Economic laws of land management. Theoretical Foundations of the Economics of Land Management

Theoretical foundations of land management

History of land management

Economics of land management

Geodetic works during land management

Organization of land management works

Economic-mathematical methods and modeling

Automation of the design system in land management

Land management design

Law enforcement activities in land management (land law)

The laws of nature and society, the form of their manifestations in the process of using the land; patterns of rational organization of the territory

Historical patterns of emergence and development of land management

Economic laws, law- Economics of dimension and forms of their manifestation in the organization of rational use and protection of land, methods of improving the efficiency of land management

Methods and methods of geodetic engineering technique in the production of land management works

Patterns of land organization Organization of land management production, methods and methods of planning and organizing land management work

Modeling methods and techniques, Technology technology for the production of land management works using a computer

Methods for developing land management projects in an automated mode on a computer

Theory, methods and methodology for the development, justification and implementation of land management projects

Methods and ways of conducting land management office work

The course is taught using a wide range of methods. As in any scientific discipline, traditional methods of theoretical knowledge are used here - scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. way abstractions laws are discovered and formulated, the mechanism of their action is determined, scientific concepts and categories are established that express the essential aspects of the objects under study. Induction is the movement of thought from the particular to the general, deduction- on the contrary, the transition from general provisions to particular definitions

leniyam. In practice, the methods of induction and deduction are transformed into the method of successive approximations.

So, for example, in the economic justification of an on-farm land management project, first the location of production units and economic centers is evaluated, then - main roads, engineering equipment facilities of the territory, after that - the organization of land and crop rotations, the arrangement of the territory of crop rotations and fodder lands.

Methods analysis And synthesis associated, respectively, with the division of the object under study into its constituent elements and with their addition into a holistic phenomenon.

Via mathematical analysis the influence of some quantities (factors, arguments) on the dependent variable (function, result) is established. For example, when determining the size of land ownership, which acts as a functional indicator, one can assess its dependence on such factors as the specialization of the economy, the fertility and location of land, capital security, the availability of labor resources etc. It also uses economic and statistical methods(correlation-regression analysis, production functions, analysis of variance, etc.).

Due to the fact that the organization of the territory is a complex process, it is often used to study it. methods of mathematical modeling, which allow in a formalized form (with the help of mathematical symbols, equations, inequalities, etc.) to identify patterns in the organization of the territory, reveal the reasons for its change, outline ways to improve it in various conditions and thereby increase the economic efficiency of production.

In practice, mathematical modeling is usually supplemented by other economic and mathematical methods (mathematical programming, classical differential calculus, etc. - see Vol. 4 of this edition).

In studies on the economics of land use is widely used monographic method. At the same time, individual typical or most characteristic objects, phenomena, processes are studied in detail, and based on the results obtained, scientific conclusions and generalizations are made. As a rule, they evaluate the impact of the organization of the territory on the efficiency of production in advanced agricultural enterprises or the most effective methods, methods, technologies, methods of land management.

Of particular importance for land management is experimental design, when the achievements of science, practice and best practices are tested on real production facilities, which allows drawing reasonable conclusions about the directions for the appropriate reorganization of other facilities.

Based on the subject of economics of land management, the following main tasks are set in this course:

reveal the economic essence of land management and its socio-economic content;

show objective economic laws, establish the forms and patterns of their manifestation in the organization of the territory, assess their impact on land management;

determine the role of land management in the economic mechanism for regulating land relations;

improve methods of economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions;

identify the most effective ways to improve land use;

to substantiate rational forms of land tenure and land use, agricultural production and the corresponding forms of territory organization;

establish the optimal size and structure of land holdings and land use, select priority areas for their development;

identify ways to improve the efficiency of land management.

To determine the essence of land management, its place and role in social production, it is necessary first of all to show its objective nature and reveal its socio-economic content.

Control questions and tasks

1. What is the difference between the concepts of "surveying" and "land management"?

2. What is land management and what is its economic essence?

3. Why can the economics of land management be singled out as an independent scientific discipline?

4. What is the subject of land management economics?

5. What are the main methods of land management economics?

6. Give a rationale for the place and role of the economics of land management in the system of special scientific disciplines that study land management.

