information system), or directly between a qualified retail buyer and an electricity producer.

At the same time, the remaining electricity (capacity), defined as the difference between actual consumption and the volumes purchased under the SD, are bought (sold) by qualified buyers through a supplier of last resort.

In the event that the consumer has left for service with a sales company, then such a company supplies the consumer with all the electricity (capacity) in the amount of his actual consumption. At the same time, the sales company itself acquires part of the electricity (capacity) through the SD, and the rest - on the wholesale market, if it is a participant in the wholesale market, or from a supplier of last resort.

Peculiarities of the SD concluded between the WECM suppliers and qualified buyers of the retail market:

a) Accounting for such contracts in the wholesale market:

Registration of CD in the wholesale market by the Administrator trading system(ATS) is carried out according to the simplest procedure possible. If contracts are concluded through an organized site - registration directly: site - ATS;

In such SD, a qualified buyer indicates a supplier of last resort with whom he settles on the purchase / sale of electricity (capacity) residues;

ATS informs the relevant guaranteeing suppliers about the volumes of electricity (capacity) purchased by the qualified buyer under the SD before the start of the delivery month;

In trading on the day-ahead market, balancing market, capacity - the volumes of electricity and capacity in such contracts refer to the consumption volumes of the last resort supplier and are accounted for in the same way as the SD concluded by the last resort supplier for itself.

b) For both parties, the SD has a “take or pay” condition (that is, it is a financial contract), which means the following:

If the volumes of electricity in the SD are not fully included in the production schedule of the corresponding generator based on the results of day-ahead planning (DAM), the supplier purchases additional volumes not included from other suppliers through the DAM (or other SD). Thus, the supply of electricity volumes in the SD to the buyer is always ensured.

If the volumes of electricity in the SD are not fully included in the consumption schedule of the relevant buyer based on the results of planning on the DAM, the guaranteeing supplier sells the volumes not included on the DAM. The amount received (minus the expenses of the supplier of last resort related to such a sale, such as: the distribution of the negative value imbalance, infrastructure services, etc.) is returned by the guarantee supplier to the qualified buyer under the retail agreement regarding the purchase / sale of the remaining electricity and capacity.

At the same time, the existing procedure for calculating volumes and prices in the wholesale market is preserved, i.e. along the boundaries of the service area of last resort suppliers (according to the total volume of consumption in the territory, including consumption related to qualified buyers).

In addition, the procedure existing in the retail market (but with the minimum requirements for metering devices indicated above) for collecting commercial consumption metering data from qualified buyers for the purpose of their mutual settlements with the last resort supplier and electric grid companies is preserved.

With the proposed competitive model of the retail market, some aspects of the activities of guaranteeing suppliers are changing.

3. POWER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

3.1 Alternative sources of electricity

The issue of alternative sources of electricity has occupied the minds of leading experts in the development and creation of cheap energy systems of the future for many years. According to scientists' forecasts, in the next 60-70 years, the reserves of coal, natural gas and oil can be almost completely exhausted. The threat of an energy crisis is not far off, and therefore, today in many countries of the world, the development of modern energy-saving technologies is being accelerated, and there is also a continuous search for alternative (inexpensive) sources of electricity.

It is customary to refer to alternative (free) sources of electricity such systems for converting natural energy into electrical voltage, such as solar energy systems, wind power generators, as well as thermoelectric power sources.

Solar power plants use solar radiation for their work, transforming it into electrical energy. Solar energy systems can be built both according to the scheme with the thermodynamic conversion of solar energy, and according to the scheme of direct conversion of the latter into electrical energy (using photocells). In the first case, solar radiation is first converted into thermal energy and only then (with the help of a heat generator) is converted into electrical energy. In the second option, the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy is carried out due to the electronic properties of photocells (due to the use of the "photoelectric effect"), i.e. solar modules are used<#"justify">3.2 World Electricity in Perspective

The strategic goals of the development of the electric power industry in the considered perspective are:

· reliable energy supply of the country's economy and population with electricity;

· maintaining the integrity and development of the Unified Energy System of the country, its integration with other energy associations on the Eurasian continent;

· improving the efficiency of functioning and ensuring sustainable development power industry based on new modern technologies;

· reduction of harmful impact on the environment.

The energy-saving policy implies a fundamental improvement in the structure of energy consumption, fuel and energy savings in all sectors of the national economy, and the transition to energy-saving technologies.

In the future, it is possible to reduce the share of fuel oil in the fuel balance of power plants due to the construction of nuclear power plants and thermal power plants operating on open-cast coal (Kansko-Achinsk). An increase in the value of natural gas will favorably affect environmental situation. Development of hydropower resources in the eastern regions of Russia and the construction of large hydroelectric power stations there; increasing the share of nuclear power plants in the energy structure of the European part and increasing their reliability; the construction of a pumped storage power plant on small rivers, as well as CCGT, GT and MHD generators in regions with a tense energy balance, can solve the problem of shortage and uneven distribution of electricity.

Also, the new energy program should take into account the possibility of using non-traditional resources and secondary energy sources.

Thermal power plants will remain the basis of the electric power industry for the entire period under consideration, the share of which in the structure of the installed capacity of the industry will remain at the level of 60-70%. Electricity generation at thermal power plants by 2020 will increase by 1.4 times compared to 2000 .

An important direction in the electric power industry in modern conditions is the development of distributed generation based on the construction of small-capacity power plants, primarily small CHPPs with STPs, GTPs and other modern technologies.

To implement the innovation program of the industry, it is necessary to carry out a complex of research and development in the following areas:

· expanding the resource base of the electric power industry and increasing the regional supply of fuel through the development of efficient environmentally friendly combustion of Kansk-Achinsk and low-grade coals from the eastern regions of Russia in boilers of steam-tube power units for supercritical steam parameters, including those with an “annular” furnace, in molten slag, in furnaces with circulating fluidized bed and under pressure;

· increasing the efficiency of environmental protection based on integrated gas cleaning and ash collection systems at power units;

· increasing the efficiency of the steam-gas cycle by choosing a heat recovery scheme;

· creation and mastering the production of new generation power plants based on solid oxide fuel cells for centralized power supply, studying the possibility of using other types of fuel cells for these purposes;

· creation and commissioning of reliable electrical switching equipment with SF6 and vacuum insulation;

· development of intersystem electric transmissions with increased capacity;

· development of flexible electric transmissions;

· introduction of a new generation of transformer equipment, overvoltage protection systems and microprocessor systems RZ and PAA, fiber optic communication systems;

· creation and implementation of electrical equipment, including converter units, for frequency-controlled electric drives for various purposes;

· increasing the reliability of heat supply on the basis of increasing the durability and corrosion resistance of pipes of heat networks with polyurethane foam insulation.

3.3 Prospects for development in Russia

There are strategic goals for the development of the Russian electric power industry for the period up to 2030.

These goals include:

ensuring the energy security of the country and regions;

meeting the needs of the country's economy and population in electrical energy (capacity);

ensuring the reliability of the Russian power supply system;

innovative renewal of the industry, aimed at ensuring high energy, economic and environmental efficiency of production, transport, distribution and use of electricity.

To achieve the strategic goals of the development of the electric power industry, it is necessary to solve the following main tasks:

ensuring the widespread introduction of new highly efficient technologies for the production, transport and distribution of electricity and, thereby, building the electric power industry at a qualitatively new technological level;

ensuring an effective state policy in the electric power industry;

diversification of the resource base of the electric power industry by expanding the niche to increase the share of coal in the production of electricity at TPPs, expanding the use of nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and non-traditional renewable energy sources;

balanced development of generating capacities and electrical networks that provide the required level of reliability of power supply to consumers;

further development of the UES of Russia;

development of small-scale energy in the zone of decentralized energy supply by increasing the efficiency of using local energy resources, developing the power grid, reducing the consumption of imported light oil products;

development and implementation of a price containment mechanism through the technological innovation development of the industry, reducing the cost of building generating and grid capacities, creating effective system management;

reducing the negative impact of the electric power industry on the environment through the use of the best existing and promising technologies.

Ensuring the Reliability of the Russian Power Supply System The analysis shows that the existing regulatory documents in Russia provide for less stringent requirements for ensuring both balance and regime reliability than is the case in the energy interconnections of the USA and Europe. The criterion of balance reliability, characterized in the most general form by the probability of deficit-free operation of energy systems, in the West, as a rule, is an order of magnitude higher than in Russia. In the West, the n-1 criterion is usually used as a criterion for regime reliability, and in some cases criteria of even higher orders. At the same time, the Russian energy systems provide for a wider use of emergency control facilities. With the transition to market relations, reliability becomes more and more economic category, determined by the price that consumers are willing to pay for the declared level of reliability. This requires clarification of the regulatory criteria for balance and operational reliability, reflected in existing regulatory documents, in accordance with the requirements of reliability on the part of consumers, and these clarifications in the conditions of the electricity market will go towards tightening these criteria, in particular, towards increasing the indicator of balance reliability - the probability of deficit-free operation of power systems - up to a value of about 0.9997 by the end of the period under review, as proposed, as well as the mandatory fulfillment of the n-1 criterion, and in some cases for especially critical facilities - nuclear power plants, external power supply systems of megacities, large cities and some others - and the n-2 criterion. At the same time, it will be necessary to clarify the entire set of reliability criteria associated with them, including the power reserves of the UES of Russia, the UES, regional energy systems, the capacity of intersystem communications, the calculated disturbances under which dynamic stability should be ensured, etc. To ensure the reliability of the UES of Russia, it is necessary will:

create zones for effective management of regional energy systems, within which the balance of power will be ensured both in the process of functioning and development of regional energy systems;

radically improve the reliability of external and internal power supply schemes for large cities and metropolitan areas;

create a state system of control over ensuring reliability (annual reliability forecast for 10 years, development of national reliability standards, control over their implementation);

create an automated system - "consumer demand management";

to adopt reliability standards corresponding to the new conditions.