7. What are the main objectives of the course "Economics of land management"?

LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION

1. OBJECTIVE CHARACTER OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT

Land relations- this is a set of social relations associated with the ownership and use of land; they are an integral part industrial relations and in my own

essentially refer to the economic basis of society. The basis of land relations of any society is land ownership.

The system of social and state structure, characterized by certain land relations and the corresponding political organization of society for their regulation, determines the land system of society.

Any state, influencing the land system, implements a land policy. It is always carried out in the interests of the ruling groups of society and is the activity of the state to regulate the land system, relations between classes, social groups, individual landowners (land users) regarding the ownership and use of land.

The process of state influence on the land system is carried out by various measures: legal, economic, organizational.

Economic measures are the main ones, as they stimulate the development of land relations based on the economic impact on the material well-being of stakeholders: taxation, lending, targeted financing, subsidies, fines, promotion of rational land use and land protection, etc. All this is necessary to create the best socio-economic conditions for the use of land as an object of real estate, the main means of production in agriculture and forestry, a spatial operating basis for accommodating various sectors of the national economy, enterprises, organizations and institutions.

To this end, the state collects information about land plots, maintains a land cadastre, assesses land, collects land tax, withdrawing differential rent, organizes the economically expedient use of land, manages land resources and land management.

The economic role of land management cannot be associated only with the state and land policy, the activities of legislative and executive authorities at various levels, land management organizations, etc. Changes in land ownership and land use, reorganization and redistribution of land occur objectively, under the influence of various factors:

economic interests of land owners, landowners and land users associated with land turnover (purchase and sale, pledge of land, etc.); prices are always higher for plots that have a good configuration, location, high fertility, lack of land use deficiencies, which is largely achieved through land management;

market conditions that determine the prices for products and, as a result, the economic purpose of the plots (arable land, perennial plantations, fodder lands, etc.), specialization of agricultural

economic enterprises (composition of industries, structure of sown areas), the level of development of scientific and technological progress;

development of territorial conditions of production, which are improved in the process of land management and give land owners and land users economic advantages over other participants in production;

introduction in the course of land management of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of technology and organization of production.

In fact, land management is a process of purposeful organization of the territory and means of production, inextricably linked with the land, occurring under the influence of all major factors. economic development. Therefore, it has not only a socio-economic content, but also an objective character. Regardless of the political processes taking place in society, it must be implemented and supported. Otherwise, the organization of the territory adapts to new conditions spontaneously, without the participation of qualified specialists and taking into account scientific recommendations, which can cause great damage to nature and society.

2. ECONOMIC LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT ON LAND MANAGEMENT

From economic theory it is known that economic laws are divided into general, specific and special. The general laws include: the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces, the law of increasing labor productivity, the law of proportionality.

Each social system has its own system of specific laws that operate in real life not isolated from each other, but in a certain system. For example, in a capitalist society, the laws of production of surplus value, competition, capitalist accumulation, and the average rate of profit operate.

Special laws may be inherent in different modes of production. These include, for example, the law of value, which operates in the conditions of commodity production, the laws of economic growth, etc.

The process of using economic laws in theory and in practice is reduced to the following main stages:

knowledge of the law (its discovery, formulation, establishment of relationships with other laws);

determination of the forms of manifestation of the law;

study of the mechanism of action of the law;

definition of forms of use of the law.

For example, according to the law of value, the production and exchange of commodities are carried out on the basis of socially necessary expenditures of labor. In exchange, commodity producers whose individual expenditures are less than the socially necessary ones win, while those whose expenditures are higher lose. This leads to differentiation of commodity producers, forcing them to reduce costs and ensure that they do not exceed the socially necessary.

The form of manifestation of the law is a certain economic category. So, in relation to the law of value, the main economic category is the price, which is the monetary expression of the value of the goods. By regulating prices or letting them go, the state, using the mechanism of the law of value, can stimulate or limit the production of various types of goods, as well as redistribute resources between different areas of production.

Since land management is an integral part of the social mode of production, it is under the influence of the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces. This means that the content, forms and methods of land management must correspond to this level. In particular, it brings the organization of land ownership and land use (of the territory) into line with land relations, the level of development of scientific and technological progress, agricultural systems, and the prevailing type of settlement.

Population growth, the development of scientific and technological progress, the competition of commodity producers (especially in a market economy) stimulate the growth of labor productivity and production efficiency in general. Consequently, land management should create organizational and territorial conditions conducive to such growth.

Any form of land organization or organization of the territory affects the efficiency of economic activity. For example, due to the correct placement of economic and production centers, settlements, summer camps, roads, cattle drives, it is possible to significantly reduce the time and costs for transporting goods, moving people to and from work, moving livestock to pastures, eliminating oncoming crossings, and improving the organization of production. . With the rational size of production units, crop rotations, the correct configuration of fields and working areas, the organization of labor improves, time is saved for idle transfers, turns and arrivals of machine and tractor units, the productivity of agricultural machinery increases, field work is reduced, etc.

The law of proportionality requires that the constituent parts of any multifunctional economic system were in certain balanced proportions, ratios. Practice shows that agricultural enterprises

ties of non-optimal sizes have low efficiency, more often they break up or reorganize. It is also important to balance all the resources of the economy and, above all, to coordinate its specialization with the quality and quantity of land, the availability of fixed and circulating assets, and labor resources. In particular, the green conveyor, the structure of sown areas, the production and consumption of fodder, the production and sale of products must be balanced, which requires a serious economic justification for land management projects.

In a market economy with fierce competition among producers, the importance of land management increases. Due to the better use of the productive and territorial properties of the land, the cessation of soil erosion processes, the elimination of product losses during plowing between, unnecessary roads and wedges, it is possible to significantly increase the production of products that are in demand. Due to the reduction of transport, operating and depreciation costs, general production and general business costs, production costs are reduced, which makes the economy more competitive. As a rule, a land management enterprise has more opportunities to maintain its position in the market.

3. ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATION OF LAND RELATIONS

The state, implementing land policy, always uses a certain mechanism of influence, consisting of legal and economic parts. The legal mechanism includes norms and rules, determined primarily by land legislation and binding. Their implementation is controlled by state authorities, land management service, judicial instances.

The economic mechanism is based on measures of material impact on landowners and land users aimed at implementing a certain land policy, priority areas for land use, and strengthening the dominant forms of land ownership. The main elements of this mechanism include: "the establishment of differentiated land payments;

economic incentives for rational land tenure and land use and the application of economic sanctions for mismanagement of land, a decrease in soil fertility;

economic protection against the withdrawal of agricultural land for other needs (industry, transport, etc.);

credit-financial and investment policy of the state.

The land management system (including certain bodies and services, land management activities, documentation) is the main tool for implementing the economic mechanism. Thus, in the course of land management using cadastral materials, monitoring and economic evaluation of lands, areas and boundaries of land ownership and land use are established, as well as qualitative characteristics of lands, which serve as an information database for calculating land tax and fixing rent. In addition, during land management, special conditions and regimes for land use, easements (encumbrances) are determined, a description of the initial state of land fertility is given, measures are planned for melioration, reclamation, and protection of soils from erosion. Comparing these initial data in dynamics with indicators of the actual use of the territory, the state can apply certain measures of economic impact to landowners and land users.

In order to provide economic incentives for the rational use of land, owners and users can be exempted from paying for land for a certain period of time and receive benefits for paying land tax. The state or local authorities can allocate budgetary allocations for the restoration or reclamation of land, monetary compensation for their temporary conservation, set higher prices for environmentally friendly products, encourage owners to improve land quality, increase soil fertility, and productivity of forest fund lands.

Penalties (up to the withdrawal of the allocated land plot) are established for the loss of soil fertility, the development of erosion, violation of land and environmental legislation.

In the process of land management, economic protection of agricultural land is carried out. So, for example, the withdrawal and allotment of land for non-agricultural enterprises, organizations and institutions, the regulation of their land use is carried out only on the basis of an inter-farm land management project. It determines the composition and value of the confiscated lands, develops measures to eliminate the negative consequences of the withdrawal on the development of production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment, calculates and justifies the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production and methods for their reimbursement.