CONCLUSION

Thermal power plants (TPPs) operating in Russia can be classified according to the following criteria:

§ by sources of energy used - organic fuel, geothermal energy, solar energy;

§ by type of energy produced - condensing, heating;

§ on the use of installed electrical capacity and the participation of TPPs in covering the electrical load schedule - basic (at least 5000 hours of using the installed electrical capacity per year), semi-peak or maneuvering (3000 and 4000 hours per year, respectively), peak (less than 1500-2000 hours per year ).

In turn, thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels differ in terms of technology:

§ steam turbines (with steam power plants running on all types of fossil fuels: coal, fuel oil, gas, peat, shale, firewood and wood waste, products of energy processing of fuel, etc.);

§ diesel;

§ gas turbine;

§ steam-gas.

The industry consists of several groups of companies and organizations, each of which performs a certain separate function assigned to it.
The main groups of companies and organizations:
· Wholesale market generating companies

· Power grid companies

· Energy supply companies

· Companies that manage the regimes of the unified energy system of Russia

· Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial infrastructure of the market (WECM and retail markets)

· Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry

· Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy.

Power system - a group of power plants of different types and capacities, united by power lines and controlled from a single center.

UES is a single control object, the power plants of the system operate in parallel.

The release of harmful substances into the environment per unit of production exceeds that in the West by 6-10 times. The extensive development of production, the accelerated build-up of huge capacities led to the fact that for a long time the environmental factor was taken into account very little or was not taken into account at all. The most unecological coal thermal power plants, near them the radiation level is several times higher than the radiation level in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. The use of gas in thermal power plants is much more efficient than fuel oil or coal: when burning 1 ton of standard fuel, 1.7 tons of CO2 is formed compared to 2.7 tons when burning fuel oil or coal. The previously established environmental parameters did not provide complete environmental cleanliness; in accordance with them, most power plants were built. New standards of environmental cleanliness are included in a special state program Environmentally friendly energy . Taking into account the requirements of this program, several projects have already been prepared and dozens are under development. Thus, there is a project of Berezovskaya GRES-2 with units of 800 MW each and dust trapping bag filters, a project of a CHP plant with combined-cycle plants with a capacity of 300 MW, a project of Rostovskaya GRES, which includes many fundamentally new technical solutions.

To implement the energy policy of Russia within the framework of a comprehensive energy program, several specific federal, intersectoral and scientific and technical programs were proposed. The main programs offered are:

o National Energy Saving Program;

o National Program for Improving the Quality of Energy Supply;

o National program for the protection of the environment from the harmful effects of energy;

o National Program for Support of Fuel and Energy Complex Industries;

o Gas energy program Yamal ;

o Program for the development of the East Siberian oil and gas province;

o Nuclear Safety Improvement and Development Program;

o The program for the creation of the Kansk-Achinsk coal-energy complex.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1.Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 526 dated July 11, 2001 "On reforming the electric power industry of the Russian Federation"

2.Energy strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030. Approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 13, 2009 No. 1715-r.

3.News of electrical engineering "In 2009, the generation of HPPs in Russia increased by 5%" dated April 8, 2011.

4.Volkov, E.P. Issues of improving the management system for the development and functioning of the electric power industry in the context of its reform [Text]: article // E.P. Volkov, A.A. Barinov - M.: Controlling, 2010

.Galyaev, A.N. Problems of increasing energy efficiency in the electric power industry [Text]: A.N. Galyaev // Russian Entrepreneurship. - 2010. - No. 5 Issue. 2 (159). - c. 138-143.

.Galyaev, A.N. Improving Energy Efficiency in the Russian Electricity Industry in the Crisis and Post-Crisis Periods [Text]: Investment projects- M.: Marketing research -2010-No. 12 Issue. 9 - c. 58-74.

7.Raizberg, B.A. Modern economic dictionary [Text]: dictionary / B.A. Reisberg, L.Sh. Lozovsky, E.B. Starodubtsev. 6th ed., revised. - INFRA-M., 2010

8.Socio-economic geography: history, theory, methods, practice [Text]: Collection of scientific articles. - M.: Smolensk: Universum 2011

.Economical geography Russia [Text]: textbook / ed.: V. I. Vidyapina, M. V. Stepanov. - ed. revised and additional - M. : Infra-M, 2007. - 568 p.

.Titorenko, G.A. Information Technology management [Text]: account. allowance / G.A. Titorenko- M .: UNITI, Publishing house: Unity-Dana, 2012 - 591 p.

11. Filosofova, T. G. Competition, innovation, competitiveness [Text]: textbook. Allowance / T. G. Filosofova<#"justify">Internet resources:

.www.gov. ru (Server of public authorities)

.www.gks. ru (Federal State Statistics Service)

3. www.igu-net.org<#"justify">5.www.libertarium.ru (Moscow Libertarium 1994-2014)

6.www.e-college.ru<#"justify">Annex A

The first stage of the restructuring of the electric power industry in Russia (1992-2002)

Russia's transition to a market economy, which began in 1991, took place simultaneously with the construction of a new federal state, necessitated the reform of the country's electric power industry.

In 1992, the industry was corporatized. Before the implementation of plans for the corporatization of electric power enterprises in order to eliminate the monopolism of energy-surplus regions, maintain the reliability of energy supply, maintain centralized management of modes and preserve the advantages of joint work as part of the Unified Energy System of Russia (UES of Russia) and the country's unified energy systems (IPS) (see Sec. 2) an initial restructuring of the industry was carried out.

Formation of the Holding JSC RAO "UES of Russia"

The main part of the production assets of the country's electric power industry was united within the framework of a holding company - the Russian Joint Stock Company for Energy and Electrification "UES of Russia" (OJSC RAO "UES of Russia"). Shares of joint-stock companies created on the basis of large thermal power plants with a capacity of 1 million kW and more, hydraulic power plants with a capacity of 500 thousand kW (a total of 30 joint-stock companies), and also in a number of cases - property complexes of large power plants. In addition, most of the main high-voltage power lines that form the UES of Russia, shares of the central and property of regional unified dispatching departments, research and design organizations, controlling stakes in regional joint-stock companies in energy and electrification (AO-energo), formed on the basis of regional energy systems - production associations in energy and electrification (POEE). The controlling stake in OAO RAO "UES of Russia" was assigned to the state, which thus retained shareholding control over the power industry assets transferred to this company.

Other Electricity Companies

Two regional energy systems - POEE "Irkutskenergo" and industrial energy association (PEO) "Tatenergo" (before the corporatization existed in the form of the State Unitary Enterprise (SUE)) - were not included in the RAO "UES of Russia" Holding and subsequently corporatized independently.

Nuclear power plants remained in state ownership and in 2001 became part of a single generating company - the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) "Russian State Concern for the Production of Electricity and Thermal Energy at Nuclear Power Plants".

OAO Irkutskenergo

OAO Irkutskenergo, founded in 1992, has retained the vertically integrated structure of the company. All 10 thermal power plants, 3 HPPs, electrical and thermal networks are the company's branches. 40 percent of the shares of this joint-stock company belong to the state.

At the end of 2005, the Board of Directors of OAO Irkutskenergo formed a committee for strategy and reform of the company, which should consider the options proposed by the company's management for reforming the company, taking into account the requirements of the federal laws "On the electric power industry" and "On the peculiarities of the operation of the electric power industry in the transition period."

JSC "Tatenergo"

The restructuring of SUE PEO "Tatenergo" began in December 2001 with the creation of OJSC "Generation Company" and OJSC "Grid Company", and in April 2002 the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan approved the program for the privatization of OJSC "Tatenergo".

To date, the holding company JSC "Tatenergo" includes the parent parent company JSC "Tatenergo" and 5 subsidiaries: JSC "Generation Company", JSC "Grid Company" and CJSC "RDU "Tatenergo" (began operating in April 2005. ), as well as JSC "Kazan Heat Network Company" and LLC "Urussinsky Heat Networks" (started operations in October 2005). At the same time, the largest consumer of electric and thermal energy of the republic, JSC Tatneft, became a co-founder of JSC "Grid Company". The share of the state in JSC "Tatenergo" as of 01.01.2006 is 49%.

The separation of non-core activities into independent companies has been completed.

State Concern "Rosenergoatom"

FUGP "Russian State Concern for the Production of Electrical and Thermal Energy at Nuclear Power Plants" (Concern "Rosenergoatom") was established in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated September 7, 1993 No. 1005 "On the Operating Organization of Nuclear Power Plants of the Russian Federation".

The founder of the Rosenergoatom concern is the State Committee of the Russian Federation for State Property Management, and the parent organization is the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation (currently the Federal Atomic Energy Agency of the Russian Federation).

Initially, the State Concern Rosenergoatom acted as the operating organization for 9 NPPs. Leningrad NPP (LNPP) was an independent operating organization directly subordinated to Minatom of Russia.

By order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 8, 2001 No. 207-r, Rosenergoatom Concern was transformed into a generating company by joining to it operating and nuclear power plants under construction in Russia (including Leningrad NPP, which became a branch of the concern), as well as enterprises providing services for operation, repair and scientific and technical support.