Forecasts developed in the land management system, state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, schemes for the use and protection of land resources and schemes

We are part of a unified system of pre-planning and pre-project development at the level of individual regions and the country as a whole. They are designed to coordinate the solution of issues of rational use of land resources, conservation and improvement of soil fertility, land protection (in combination with other environmental measures). They are also a scientific basis for the implementation of investment and credit and financial policies aimed at regulating land relations, supporting the development of priority forms of land tenure and land use.

Any branch of the national economy, every enterprise, organization or institution requires the allocation of land plots for its location. Land is needed not only for the construction of buildings, structures, roads, but in most cases for the implementation of the main production activities - agriculture and forestry, mining, etc. Thus, the most important condition for the formation of any enterprise is the provision of land to it, carried out in the process of land management.

As the national economy develops, land is redistributed between industries, enterprises, and citizens. This is due to the fact that one enterprises require additional land plots, others are reorganized or liquidated altogether. The land fund is in constant motion, regulated in the course of land management.

In addition, the functioning of any, and primarily agricultural, enterprises is associated with the need for territorial organization and location of production, organization of rational use and protection of land, and the creation of sustainable agricultural landscapes. Therefore, in land management, the management system, the farming system, and the technologies for cultivating crops are linked to the characteristics of the territory, the quality and location of the land; the organization of production, labor and management is coordinated with the land and economic structure of the enterprise, the volume of melioration and the development of new lands. Thus, land management affects all areas of economic activity, ranging from the formation of new, streamlining existing land ownership and land use, and ending with the organization of the territory of specific areas where production processes are carried out (soil cultivation, crop care, harvesting).

To implement its land policy, the state, through a system of land management and a number of other bodies, manages land resources by performing certain land management actions. Their relationship with the functions of land management is shown in Table. 2.

Topic: Fundamentals of the theory of economic efficiency of land management.

Target: To master the main types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management, theoretically significant for the activities of a land surveyor.

PLAN

1. The essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management.

2. Criteria and indicators for evaluating national economic efficiency.

3. Methodology for determining national economic efficiency using chain indices.

4. Organization and planning of land management.

Introduction

The earth is the main basis of all processes of life of society. Rational use and protection of land - the main criteria for the use of land for various purposes - conducting commercial activities, organization of quarters of residential areas, creation of territories with a limited mode of use (land of the natural reserve fund). We should not forget that land is a commodity and its resource is limited, therefore, knowledge and practical application of the basic theories of economic efficiency in land management is the main link in all land management activities.

Lecture structure

1. Land management is an integral part of the economic system of society and is a complex, multifaceted process that depends on the nature of production relations, forms of ownership of land and other means of production. The following conclusions follow from this general position:

The economic efficiency of land management should be assessed on the basis of a system of economic relationships and, accordingly, requires a system of evaluation indicators;

It is necessary to take into account, on the one hand, the collective and personal interests of land users and landowners, on the other hand, public interests, which requires the use of both a self-supporting (commercial) and national economic (budgetary) approach in determining economic efficiency;

Since the earth is an element of the natural environment (biosphere), the conditions for the reproduction of soil fertility and the ecological characteristics of the territory should be taken into account;

When calculating performance indicators, it is important to isolate the effect of land management itself, comparing it with the corresponding costs, ensuring qualitative uniformity and quantitative comparability of indicators horizontally and vertically (for various farms, for components and elements of the project, etc.);

Since land management projects are associated with projects implemented on their basis to improve land use, water management, industrial and road construction, etc., it is necessary to take into account the effectiveness of measures that are carried out in the period until the full development of the project, the costs of forming (replenishing) the main and working capital associated costs associated with compensation for losses and environmental protection;

time gap (lag) between implementation capital investments and obtaining the effect from them involves the comparison of payments and receipts that do not coincide in time.

Land management can be considered in several aspects - in relation to the natural environment, to material production and to society as a whole. Accordingly, its effectiveness is divided into environmental, production-economic and social.

2. In the economic aspect, land management is a tool for the purposeful distribution of the country's land fund in the interests of the whole society by categories, land users and land owners, lands, as well as regulating the activities of enterprises in various industries in order to implement the economic and land policy of the state. In this sense, land management is an integral part of the system of social production, without which the rational organization of any enterprise is impossible. Land management is necessary for any changes in production and territory, such as:

In agriculture, the growth of production volumes is most accurately expressed by the indicator of gross output. Land management also has a certain influence on it.

In the national economic aspect, land management is a tool for the purposeful distribution of the country's land fund in the interests of the whole society by categories, land users and land owners, lands, as well as regulating the activities of enterprises in various industries in order to implement the economic and land policy of the state. In this sense, land management is an integral part of the system of social production, without which the rational organization of any enterprise is impossible. Land management is necessary for any changes in production and territory, such as:

Formation, consolidation, disaggregation and reorganization of land use (land holdings) and their systems;

Change of specialization and concentration of production;

The introduction of progressive forms of land use, land tenure, farming systems, agriculture; implementation of reclamation, anti-erosion and environmental protection measures;

Bringing the existing organization of the territory in line with new technologies, etc.

Self-supporting (commercial) efficiency reflects the influence of the territory planned by the organization on the efficiency of production of specific farms or their independent self-supporting production units.

The criterion for the effectiveness of on-farm land management should not only be a measure that gives a quantitative assessment of the organization of the territory, but, first of all, characterize its qualitative side.

Considering the efficiency from the national economic standpoint, it is proposed to take into account three homogeneous indicators characterizing the absolute relative

I and specific effects.

To assess the total Land management efficiency, one

Nako, the ratio - ->max is more suitable, which is determined by

The following reasons.

Firstly, this expression can take into account the time aspect in the following ways: by comparing the annual effect (P) not only with the annual costs (3), but also if the value (3) is a one-time investment. In addition, this value can have not only a static, but also a dynamic character:

Secondly, when compared over time and according to other conditions, this ratio assumes taking into account various sources of effect to the costs that caused them.

Thirdly, the ratio of costs and results under consideration can also characterize various aspects of efficiency - relative (-), specific (-) and absolute (P).

Fourthly, the value - reflects not only the overall efficiency of the entire production through the ratio, but also makes it possible to evaluate the use various kinds resources; for example, if P is gross output, and 3, respectively, the costs of labor, funds, capital investments, land area and R, etc., then the ratio of the result to the costs “o” characterizes labor productivity, capital productivity, investment efficiency, productivity (or through gross output in value terms - efficiency of land use).

3. When evaluating the effectiveness of capital investments for these purposes, the standard method recommends calculating the increase in national income as the difference between its volumes received at the end and beginning of the period during which capital expenditures are made. For example, if in 1985 49.7 billion rubles were created in Russian agriculture. national income, and in 1990 -68.1 billion rubles., then its growth over this period amounted to 18.4 billion rubles.

However, it is impossible to attribute this increase entirely to capital investments, and even more so to land management. During the specified period, prices for means of production, services, machinery, equipment, building materials changed, which caused an increase in production costs. So, for example, of the total increase in production costs in the period from 1976 to 1980 on collective farms, 57.6% was associated with an increase in prices for means of production and services, 30.2% accounted for an increase in material consumption (not related to the requirements of production technology) , only 8.8% - for an increase in wages and 3.5% - for an increase in insurance payments. This means that part of the capital investments directed to the expansion of production is spent on covering rising prices, that is, in fact, goes to simple reproduction.

In addition, during the period from 1985 to 1990 there was some reduction in the number of workers employed in agriculture; to increase labor productivity, funds were invested in the development of the material and technical base of production, the growth of capital-labor ratio, etc.

Therefore, the task arises to isolate the effect of land management measures in the overall increase in national income. To do this, you can use the method of decomposing national income into interrelated factor indices using the sequential chain method recommended by G. I. Baklanov (see, in particular: Volkov S. N. Method for determining the national economic efficiency of on-farm land management using the index chain method. land management // Collection of scientific works - M.: MIIZ, 1991. - S. 22-23).

4. The development of land management projects can be carried out by organizations, enterprises, institutions and private surveyors who have a license to carry out land management work. Projects are drawn up with the participation of interested parties and, after approval, are transferred to nature (on the ground) with the designation of the boundaries of land plots and fields of crop rotations with landmarks of the established sample.

The implementation of measures provided for by land management projects is the responsibility of landowners and land users. Land management organizations provide assistance and supervise the implementation of projects. Landowners and land users, if necessary, can make proposals for changing or clarifying projects.