Results and unresolved tasks at the first stage of the restructuring of the electric power industry in Russia

The initial restructuring of the electric power industry and the creation of an industry-wide holding company, OAO RAO UES of Russia, made it possible, in the event of the collapse of the UES of the USSR into national energy systems, to preserve the principles and methods of its operation in Russia, to ensure a fairly reliable energy supply to consumers of electric and thermal energy, with an almost complete rejection of state financing and high inflation, which was replaced by an acute crisis of non-payments. At the same time, such an organization of the electric power industry contributed to the integration of the country's regions. At the same time, the technological basis was not only preserved, but the prerequisites were created for further restructuring of the Russian electric power industry and the development of wholesale electricity trade with a subsequent transition to a competitive electricity market.

As a result of the first stage of restructuring (see Fig. 1.1), the Russian electric power industry partially changed its former vertically integrated structure, and an organizational division by type of activity began:

in the production of electricity, many economic entities with independent economic interests have appeared - power plants of RAO "UES of Russia" (JSC-stations and branches), state-owned nuclear power plants, power plants of AO-energos, which have formed the subject composition of the Federal Wholesale Electricity and Power Market (FOREM);
a significant part of the backbone and high-voltage power lines, as well as the central and unified dispatching departments, were concentrated in RAO UES of Russia;
transmission and distribution networks, the marketing infrastructure of electricity and heat on the territory of the respective constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as a significant share of generating (mainly thermal) capacities after the transfer of large power plants from the POEE, were included in the relevant AO-energos - as a rule, subsidiaries of the Holding RAO UES of Russia.

At the same time, the partial restructuring of the electric power industry and related changes in the system of sectoral management did not solve the fundamental problems of the electric power industry that emerged in the 1980s - the problems of low efficiency of energy production and consumption, insufficient financial stability of electric power companies, poor transparency of their activities for shareholders and potential investors, bad system state regulation.

To ensure the efficient and sustainable functioning of the electric power industry, turning it into an investment-attractive and open for investment industry, it was necessary to carry out the second stage of the restructuring of the electric power industry, which provides for a fundamental change in the structure of the industry and the economic mechanisms of its functioning.

Tasks of the second stage of the restructuring of the electric power industry in Russia (starting from 2002)

The regulatory framework for the further reform of the electric power industry was laid down by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2001 No. 526 “On reforming the electric power industry of the Russian Federation”, a package of laws on reforming the electric power industry (“On the electric power industry”, “On the features of the operation of the electric power industry in the transition period”, etc. .), corporate documents and resolutions of RAO UES of Russia (“Concept of the Strategy of RAO UES of Russia for 2005-2008 “5+5”, etc.).

The new tasks of reforming the electric power industry are:

carrying out restructuring of the electric power industry with the separation of potentially competitive (production and sale of electricity) and monopoly areas of activity in the electric power industry;
preservation and development of a unified power industry infrastructure, including the main power grid infrastructure and the dispatch control system;
liberalization of the wholesale electricity market and the creation of competitive relations in the electricity retail sector, while simultaneously strengthening state regulation of monopoly services of a single industry infrastructure (transmission and distribution networks, operational-technological and commercial dispatch systems, etc.);
creation of conditions for the inflow of investments into the industry for the construction and operation of new capacities for the production (generation) and transmission of electricity;
reforming the system of state regulation, management and supervision in the electric power industry with clarification of the status, scope of competence and procedure for the work of state regulatory bodies;
phased elimination of cross-subsidization of various regions of the country and groups of electricity consumers;
creation of a system of support for low-income segments of the population;
demonopolization of fuel markets for thermal power plants.

Formation of a new organizational structure of the electric power industry in 2002-2005.

The formation of a new organizational structure of the industry began in 2001 immediately after the adoption of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 526 (creation of an electricity market operator, a system operator and a federal grid company).

The implementation of the most complex and large-scale tasks for the restructuring of the electric power industry, related to the reorganization of AO-energos, the creation of new market entities and the further consolidation of the unified national (all-Russian) electric grid (UNEG), began with the adoption and entry into force in April 2003 of a package of laws, formative legislative framework reforming the electric power industry.

At the second stage of the restructuring of the electric power industry, the following structural transformations in the industry were outlined and are currently being implemented:

an operator of the electricity market was created - the Trade System Administrator (ATS), which provides wholesale market entities with services for organizing wholesale trade in electricity;
a system operator (SO) has been created and is undergoing the process of consolidating its organizational structure, centralizing the functions of operational dispatch control of the UES of Russia;
the Federal Grid Company (FGC) was created, which should unite the existing main power transmission lines that form the UNEG. The purpose of the creation of FGC is to ensure the unity of technological management and the implementation of state policy in terms of the power grid complex related to the UNEG;
restructuring of the vast majority of AO-energos was carried out with the separation of competitive (production, electricity sales, production services) and regulated activities (electricity transmission);
inter-regional distribution grid companies (IDGCs) are being formed;
on the basis of thermal and hydraulic power plants of RAO "UES of Russia" and regional energy systems, wholesale and territorial generating companies (OGKs and TGKs) - participants in the wholesale electricity market (see below) have been created and are undergoing the process of organizational consolidation.

Upon completion of the restructuring of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" (see Fig. 1.2), which provides for the distribution of shares of the Holding's subsidiaries among its shareholders in proportion to their shares in the authorized capital of OAO RAO "UES of Russia", the transfer of controlling stakes in infrastructure organizations of the wholesale electricity market will be ensured (SO and FGC) and a generating company established on the basis of large HPPs (JSC HydroOGK) directly to the state.

Trading system administrator

In November 2001, an operator of the electricity market was established - a non-profit partnership "Administrator of the Trading System of the Wholesale Electricity Market of the Unified Energy System" (NP ATS or ATS). OAO RAO "UES of Russia" became one of the founders of NP "ATS". The other founders were the Rosenergoatom Concern, individual federal power plants and regional energy systems, as well as on a parity basis with electricity producers, and a number of large electricity buyers. The functions of the operator of both the regulated and competitive sectors of the wholesale electricity (capacity) market were concentrated in the ATS (see Section 5).

System Operator

In order to maintain operability and increase the efficiency of functioning of the complex system of operational dispatch control of the UES of Russia (see Section 2), in the context of reforming the electric power industry of Russia, in June 2002, a single organization was established - the open joint-stock company "System Operator - Central Dispatch Office of the Unified Energy systems" (JSC "SO-CDU UES"), which is supreme body operational dispatch control in the electric power industry and was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of OAO RAO UES of Russia.

The assets of the Central Dispatch Office (CDU), the territorial unified dispatch departments of RAO UES of Russia (ODU) were transferred to the System Operator, and work is currently underway to complete the process of consolidating the operational dispatch control with the transfer of the assets of regional dispatch departments to SO (RDU) of reformed AO-energos. The process of consolidation of operational dispatch control is carried out in two stages:

at the first stage, regional branches of OAO SO-CDU UES were created, to which AO-energos were transferred the functions of operational dispatch control, as well as the property of regional dispatch offices on a leasehold basis;
at the second stage, the acquisition of assets necessary for the functioning of the RDU is carried out at the expense of funds received as payment for the services of the System Operator.

At the same time, in four regions of the Russian Federation (Republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Novosibirsk and Irkutsk regions), operational dispatch control is currently carried out by organizations that are not part of the System Operator - control centers separated from the relevant regional energy systems, which are 100% subsidiaries ( or structural divisions) of the corresponding AO-energos.

As of December 31, 2005, JSC "SO-CDU UES" has 64 branches (7 branches - SO-ODU and 57 branches - SO-RDU). Most of the property of the RDU, leased at the initial stage to JSC "SO-CDU UES", is currently purchased by the System Operator. In 2006, work continues in this direction.

Federal Grid Company and consolidation of the UNEG power grid complex

In order to manage the Unified National Electric Grid, the Federal Grid Company (JSC FGC UES) was established in 2002 as a wholly owned subsidiary of JSC RAO UES of Russia.

The concentration of management of backbone electric networks in FGC is of fundamental importance for the implementation of a unified tariff policy throughout the UNEG, for ensuring a unified policy in the field of operation, development, technical re-equipment and reconstruction of networks. This will make it possible to create a technological infrastructure of the electricity market that functions according to uniform rules and ensure non-discriminatory access to the networks of all market participants.

Initially, the assets of the UNEG, which were on the balance sheet of RAO UES of Russia, were transferred to the authorized capital of JSC FGC UES.

Currently, the process of further consolidation of the power grid complex belonging to the UNEG is underway, due to the transfer to the management of JSC FGC UES of the main grid assets of the reorganized AO-energos (see below).

For this consolidation in February 2004 Russian fund of federal property (RFBR), together with JSC FGC UES, established seven interregional backbone grid companies (MMGC) (RFBR's share is 85%, the share of JSC FGC UES is 15%). The final procedure for the formation of the power grid complex related to the UNEG was determined by the decision of the Board of Directors of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" dated February 25, 2005, which made changes to the initial scheme for spinning off the backbone networks of AO-energos, forming MMSKs and transferring them under the control of FGC.

This procedure involves 3 stages (see Fig. 1.3):

At the same time, MSK and MMSK at all stages of reform will be companies that own only backbone networks, but do not carry out the functions of operating and developing networks - these processes will be managed by FGC.