Design organizations are responsible for the economic and environmental efficiency of the planned activities. They have the right:

To carry out, without special permission, control over the implementation of land management projects, inform the administration about its results and make proposals for improving the use and protection of land;

Coordinate changes in projects related to land reclamation, placement of agricultural facilities, on-farm roads, land allotment for non-agricultural needs and on other grounds;

Make proposals for the improvement or revision of outdated land management schemes and projects.

When planning land management it is necessary:

Establish a list of design and survey work on land management;

Determine the structure and evaluate the scope of work in kind and value terms;

To substantiate the sources of financing of land management activities;

Outline ways of staffing the land management design service in connection with a change in the structure and scope of work performed.

When establishing a list of design and survey work, it must be taken into account that they must be carried out in a complex, unified technological and information connection, in a clear sequence. Therefore, they should include:

Preparatory work for drafting projects, including aerial photo-geodetic work, ground surveys, flight survey work, adjustment of planning and cartographic material, soil and geobotanical survey, land assessment and cadastral work, inventory and graphic registration of land, other survey and survey work;

Preparation of integrated land management schemes for districts and other pre-project documents for the organization of rational use and protection of land;

Works on inter-farm land management and drawing up projects for land acquisition for non-agricultural purposes, formation and regulation of land ownership and land use for agricultural purposes, land surveying;

On-farm land management, including work on land management of reindeer breeding and commercial farms in the Far North, rural subsidiary plots of industrial enterprises, assistance in the implementation of projects;

Work on the preparation of working projects related to the use and protection of land;

Establishing the boundaries of territories with special regimes and conditions for the use of land (administrative-territorial formations, settlements, nature protection areas, including water protection zones and coastal strips of small rivers, recreational and protected lands, etc.);

Other works.

When planning the structure and volume of land management work for the future, they rely on the following methodological provisions.

Updating of plans and maps used in land management is carried out mainly by aerial photography every 8-15 years, depending on the degree of their aging in different mapping areas, and their correction - in more short time(from 1 year to 5 years) to ensure the reliability of information on land use in the preparation of land management projects.

Conclusion

After listening to the lecture, you got acquainted with the essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management; determined the criterion and indicators for evaluating national economic efficiency. We studied the structure of the methodology for determining national economic efficiency using chain indices.

Problems

When organizing and planning in land management, the performer often encounters problems of imperfection legislative framework, outdated cartographic materials and data in general are used. There is a complex, lengthy, expensive procedure for agreeing and approving documents on the organization and planning of the territory.

establish the optimal size and structure of land holdings and land use, select priority areas for their development;

identify ways to improve the efficiency of land management.

To determine the essence of land management, its place and role in social production, it is necessary first of all to show its objective nature and reveal its socio-economic content.

1. What is the difference between the concepts of "surveying" and "land management"?

2. What is land management and what is its economic essence?

3. Why can the economics of land management be singled out as an independent scientific discipline?

4. What is the subject of land management economics?

5. What are the main methods of land management economics?

6. Give a rationale for the place and role of the economics of land management in the system of special scientific disciplines that study land management.

7. What are the main objectives of the course "Economics of land management"?

LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION

1. OBJECTIVE CHARACTER OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT

Land relations- this is a set of social relations associated with the ownership and use of land; they are an integral part of production relations and in their

essentially refer to the economic basis of society. The basis of land relations of any society is land ownership.

The system of social and state structure, characterized by certain land relations and the corresponding political organization of society for their regulation, determines the land system of society.

The process of state influence on the land system is carried out by various measures: legal, economic, organizational.

market conditions that determine the prices for products and, as a result, the economic purpose of the plots (arable land, perennial plantations, fodder lands, etc.), specialization of agricultural

economic enterprises (composition of industries, structure of sown areas), the level of development of scientific and technological progress;

introduction in the course of land management of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of technology and organization of production.

In fact, land management is a process of purposeful organization of the territory and means of production, inextricably linked with the land, occurring under the influence of all the main factors of economic development. Therefore, it has not only a socio-economic content, but also an objective character. Regardless of the political processes taking place in society, it must be implemented and supported. Otherwise, the organization of the territory adapts to new conditions spontaneously, without the participation of qualified specialists and taking into account scientific recommendations, which can cause great damage to nature and society.