In accordance with the adopted scheme for consolidating the UNEG power grid complex in 2005, during the reorganization of AO-energos (see below), 45 backbone grid companies (MSCs) were formed, and on a contractual basis, UNEG facilities owned by MSCs were transferred to the use of MMSC Center ". In turn, MMSK "Center" transferred the assets of the UNEG to the sublease of JSC FGC UES.

Since January 1, 2006 JSC FGC UES has set a single tariff for the transmission of electricity through the UNEG networks, taking into account the UNEG facilities separated from the AO-Energos.

Reorganization of regional energy systems and formation of new subjects of the electricity market

The decision to separate the main activities (competitive and natural monopoly) of the existing AO-energos was enshrined in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 526. In accordance with this resolution, the Board of Directors of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" in 2002 approved the "basic" option for reforming AO-energos, which provides for the reorganization of AO-energos in the form of spinning off new companies by type of activity (generation, transmission, sales of electricity, etc.). ) with a proportional division of the shares of the newly created companies among the shareholders of the reorganized AO-energos. In addition, the Board of Directors of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" approved a number of projects for reforming AO-energos on an individual basis according to schemes different from the "basic" option.

As a result of the reorganization of AO-energos, a large number of new energy companies were created in the Russian electric power industry - these are, as a rule, Management Company, a regional generating company (RGK), a distribution grid company (DGC), a sales company, and one or more repair and service companies.

As of December 31, 2005, projects for reforming 68 AO-energos were approved, of which 50 were projects under the "basic" option and 18 - under the "non-basic" option. Implementation of 47 projects has been completed.

The list of reformed AO-energos as of December 31, 2005 is presented in Appendix P-1.1.

In 2006, it is planned to complete the division of AO-energos by types of activity.

The next stage in the reform of regional energy systems is the implementation of horizontal inter-regional integration (consolidation of WGCs, TGCs, IDGCs) of single-industry companies.

Interregional distribution grid companies

Distribution grid companies created in the process of reorganization of AO-energos, in most cases, retain the former name of the regional energy system.

In accordance with the Strategy Concept of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" for 2005-2008. (“5+5”) provides for the consolidation of the assets of distribution grid companies within the framework of interregional distribution grid companies (IDGCs).

By the end of 2005, on the basis of the property complex of distribution networks of AO-energos, 50 DGCs were formed (including 4 companies in 2004, 46 companies in 2005), and four IDGCs were created - IDGC of Center and the North Caucasus, OAO IDGC of the Urals and Volga, OAO IDGC of the North-West, and OAO IDGC of Siberia.

In order to ensure the integrated management of distribution grid complexes and ensure the reliability of their operation, in 2005 an agreement was concluded between RAO UES of Russia and JSC FGC UES for the transfer of IDGC shares to JSC FGC UES of Russia in trust for the period of reform.

Generation companies

One of the most important components of the process of reforming the Russian power industry is the creation of a competitive generation sector by grouping existing power plants into independent generating companies (GCs). The efficiency of the future electricity market will directly depend on the correct grouping of power plants, and hence the possibility of using the competition mechanism to form electricity prices.

In the process of restructuring the generating capacity sector within the framework of the RAO "UES of Russia" Holding, the following were created:

The composition of the GCs was determined taking into account the requirements to limit their market power in the competitive electricity market, which predetermined the use of the extraterritorial principle of forming WGCs - the largest participants in the electricity market that affect prices. In addition, the composition of WGCs was selected in such a way that these companies had comparable starting conditions in the electricity market (in terms of installed capacity, average wear and tear of equipment and age of the main equipment, projected return on assets, etc.) .

The composition and procedure for the formation of WGCs were approved by orders of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The principles for integrating regional generating companies into TGCs are defined by the Main Directions for Reforming the Electric Power Industry of the Russian Federation (Decree of the Government of Russia No. 526). The decision to create TGCs was approved by the Board of Directors of RAO UES of Russia (April 23, 2004), which also approved the configuration and projects for the formation of each TGC.

In addition to WGCs and TCGs formed on the basis of the assets of RAO UES of Russia, the Rosenergoatom Concern, generating companies of the Tatenergo Holding, power plants of OAO Irkutskenergo and a number of other electricity producers operate on the wholesale market.

The location of the power plants of the WGC and the Rosenergoatom Concern, as well as the areas of operation of the TGC and other companies are shown in Fig. 1.4.

The list of generating companies and the composition of their power plants is presented in Annex P-1.2.

Formation of WGCs based on TPPs

WGCs are formed on the basis of TPPs in accordance with the “basic” version approved by the Board of Directors of RAO UES of Russia on September 26, 2003, in the following order:

at the first stage, WGCs were established as wholly owned subsidiaries of OAO RAO UES of Russia with the contribution of the property of power plants owned by OAO RAO UES of Russia and shares of AO power plants as payment for the authorized capital;
at the second stage, the shares of AO-power plants, spun off as a result of the reorganization of AO-energos, owned by OAO RAO UES of Russia, are paid for in WGC shares.

As of December 31, 2005, the state registration of all 6 thermal WGCs took place.

The target structure of thermal WGCs, approved by the Board of Directors, provides for the creation of unified operating companies by merging the relevant AO-power plants with WGCs and terminating their activities as independent legal entities and transformation of these power plants into production subsidiaries of WGCs.

Consolidation of OGK's production and financial assets will make it possible to increase their investment attractiveness and will make it possible to start placing additional shares to finance top-priority investment projects.

In order to consolidate WGCs during 2005, the Board of Directors of RAO UES of Russia took decisions on the parameters for the formation of all thermal WGCs: terms and ratios for the exchange/conversion of shares in AO power plants for shares in the respective thermal WGCs.

It is planned to complete the formation of the target structure of thermal WGCs in 2006.

Formation of WGCs based on HPPs

Based on the peculiarities of the functioning of hydroelectric power plants in the wholesale electricity market of Russia and the requirements of Russian legislation on maintaining the strategic control of the state over the country's hydropower generation, the Russian Government decided to form the Unified Federal Hydrogenerating Company (OJSC HydroOGK).

The target structure (functioning model) of JSC HydroOGK involves the creation of a single operating company with its affiliated hydroelectric power plants.

The process of forming a single operating company on the basis of JSC HydroOGK involves several stages:

at the first stage, JSC HydroOGK and AO-HPP are reorganized, 100% minus 1 share of which is owned by JSC HydroOGK, in the form of a merger (merger);
at the second stage, the assets of the Russian Federation are contributed to the authorized capital of JSC HydroOGK by acquiring shares in this company;
at the third stage, the remaining subsidiaries and dependent companies of JSC HydroOGK are being reorganized in the form of a merger with the parent company. At the same time, the maximum possible number of AO-HPPs to be joined should be determined taking into account the need to maintain the share of the Russian Federation in the authorized capital of JSC HydroOGK at least 50% plus 1 voting share. To maintain this share, it is planned to contribute additional assets of the Russian Federation to the authorized capital of OAO HydroOGK.

In order to implement measures to form JSC HydroOGK in 2005:

stakes in 15 hydroelectric power plants and shares (100% of the authorized capital minus 1 share) of Volga Hydropower Cascade Management Company OJSC (renamed to OJSC UK HydroOGK) were contributed to its authorized capital;
by the end of 2006 it is planned to increase authorized capital OAO HydroOGK through an additional issue of shares and place it by closed subscription in favor of OAO RAO UES of Russia and the Russian Federation.

Formation of THC

Inter-regional integration of generating assets (mainly CHPPs) of reorganized AO-energos into TGCs makes it possible to form more financially stable companies that can compete in the wholesale electricity market, as well as in the field of regional heat supply to consumers.

The "basic" option for the formation of TGCs provides that at the initial stage, TGCs are established as 100% subsidiaries of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" with the possibility of participation of minority shareholders of RGCs in the authorized capital of TGCs. Along with the "basic" option, an alternative option is also used, which allows for the joint establishment of TGCs by several regional generating companies (RGKs) formed as a result of the reorganization of AO-energos.

The target structure of all TGKs, as well as OGKs, provides for the formation of unified operating companies through the reorganization of TGKs and TGKs in the form of a merger. A number of TGCs, in addition to power plants, will include assets of heating networks and boiler houses. The possibility of their subsequent integration with municipal enterprises in the field of heat supply is not ruled out.

In the process of reorganization, RGC shareholders are offered fair conversion ratios for the shares of regional generating companies. In the event that RGC shareholders do not take a decision to take over, it is assumed that such RGCs will remain subsidiaries (affiliates) of TGCs, and the corresponding TGC will function as a production and financial (or financial) holding.

To ensure the accelerated launch of TGC operations, the following possibilities are allowed:

lease by territorial generating companies of the generating capacities of the respective RGCs (JSC-Energo);
transferring to territorial generating companies the functions of the sole executive body of the respective RGCs.

As of December 31, 2005, the Board of Directors of RAO "UES of Russia" approved the projects for the creation of all 14 TGCs. The project for the creation of TGC-7 was approved as part of the project for reforming the energy systems managed by OAO Srednevolzhskaya Interregional Energy Management Company. Creation of TGK-3 is determined by the project of reforming OAO Mosenergo. State registration of 13 out of 14 TGKs was carried out. Five TGCs have started operations. 12 TGKs are in the process of merging their respective regional generating companies with TGKs.

In 2006-2007 it is planned to complete the process of consolidation of TGKs and start circulation of shares of these companies on the stock market.