2. ECONOMIC LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT ON LAND MANAGEMENT

Each social system has its own system of specific laws that operate in real life not in isolation from each other, but in a specific system. For example, in a capitalist society, the laws of production of surplus value, competition, capitalist accumulation, and the average rate of profit operate.

The process of using economic laws in theory and in practice is reduced to the following main stages:

knowledge of the law (its discovery, formulation, establishment of relationships with other laws);

determination of the forms of manifestation of the law;

study of the mechanism of action of the law;

definition of forms of use of the law.

The law of proportionality requires that the constituent parts of any multifunctional economic system be in certain balanced proportions, ratios. Practice shows that agricultural enterprises

3. ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATION OF LAND RELATIONS

economic incentives for rational land tenure and land use and the application of economic sanctions for mismanagement of land, a decrease in soil fertility;

economic protection against the withdrawal of agricultural land for other needs (industry, transport, etc.);

credit-financial and investment policy of the state.

The land management system (including certain bodies and services, land management activities, documentation) is the main tool for implementing the economic mechanism. Thus, in the course of land management using cadastre materials, monitoring and economic evaluation of land, areas and boundaries of land ownership and land use, qualitative characteristics of land are established, which serve as an information database for calculating land tax and establishing rent. In addition, during land management, special conditions and regimes for land use, easements (encumbrances) are determined, a description of the initial state of land fertility is given, measures are planned for melioration, reclamation, and protection of soils from erosion. Comparing these initial data in dynamics with indicators of the actual use of the territory, the state can apply certain measures of economic impact to landowners and land users.

Penalties (up to the withdrawal of the allocated land plot) are established for the loss of soil fertility, the development of erosion, violation of land and environmental legislation.

Forecasts developed in the land management system, state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, schemes for the use and protection of land resources and schemes

As the national economy develops, land is redistributed between industries, enterprises, and citizens. This is due to the fact that some enterprises require additional land plots, while others are reorganized or liquidated altogether. The land fund is in constant motion, regulated in the course of land management.

Control questions and tasks

1. Why is land management objective?

2. Define the land system, land relations, land management.

3. Explain the impact of economic laws on land management.

4. List the main elements of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations.

5. How is land management activity related to the economic mechanism of management?

6. Specify the land management activities associated with the various functions of land administration.

LAND REFORM AND THE ROLE OF LAND MANAGEMENT IN THEIR IMPLEMENTATION

1. LAND OWNERSHIP AND ITS CONVERSION

The basis of the land system is the form of land ownership. The right to land ownership consists of three elements:

ownership rights, that is, the actual ownership of the site by this person;

the right to use, which consists in the possibility of deriving income (benefit) from this site;

the right to dispose (purchase and sell, pledge, donate, etc.) of the plot at the discretion of the land owner.

There are several main types of land ownership - state (federal, subjects of the Federation), municipal and private.

Lands that are not the property of citizens are in state ownership, legal entities or municipalities. As a rule, these include lands of defense facilities, national parks, reserves, etc. State property may also include lands of other categories: agricultural, forestry and water resources. For example, earlier in the USSR all land was in the exclusive ownership of the state.

Land plots that are recognized as such are in municipal ownership. federal laws and the laws of the subjects of the Federation, as well as the right to which arose during the delimitation of state ownership of land or which were acquired on the grounds established by civil law.

Land belonging to the heads of peasant farms, private entrepreneurs, joint-stock companies, etc. is in private ownership. For a certain fee or free of charge, the owner can transfer the land belonging to him or part of it for the use of other persons.

In the history of the development of land relations, the following types of land use are known: permanent (eternal), long-term, short-term. Fixed-term land use includes the lease of land. The right to dispose of landed property implies the possibility of its sale, inheritance, donation, pledge, contribution to the authorized capital of enterprises, lease.