Sales companies

As a result of the reorganization of AO-energos, sales companies (SCs) are being created, which, when a competitive electricity market is launched, will act as guaranteeing suppliers (SEs). If the IC does not comply with the rules and requirements for the SE, which will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation, this company can engage in competitive sales activities in the field of supplying electricity to end consumers.

Competitive UK will also be created by independent organizations.

In 2005, 42 regional SCs were formed in the electricity sales sector. In order to increase the financial stability of the established ICs, the Board of Directors of RAO UES of Russia approved the decision to transfer the blocks of shares in power supply companies owned by RAO UES of Russia to trust management of TGCs operating in the corresponding territory of the country.

Repair and service companies

For the purpose of organizing competitive environment in the field of repair and maintenance services for electric power companies and the formation of participants in the repair services market, it was decided to separate the repair divisions into subsidiaries of AO-energos, AO-power plants with the subsequent sale of shares in these subsidiary repair companies to third-party interested organizations. In regions where it is impossible to form an efficient market for repair services, repair services will be carried out by subsidiaries of generating and grid companies, as well as by their own personnel.

The mass separation of repair divisions, on the basis of which repair companies were formed, took place during 2003-2004. As of the end of 2004, state registration of 173 repair companies was carried out, and at the end of 2005 - 188 companies.

With regard to AO-energo subsidiaries specializing in the provision of repair services for grid facilities, it is planned either to sell their stakes or transfer these stakes to the balance of RGCs created during the restructuring of AOenergo with subsequent consideration of the sale.

In the target structure of the industry, repair services, along with the established repair companies, will be provided by manufacturers of power equipment, general engineering companies and other participants in this market.

Reformation of the scientific and design complex

The reform of the scientific and design complex (RPC) is focused on the creation of integrated companies that carry out engineering activities for generating, grid and other companies in the electric power industry.

At the initial stage of the reform of RAO UES of Russia, the scientific and design complex of the electric power industry consisted of 62 organizations that are subsidiaries and affiliates of RAO UES of Russia, including 13 research institutes and 49 design and service organizations.

During 2003-2004 on the basis of scientific, design and service organizations, multidisciplinary complex engineering companies were created - scientific and technical centers (STCs). The reorganization was carried out by joining institutions to previously established management companies. Prior to the reorganization, the affiliated institutions were independent legal entities.

In total, by the end of 2004, six territorial scientific and technical centers were created, 100% of whose shares are owned by OAO RAO UES of Russia.

The target structure involves the formation of the UES Engineering Center and seven regional scientific and technical centers - engineering companies providing a full range of services: from diagnostics and design to acceptance of work, including organizing equipment supplies, organizing the selection of contractors.

Results of restructuring of the electric power industry in 2005

On the whole, 2005 became the year of the most large-scale transformations in the electric power industry of Russia over the entire period of its reform.

The main changes in the structure of the power industry in 2005 were associated with the development of the process of reforming the RAO "UES of Russia" Holding - the implementation of projects for the reorganization of AO-energos with the establishment of companies by type of activity and the creation of interregional companies (generating, grid, etc.).

The structure of the industry as of December 31, 2005 is shown in fig. 1.5.

1.2. Planned changes in the organizational structure of the industry in 2006

Formation of new industry entities

In 2006, the large-scale restructuring of the Russian electric power industry will continue, including the solution of the following main tasks:

Reformation of the Holding JSC RAO "UES of Russia"

In accordance with the direction of reforming the electric power industry approved by the Government of Russia and the decisions of the Board of Directors of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" dated July 28, August 30, September 22 and October 27, 2006, the Company's reorganization will be carried out in two stages:

at the end of 2006 - III-IV quarters of 2007 the implementation of the first stage is scheduled, within the framework of which OAO OGK-5 and OAO TGK-5 will be spun off from OAO RAO UES of Russia. The first stage of the reorganization of OAO RAO "UES of Russia" will be carried out by separating the intermediate OAO "OGK-5 Holding" and OAO "TGK-5 Holding", to the balance of which the blocks of shares of the target OAO "OGK-5" owned by OAO RAO "UES of Russia" will be transferred and OAO TGC-5, respectively. Simultaneously with the spin-off, in accordance with the amendments to the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”, the intermediate OAO OGK-5 Holding and OAO TGK-5 Holding are merged with the target OAO OGK-5 and OAO TGK-5, respectively. As a result of the reorganization of OAO RAO "UES of Russia", all shareholders will receive shares in OAO "OGK-5" and OAO "TGK-5" in proportion to their share in the authorized capital of OAO RAO "UES of Russia", taking into account the current regulations of the Russian Federation. In the event of separation of OAO OGK-5 and OAO TGK-5 from OAO RAO UES of Russia and issue of additional shares, the state's share in the authorized capital of these companies will not decrease below 25% + 1 share (blocking stake);
during the second stage in 2007-2008. OAO RAO "UES of Russia" will be terminated through its division into companies of the target structure of the industry (FSK, System Operator, WGC, TGC, IDGC, etc.).

Reforming the electric power industry of the Far East

In accordance with the project for reforming the energy systems of the Far East, based on the assets of OAO Dalenergo, OAO Khabarovskenergo, OAO Amurenergo, ZAO LuTEK and the southern part of OAO Yakutskenergo, in January 2007 it is planned to create a single holding company - OAO " Far Eastern Energy Company (FEC). This company will become the sole shareholder of OAO Far Eastern Generating Company (DGC) and OAO Far Eastern Distribution Grid Company (DRSK). The FEC will also be entrusted with the functions of selling electricity.

DGK and DRSK will be created, respectively, on the basis of generating, heating and distribution grid assets of OAO Dalenergo, OAO Khabarovskenergo, OAO Amurenergo, ZAO LuTEK and OAO Yuzhnoye Yakutskenergo.

The UNEG facilities owned by OAO Dalenergo, OAO Khabarovskenergo, OAO Amurenergo and OAO Yakutskenergo (southern energy district) will be separated by creating 100% SDCs of these companies with contributions to the authorized capital of UNEG facilities and further affiliation of the created companies to OJSC MMSK Center.

Special decisions will be made on the structure of the isolated power systems of the Far East.

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1 In 1992, only about 13 regions of Russia were self-balancing (with deviations within +/-10% of their total electricity demand), while 19 regions were surplus and 45 regions were deficient.

3 Established in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 721 dated July 1, 1992.

4 The Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation was reorganized into the Federal Atomic Energy Agency of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation on March 9, 2004.

5 Including federal laws “On the electric power industry”, “On the peculiarities of the operation of the electric power industry in the transition period”, etc.

6 The modified mechanism for separating backbone grids makes it possible to quickly transfer UNEG facilities of AO-energos under the shareholder control of FGC, since RAO UES of Russia has the opportunity to contribute its stakes in MGCs to the authorized capital of OAO FGC UES immediately after the formation of these companies, the necessary corporate procedures for implementing this scheme.

7 In the event that the shareholders of the MSC do not make a decision to join the MMSK, such MSK will exist independently as owners of UNEG facilities, handing them over to FGC.

8 The “non-basic” options for reforming regional energy systems include the following projects: a project for reforming AO-energos managed by OJSC “Caucasian Energy Management Company (KEUK)” (JSC “Ingushenergo”, OJSC “Kabbalkenergo”, OJSC “Karachayevo-Cherkesskenergo” and OJSC “ Sevkavkazenergo); the project of reforming OAO Samaraenergo, OAO Saratovenergo, OAO Ulyanovskenergo; the project of reforming JSC "Kalm-energo"; the project of reforming JSC "Pskovenergo"; reform projects for energy companies in the Far East.

9 With the exception of TGC-12 (in the future, generating assets of OAO Kuzbassenergo and OAO Altaienergo will be included).

10 On average, each WGC has about 9 GW of installed capacity.

11 Criteria and principles for establishing wholesale generating companies were reviewed and approved in 2002 by the Commission of the Government of the Russian Federation on reforming the Russian electric power industry.

12 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1254-r dated September 1, 2003 (“On the Composition of Generating Companies of the Wholesale Electricity Market”) and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1367-r dated October 25, 2004, which clarified the earlier decision regarding the creation of the Unified Hydrogenerating Company.

13 OAO OGK-1, OAO OGK-2, OAO OGK-3, OAO OGK-4, OAO OGK-5, OAO OGK-6.

14 Formation of the target structure of JSC OGK-3 was completed on April 1, 2006, and JSC OGK-4 - on July 1, 2006.

16 OAO Volzhskaya HPP (83.31% of the authorized capital), OAO Votkinskaya HPP (59.84% of the authorized capital), OAO Zhigulevskaya HPP (84.11% of the authorized capital), OAO Kamskaya HPP (100 % of the authorized capital - 1 share), OAO Cascade of Verkhnevolzhskiye HPPs (100% of the authorized capital - 1 share), OAO Nizhegorodskaya HPP (100% of the authorized capital - 1 share), OAO Saratovskaya HPP (100% of the authorized capital - 1 share), OJSC Boguchanskaya HPP (64.22% of the authorized capital), OJSC Bureyskaya HPP (15.91% of the authorized capital), OJSC Zaramagskiye HPP (77.45% of the authorized capital), OJSC Zeyskaya HPP ” (56.39% of the authorized capital), OJSC Zelenchuksky HPPs (97.29% of the authorized capital), OJSC Kabbalk HPP (50.34% of the authorized capital), OJSC Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP named after. P.S. Neporozhny (78.8% of the authorized capital), OAO Sulakenergo (53.62% of the authorized capital).

17 The shares of the companies owned by OAO RAO "UES of Russia" owned as a result of the reorganization of AO-energos will be used as payment for the shares of the additional issue: OAO "Cheboksarskaya HPP"; OJSC "Dagestan Regional Generating Company"; JSC "Zagorskaya GAES"; OAO Stavropol Electric Generating Company; shares and additional shares of joint-stock companies established on the basis of HPP property owned by RAO UES of Russia; property complex of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station; shares of additional issues of OAO Bureyskaya HPP, OAO Zaramagskiye HPP, OAO Sulakenergo, OAO Zelenchukskiye HPP, as well as other property to be included in OAO HydroOGK.

18 In the event that minority shareholders with a block of shares sufficient to block this decision expressed their disagreement with the reorganization.

19 OJSC TGK-1, OJSC TGK-2, OJSC TGK-3, OJSC TGK-4, OJSC TGK-5, OJSC TGK-6, OJSC Volzhskaya TGK-7 , OAO Southern Generation Company TGK-8, OAO TGK-9, OAO TGK-10, OAO TGK-11, OAO TGK-12, OAO TGK-13, OAO TGK- fourteen".

20 For the merger of MSCs registered after December 1, 2005, it is planned to reorganize OAO MMSK Center in 2007.

21 A 100% subsidiary of OAO Yakutskenergo, created on the basis of the assets of the southern energy region of this energy system (about 20% of the total assets of OAO Yakutskenergo).

1.2 Structure of the electric power industry in Russia

The main groups of companies and organizations:

1. Generating companies of the wholesale market

2. Power grid companies

3. Energy supply companies

4. Companies that manage the modes of the unified energy system of Russia

5. Companies responsible for the development and operation of the commercial infrastructure of the market (WECM and retail markets)

6. Organizations exercising control and regulation in the industry

7. Consumers of electrical energy, small producers of electrical energy

Key characteristics of groups of companies and their composition:

1 group. generating companies. Generating companies are large companies whose assets are power plants of various types. In total, 20 new thermal generating companies were established, as well as 1 generating company that produces electricity and power at most hydroelectric power plants in Russia. In addition, there is 1 company operating all nuclear power plants in the country. Thus, nuclear power plants are managed by Rosenergoatom, almost all hydroelectric power plants are owned by RusHydro. Among the thermal power plants there are 6 wholesale generating companies (WGCs) operating large thermal power plants - GRES, the total installed capacity of each of these companies is more than 8 GW. The power plants of each OGK are located in different regions of Russia. Also, 14 territorial generating companies have been created, which own medium-sized TPPs and TPPs. Power plants and combined heat and power plants owned by the same TGC are located on the same territory (1 region or a number of neighboring regions of the country).

2 group. Electricity companies. Power grid companies are represented, firstly, by a giant company: the Federal Grid Company (FGC), which owns the so-called backbone networks - that is, high-voltage power lines (TL) (mainly 220 kV, 330 kV, 500 kV). Relatively speaking, these are transport arteries that connect various energy systems across the vast territory of the country, that is, they provide the possibility of flowing significant amounts of electricity and power over long distances between large remote energy systems. FGC, therefore, is of strategic importance not only for the electricity industry, but also for the economy of the entire country. Therefore, it is controlled by the state, which owns almost 80% of the company's shares.

IDGC of Center and Volga Region

IDGC of the South

IDGC of the North Caucasus

IDGC of Volga

IDGC of Urals

IDGC of Siberia

Tyumenenergo

Moscow Electric Grid Company

Lenenergo

Yantarenergo

The last group of grid companies is small territorial grid organizations (TSOs). These organizations serve, as a rule, the power grids of small municipalities; they can be owned by both municipal authorities and private regional investors. The number of such organizations is large, but the share of their services in terms of value compared to the cost of services of IDGC Holding and FGC is not so significant. Here it is worth mentioning the existence of ownerless networks - that is, such electric networks, the ownership of which is not assigned to any owner. This has become possible as a result of multiple economic transformations that have shaken the country's economy over the past decades.

Due to the weak manageability and low level of control over the activities of small TSOs by municipal and regional authorities, other state bodies, as well as due to the weak motivation of current owners to develop and maintain the power grids of their TSOs, more and more often there are proposals for the absorption of small grid companies by companies of structure IDGC. This, on the one hand, certainly runs counter to the ideas of industry reform (growth in the number of participants and development of competition), but on the other hand, in the conditions of Russian reality (the inefficiency of small owners tuned in to the short-term use of the inherited asset with the maximum short-term return to the detriment of investment development) can be effective.

3rd group. Energy supply companies. The main representatives of this group of companies in the industry are power supply companies - the heirs of the RAO UES empire. These are "fragments" of vertically integrated AO-energos that have received a special status - the status of a supplier of last resort. In view of this specificity, the energy sales segment is perhaps the most unreformed segment of all today.

4 group. Companies managing the modes of the unified energy system of Russia This is, first of all, the System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia (SO UES), as well as its territorial divisions. The system operator bears an important "intellectual" burden from a technological point of view. It controls the electric power regimes in the power system. Its commands are mandatory for the subjects of operational dispatch control (primarily for generating and electric grid companies).

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ZA "CFR" conducts financial settlements in the market.

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Development of the electric power industry

Despite the fact that electricity, as a kind of energy resource, was known to mankind for a relatively long time, before its rapid start of development there was a serious problem - the inability to transmit electricity over long distances. It was this problem that held back the development of the electric power industry until the end of the eighteenth century. Based on the discovery effective way power transmission, technologies began to develop, the basis of which was electric current. The telegraph, electric motors, the principle of electric lighting - all this became a real breakthrough, which entailed not only the invention and constant improvement of mechanical electrical generating machines (generators), but also entire power plants.

One of the most significant milestones in the development of the electric power industry can be called hydroelectric power plants (HPP), the operation of which is based on the so-called renewable energy sources, which look like pre-prepared water masses. To date, this type of power plant is one of the most efficient and proven for decades.

The domestic history of the formation and development of the electric power industry is filled with unique achievements and the brightest contrast between the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary periods. And if the first of the two periods is due to the negligible volume of power generation and the almost complete lack of development of the electric power industry as a global industrial sector, then the second period is a real and undeniable technological breakthrough that provided widespread electrification in the shortest possible time, which also affected many Soviet factories and plants, and every Soviet citizen. The ubiquitous total electrification of our country has made it possible to overtake and, in many industries, significantly outstrip in the development of technologies many foreign countries, thus forming an unsurpassed industrial potential for the middle of the twentieth century. Of course, the electric power industry developed just as rapidly abroad, but in terms of its mass character and accessibility, it never managed to surpass the level of the Soviet Union.

Power Industry Industries

Today, the electric power industry can be divided into three fundamental technological branches, each of which generates electricity in its own unique way.

Nuclear power

A high-tech and most promising branch of the electric power industry, which is based on the process of fission of atomic nuclei in specially adapted reactors. The thermal energy generated during nuclear fission is converted into electricity.

Thermal energy

The basis of this energy is one or another fuel (gas, coal, certain types of petroleum products), which, when burned, is transformed into electricity.

hydropower

The key aspect of power generation in this type of energy is water, which is stored in a certain way in rivers and reservoirs (reservoirs). The stored water masses pass through the power generating turbines, thereby generating a significant amount of electricity.

In addition to this, one can note the so-called alternative energy, which, for the most part, is based on environmentally friendly resources. Such resources include sunlight, wind power and geothermal sources. However, alternative energy is, first of all, a bold experiment than a full-fledged electric power industry that does not have the required efficiency.

Power industry in Russia

Russia is one of the giants of electric power generation and an advanced power in the field of electric power industry. Advanced technology, rich Natural resources, many fast full-flowing rivers made it possible to develop and put into operation modern highly efficient nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power plants. The constant development and improvement of technologies has led to the formation of one of the world's largest energy networks, which includes a huge amount of generated and consumed electric current.

The electric power industry of Russia is divided into several large energy companies, which, as a rule, operate on a territorial basis and are responsible for their strictly defined share of the industry. The main generating capacities of the country are in nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, where the latter provide about 18-20% of electricity per year.

It is important to note that the modernization of existing and commissioning of new power plants is constantly being carried out. To date, the total volume of electricity generated fully covers all the needs of industry and society, allowing for a stable increase in energy exports to neighboring countries.

Power industry of the countries of the world

Any large state with a developed industrial sector will always be a very large producer and consumer of electricity. Consequently, the electric power industry in any of these states is a strategically important industrial sector that constantly needs to be developed. Countries with a developed electric power industry include: Russia, the USA, Germany, France, Japan, China, India and some other countries, where either a consistently high level of economy and industrial potential is observed, or there is active economic growth.

The electric power industry is one of the constituent parts of the economy, in which the process of production, transmission, distribution and consumption of electric energy is implemented. The electric power industry affects all sectors of the economy, providing them with electricity.

The Unified Electric Power System of Russia is a system of integrated electrical facilities (power stations, electrical and thermal networks, power lines, transformer substations, switchgears) connected by a single process of production, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical energy in order to meet the needs of consumers. The modern electric power industry of Russia consists of thermal power plants (with a capacity of 149.2 million kW), hydraulic power plants (with a capacity of 42.3 million kW) and nuclear power plants (with a capacity of 22.4 million kW), connected by high-voltage power lines (TL) with a total length more than 2.5 million km.

Until 1992, the Russian electric power industry had a vertically integrated two-level management structure: the Ministry of Energy and Electrification, energy production associations.

In 1992, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation was signed, regulating the management of the electric power industry in the Russian Federation in the context of privatization, which established the procedure and features of corporatization in the electric power industry:

The Russian Joint Stock Company for Energy and Electrification (RAO "UES of Russia") was formed, the authorized capital included:
- Property of main power transmission lines with a voltage of 220 kV and above with substations and general system means of regime and emergency automation;
- Property of hydraulic power plants with a capacity of 300 MW and more, GRES with a capacity of 1000 MW and more;
- Property of the central dispatching department (CDU) of the UES, seven unified dispatching departments (ODD) of the country's energy zones, production association (PO) "Long-distance power transmission";
- Regional joint-stock companies power industry and power industry enterprises in which the Russian Federation has at least 49% of shares.
Shares of 70 regional AO-energos, 332 construction and installation organizations of the industry, 75 research and industry design and survey institutes, as well as special educational establishments industries.
CDU, ODU of energy zones, PA "Distant Electric Transmissions", design and research institutes, educational institutions of the industry will be transformed into joint-stock companies without their privatization. This kept the state in control of the management and development strategy of the industry.
295 main power lines with a voltage of 220 kV and above with substations in 7 energy zones of the country.
51 thermal and hydraulic power plants in 7 energy zones of the UES, as well as energy facilities of the industry's dispatch control. These power plants form the backbone of FOREM (Federal Wholesale Electricity (Capacity) Market).

In the period 1992 - 2008, the electric power industry remained a monopolized sector of the country's economy (Figure 1).

The technological basis of the work was the electrical network of RAO "UES of Russia" and the networks of supplying organizations. The number of FOREM subjects was not limited, any organization that complied with all the rules could become a FOREM subject. At that time, 16 TPPs, 9 HPPs, 8 NPPs, and 7 energy-surplus AO-Energos were the suppliers of electricity and capacity at FOREM. 59 AO-energos bought electricity from FOREM, and five consumers are market entities. Within the single market space, electricity was supplied from producers to consumers under the organized management of RAO "UES of Russia" and the dispatching department of the CDU of the UES of Russia.

Figure 1 Structure of the electricity industry from 1992 to 2008

The sale of electrical energy (capacity) by each FOREM entity was carried out only within the boundaries of the balance sheet ownership of the seller's electrical network at the tariffs established Federal Service according to tariffs (FTS of Russia).

In the FOREM market, such a situation developed that electricity was distributed to its own territory and, in fact, the power plant producing this energy could not enter the market (Figure 2) .

Figure 2. Structure of the electricity market until 2008

In the figures presented above, we see that there was a vertically integrated management of the Unified Energy System in the country.

The vertically integrated circuit had a number of features:
Opportunity to optimize generating capacities;
Monopoly on electricity supply;
State regulation of tariffs;
Reduction of investment risks for energy companies;
The development of the elements of the technological chain was carried out according to a single plan;
Possibility of concentration of financial resources.

In 2000, a reform was conceived in the electric power industry, which resulted in: low efficiency of state regulation of the industry, production and consumption of electric energy, reduced controllability and efficiency of operation, lack of investment resources, reduced reliability of power supply, crisis state of scientific and technical development, deterioration of sustainability indicators , the lack of an effective system of corporate governance.

As a basis for reforming the electric power industry, a program of its restructuring was adopted, with the division of all types of activities into monopoly (transmission of electric energy, operational dispatch control) and competitive (generation, sales, repair services, non-core activities).

The purpose of the reform of the power industry was to create competition, reduce electricity tariffs, improve the country's energy security, the reliability of energy supply to consumers and the efficiency of the industry, ensure investment attractiveness power industry and compliance with environmental requirements.

It was supposed to create a full-fledged competitive wholesale electricity market, the formation of retail markets for electricity, providing a reliable energy supply to consumers and ensuring a reduction in electricity tariffs.

The transmission of electricity through the main (backbone) and distribution networks, as a monopoly activity, is regulated by the state, and all market participants are provided with equal access to services natural monopolies(Figure 3).

Figure 3. The Russian electricity market after the completion of the 2008 reform

In the course of the reform of the electric power industry, companies specialized in certain types of activities were identified:

Electricity production (generation) - commercial activity of an economic entity engaged in the production and sale of electrical energy (capacity), the company sends electricity to the wholesale or retail market for further sale (purchase).

Transmission of electric energy (power) - the provision by network organizations - subjects of the wholesale market of services for the transmission of electricity (power) through the main power lines.

Distribution of electrical energy (capacity) - provision by commercial organizations - subjects of the wholesale and retail market of services for the supply of electrical energy (capacity) through networks.

Sales of electrical energy (capacity) - sale of electrical energy to consumers on the basis of power supply contracts receiving electrical energy from generating or sales companies.

Relations in the competitive wholesale market are formed on the basis of free commercial interaction, but according to established rules.

As a result, the backbone networks were transferred to the newly formed Federal Grid Company, the distribution grids - under the control of the Interregional Distribution Grid Company (IDGC), the assets of regional dispatching departments were transferred to the System Operator.

Wholesale and territorial generating companies are owned by private individuals, and hydroelectric power plants are merged into the RusHydro company, which is under state control, the operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants is entrusted to Rosenergoatom Concern OJSC, a division of Rosatom State Corporation. WGCs unite power plants specialized in the production of electrical energy, TGCs include power plants producing both thermal and electrical energy.

To minimize monopoly abuses, all WGC power plants are located in different regions of the country. In the process of reforming, generating companies (OGKs) became the largest participants in the wholesale market. WGC composition is selected as follows: in terms of capacity, annual income, depreciation of fixed assets and the amount of resources consumed.

Territorial generating companies (TGCs) unite the power plants of several neighboring regions that are not included in the OGKs - mainly combined heat and power plants that produce both electricity and heat. These generating companies sell electricity and heat in their regions.

All sellers and buyers of electricity who comply with the established rules and produce electricity or are intermediaries between producers and buyers are provided with the right to enter the wholesale electricity market.

After the reform, joint-stock companies of energy and electrification (AO-energo) were transferred to the jurisdiction of regional grid companies, which were given the status of last resort suppliers. They are obliged to conclude contracts for electricity supply with any consumers located in their zone. Until 2011, guaranteeing suppliers supplied electricity on the basis of regulated tariffs, however, since January 1, 2011, electricity is supplied in full at free (non-regulated) prices, but this does not apply to the population, which still receives electricity at regulated tariffs.

Can be engaged in marketing activities commercial organization that meets the specified requirements. Independent sales organizations supply electricity to consumers at negotiated prices. Consumers who meet the requirements for the minimum volume of electricity consumption and are equipped with electrical energy control and metering devices have the right to buy electricity from an independent electricity sales organization.

Power transmission lines are the backbone of the Russian energy system. In order to preserve and strengthen the technological unity, the main power transmission lines were transferred to the Federal Grid Company, which provides:

interaction on the wholesale electricity market of producers and consumers;
connection of regions to a single electric grid;
equal access to the wholesale electricity market for sellers and buyers.

The Federal Grid Company is a state-owned company and services for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy are regulated.

Forecasting the production and consumption of electrical energy is provided by the System Operator and provides all market participants with services for managing the operating modes of the energy system. The activities of the system operator are controlled by the state, and payment for services for its activities is approved by the authorized government agency. The tasks of the system operator are to manage the operating modes of the Unified Energy System of Russia, and can also ensure a balance in the production and consumption of electricity, control the uninterrupted power supply and quality of electricity.

The Trade System Administrator (ATS) carries out activities to organize trade in the wholesale electricity (capacity) market, related to the conclusion and execution of contracts for the supply of electricity.

To date, in the hands of private companies are: sales, administration of the trading system and repair (service) organizations. It can be concluded from title documents that the trading system administrator and sales companies do not produce or transmit electricity. The trading system administrator is responsible for the legal aspects of the sale of electricity, and the sales companies are intermediaries between producers and consumers of electricity. The remaining areas of activity in the electric power industry, such as: distribution and transmission of electric energy, nuclear and isolated power plants, are in the hands of the state, however, each intermediary between producers and consumers of electric energy has its own component in the tariff for electric energy.

Since January 1, 2011, electricity has been supplied in full at free (non-regulated) prices, that is, the electricity market has been liberalized, but this does not apply to the population, which still receives it at regulated tariffs.

After reforming the industry, the price of electricity is set at the highest tariff, which is indicated by the last supplier selected on the wholesale market. As a result of the reform, it was assumed that prices would begin to decline due to competition in the industry. To date, electricity prices continue to rise, which will lead to market monopolization.

We calculate the cost of electricity for each type of power plant - thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants. The amount of electricity E otp supplied by a separate power plant to the market, and the amount of electricity E floor received by consumers from the market, is established in accordance with the balance for market entities.

Let's take the average figures for each power plant:

TPP with installed capacity of 200 MW operates in semi-peak mode using installed capacity for 4740 hours per year;
HPP with installed capacity of 800 MW operates in the peak part of the load schedule using installed capacity for 3570 hours per year;
A nuclear power plant with an installed capacity of 1000 MW operates in the base part of the electrical load schedule using the installed capacity for 6920 hours per year.

The annual supply of electricity to the market is determined by multiplying the installed capacity of the power plant and the annual number of hours of operation, minus the consumption of electricity for the power plant's own needs.

Table 1 - Technical and economic performance indicators of power plants supplying electricity to the market in 2011

Indicator
1. Technical indicators:



2. Indicators for calculating the cost of electricity production:
Specific reference fuel consumption, g/(kW*h)
Price of coal C, rub./t
Nuclear fuel costs, million rubles

The cost of fixed production assets C, billion rubles.
Costs for production services, Z p.o. , million rubles
Auxiliary materials costs , million rubles
Other expenses W pr., mln. rub.
Tax rates, %
Value Added
At a profit

Payments to state off-budget funds, % of the payroll fund

Calculate the cost of electricity generated at the power plant.

Fuel costs are estimated by the expression:

where in- specific fuel consumption for electricity supply, g/(kW*h);

C - fuel price, rub./t.

The annual amount of electricity supplied by the power plant to the market:

where E otp - the annual amount of electricity supplied to the market, million kWh;

P is the installed capacity of the power plant, MW;

t is the number of hours of work per year, thousand hours;

Fuel costs for the supply of electricity by the power plant to the market:

Depreciation deductions of the power plant are estimated at 3.5% of the cost of fixed production assets:

where З amr - depreciation of fixed assets,%;

C - the cost of fixed production assets, billion rubles.

Annual wage fund Z o.t. is determined based on the standard number of industrial and production personnel per 1 MW, the average monthly wage and the installed capacity of the power plant:

where H is the standard number of personnel per 1 MW of installed capacity, people;

Р UST - installed capacity of the power plant, MW;

Z O.T. - average monthly salary, thousand rubles;

M - the number of worked months in a year, month.

Payments in Pension Fund, social insurance and employment funds are calculated:

where P PFR - payments to the PFR,%;

W o.t. - annual wage fund; thousand roubles.;

where P FSS - payments to the FSS,%.

where P FFOMS - payments to FFOMS, %.

where P TFOMS - payments to TFOMS, %.

We represent the costs for technological needs in the form of a formula:

where 3 tech. - expenses for technological needs, million rubles;

W.m. - expenses for auxiliary needs, million rubles;

W p.s. - costs for production needs, million rubles;

3 pr. - other costs, mln. rub.

The cost of electricity produced at the power plant per year:

The cost of electricity per 1 MWh supplied by the power plant to the market is:

Calculate the cost of electricity generated at a thermal power plant. The annual amount of electricity supplied by TPPs to the market:

Fuel costs for the supply of electricity from TPPs to the market:

TPP depreciation charges are estimated at 3.5% of the cost of fixed production assets:

Annual wage fund Z o.t. is determined based on the standard number of industrial and production personnel, in the amount of 1.6 people per 1 MW, the average monthly wage in the amount of 18 thousand rubles per month and the installed capacity of the TPP:

Payments to the pension fund, social insurance and employment funds are:

The cost of electricity produced at TPPs per year:

The cost of electricity per 1 MWh supplied to the market by TPPs is:

By analogy, we calculate the cost of electricity generated at hydroelectric power plants. The annual amount of electricity supplied by HPPs to the market:

HPP depreciation charges are estimated at 3.5% of the cost of fixed production assets:

Annual wage fund Z o.t. is determined based on the standard number of industrial and production personnel in the amount of 0.3 people per 1 MW, the average monthly wage in the amount of 18 thousand rubles per month and the installed capacity of the HPP:

The costs for technological needs are:

The cost of electricity produced at hydroelectric power plants per year:

The cost of electricity per 1 MWh supplied by HPPs to the market is:

By analogy, we calculate the cost of electricity generated at nuclear power plants. The annual amount of electricity supplied by nuclear power plants to the market:

NPP depreciation charges are estimated at 3.5% of the cost of fixed production assets:

Annual wage fund Z o.t. is determined based on the standard number of industrial and production personnel, in the amount of 1 person per 1 MW, the average monthly wage in the amount of 22 thousand rubles per month and the installed capacity of the nuclear power plant:

The total payments to the pension fund, social insurance and employment funds are:

The costs of auxiliary materials, production and other costs are set in the amount of:

The cost of electricity produced at nuclear power plants:

The cost of electricity per 1 MWh supplied by NPPs to the market is:

The electricity tariff consists of the following components: the sum of the wholesale price of electricity, transmission services through backbone networks, electricity transportation services through distribution networks, services of suppliers of the wholesale electricity and capacity market, services of energy sales companies for electricity transmission.

Thus, today, the tariff for electrical energy is constantly growing, and for some consumer groups it reaches from 3 to 5 rubles per kWh. The increase in the tariff for electricity depends on the price of electricity in the retail market, as well as on the network and sales component (Figure 4.5).

Figure 4. Tariff for the transmission of electrical energy in the Republic of Tatarstan, kopecks/kWh

Figure 5. Sales allowance for the Republic of Tatarstan, kop./kWh

Table 2. Final prices for electricity in the Republic of Tatarstan for 12 months of 2011 (rubles/MWh)

A significant increase in the tariff for electricity raises the question of the need to find ways to reduce the tariff for electricity consumers. One of the directions may be the construction of small generation. Due to the construction of a small power plant, the consumer benefits from further overpayment for electricity to grid and energy retail companies, and also ensures a reliable and uninterrupted supply of electricity to production.

Recently, more and more new consumers of electric energy have appeared in Russia - these are industrial enterprises, small and medium-sized businesses. However, in order to connect to the electrical network, it is necessary to conclude a contract for technical connection. The tariff for technical connection has increased significantly lately (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Tariff for technical connection to the grid and the cost of construction of small generation, thousand rubles/kWh

The data in the figure allow us to say that the technical connection to the grid and the construction of a new generation in the Central part of Russia differ by about two times. 35% of electricity consumers are located in the Central part of Russia.

Let us determine the cost of electricity for a small power plant with a capacity of 20 MW, which operates in the base part of the load schedule using installed capacity for 4740 hours per year. We take the cost of the main equipment at the rate of 35 thousand rubles. kW.

Table 3. Technical and economic indicators of a small power plant

Indicator
1. Technical indicators:
Installed capacity R set, MW
Number of hours of operation t, thousand hours per year
Electricity consumption for auxiliary needs of SN, %
2. Indicators for calculating the cost of electricity production. Variable costs:
Specific gas consumption per 1 kW (cubic meters)
Gas price C, rub./cu.m.
Fixed costs:
Depreciation of fixed assets C am, %
The cost of fixed production assets, million rubles
Production service costs, Z P.U. , million rubles
The cost of auxiliary materials Z V.M. , million rubles
Other costs Z PR. , million rubles

The annual supply of electricity is determined by multiplying the installed capacity of the power plant and the annual number of hours of operation, minus the consumption of electricity for the power plant's own needs:

Gas consumption for the production of 1 kWh of electricity will be 0.3 cubic meters, 99.8 million kWh will require 30 million cubic meters. m. of gas.

Gas costs are estimated by the expression:

where in- specific gas consumption for electricity supply; C - the price of fuel.

Depreciation deductions are estimated at 5% of fixed production assets:

The cost of producing 99.8 million kWh of electricity will be:

The cost of electricity for 1 kWh is:

From this it follows that the cost of electricity produced at a small power plant is 1.9 rubles / (kWh) when gas is used as a raw material.

Foreign energy companies offer the construction of small power plants at the rate of 35 thousand rubles/(kWh), the construction of a power plant with an installed capacity of 20 MW will cost about 700 million rubles.

The purchase of electrical energy from the network in the amount of 100 million kWh by an enterprise today will cost about 300 to 500 million rubles. From this we can conclude that the construction of a small power plant is promising and the payback will be no more than 5 years.

Literature

Maksimov B.K., Molodyuk V.V. Calculation of the economic efficiency of power plants in the electricity market. Moscow: MEI Publishing House, 2002. 121 p.
Fomina V.N. Energy Economics. M.: GUU, 2005.
On the organization of management of the electric power complex of the Russian Federation in the context of privatization: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 15, 1992 [ electronic resource]. Access from the reference-legal system "ConsultantPlus".
Kuzovkin I.A. Reforming the electric power industry and energy security. M.: JSC "Institute of Microeconomics", 2006. 359 p.;
Bakhteeva N.Z. Market bases for the functioning of the industry (on the example of the electric power industry). Kazan; 2006.-364 p.;
On reforming the electric power industry of the Russian Federation: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2001 No. 523 [electronic resource]. Access from the reference-legal system "ConsultantPlus".
Russian Statistical Yearbook 2007-2011, Stat. Collection. M.: Goskomstat, 2012.

Bibliography

Maksimov B.K., Molodyuk V.V. Cost-efficiency analysis of electric power stations in the electric power market. M.: MEI Publishing 2002. 121 p.
Fomin V.N. energy saving. M.: SUM, 2005.
On managing the electric power complex of the Russian Federation in privatization: the RF Presidential Decree of 15.02.1992 . Access from ref.-legal system "ConsultantPlus".
Kuzovkin I.A. Reforming the electric power sector and energy security. M.: "Institute of Microeconomics" OJSC, 2006. 359 p.
Bakhteeva N.Z. Market foundations of industry functioning (exemplified by electric power industry). Kazan, 2006.-364 p.
On reforming the Russian Federation electric power industry: the RF Government Resolution of 11 July 2001 No. 523 . Access from ref.-legal system "ConsultantPlus".
Russian Statistics Yearbook 2007-2011, Stat. Book. M.: Goskomstat, 2012.

Analysis of the modern electric power industry structure

The article analyzes the electric power before and after the period of the reform. The author calculated the cost of electrical energy generated by various types of power plants, the conclusion of a significant overestimate of the tariff for electricity for consumers. The article concludes that one of the mechanisms for lowering the tariff for electric energy may be the development of small generation.

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