The concept of land ownership also includes easements. Ser-vituty (encumbrances) is partial rights on someone else's land property, which are established not in the interests of the land owner, but based on the characteristics of the location

of the land belonging to him. There are private and public easements. Public services include:

the right of passage, passage, watering and driving of livestock;

the right to use sources for irrigation;

the right to carry out trades on foreign land (hunting, fishing, logging, etc.);

the right to operate structures in the areas of main pipelines, roads, power lines;

the right to use other people's land (for example, forests for grazing livestock, hayfields, deposits of building materials - sand, gravel, clay).

Taking into account that servitudes present certain inconveniences for land owners, land management tends to minimize them. For example, in order to avoid burdensome for the owner the right to travel through its territory, each created site must be provided with a road that has a connection with the existing land network, and to prevent fragmentation of sections, roads are located along their borders.

Since, for any right to land, plots must have certain boundaries, have a specific area and location, land management is the main mechanism for the formation and redistribution of land ownership. The system of actions for the formation and redistribution of land property, carried out during land management, is shown in fig. one.

Methods of acquiring landed property are of great importance for land management. Initially, it arose through the free seizure of plots during the resettlement of people across the territory, was redistributed during the formation of states, during wars, the resolution of territorial disputes, and subsequently was distributed between landowners and land users, based on the tasks of the existing mode of production.

The main ways of acquiring or terminating the right to land ownership on a mass scale are confiscation, expropriation, privatization, nationalization, collectivization, restitution, requisition.

At confiscation a land plot is confiscated free of charge, regardless of the will of the landowner, for political reasons, as punishment for a crime or for other reasons. For example, the Decree on Land, adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8, 1917, abolished private ownership of land in Russia. All land - state, appanage, cabinet, monastic, church, possession, majorate, privately owned, public, peasant - was alienated free of charge, turned into the property of the whole people and passed into the use of all the workers on it. Landlords, appanages, monasteries and other non-working lands were also subject to confiscation.

expropriation is called compulsory alienation of land for a certain fair remuneration for state or public needs (for the construction of highways, railways, industrial facilities, etc.). Sometimes, instead of the term "expropriation", the equivalent term "requisition" is used.

In progress privatization land plots that are in state or collective ownership are divided and assigned to private landowners. During nationalization, on the contrary, the land is transferred to the ownership of the people or the state as a representative of public interests.

At collectivization lands can also be combined, passing into collective or state ownership. In other words, legally, the transfer of ownership of land is always associated with the withdrawal and provision of land.

Requisition- this is a temporary withdrawal of a land plot from the owner in the presence of circumstances of an emergency nature (natural disasters, accidents, epidemics, epizootics, etc.), by authorized executive bodies of state power in order to protect the vital interests of citizens, society and the state from emerging threats with compensation damages caused to the owner of the land and issuance of a document on requisition.

restitution called the restoration of land in the former legal and property relations, that is, the return of landed property to the former legal owners. For example, in the process of land reforms in the Baltic republics, in East Germany (the former GDR), in a number of other countries in 1992-1999. measures were taken to transfer land to former owners (or their heirs) who lost them in the 1940s and proved their rights to the land.

Fundamental changes in land ownership and the redistribution of land associated with them are usually carried out in the course of land reforms.

Land reforms are always regulated by the state and carried out under its control. They represent a concentrated expression of the land policy of the state and are provided with appropriate legal, economic, technical, and organizational measures.

A radical transformation of land relations is the central link in any land reform. Such reforms have long-term consequences and significantly affect the well-being of the people. Therefore, before starting a land reform, it is necessary to deeply study the experience of various states at various historical stages of their development in order to identify relevant patterns and take into account possible consequences. This is especially important for Russia, where a large land

naya territory, difficult natural conditions are combined with a variety of national traditions and socio-economic factors of the land system.

An analysis of the results of land reforms in other countries can make significant adjustments to the nature of agrarian reforms, determine promising forms of land ownership and land use, the organization of agricultural production, and the positive and negative aspects of reforming land relations.

2. LAND REFORM IN LATIN AMERICA

Over the past few decades, all countries of Latin America have carried out land reforms, the scale and difficulty of which were determined by various factors. The main ones are the following:

the nature of the political regime, the stability of political power, the degree of influence of the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR;

the initial state of land relations, including forms of land ownership, land tenure and land use;

areas of used lands, their fertility, location, potential reserves for involving lands in agricultural circulation;

population, traditional way of life, share of peasants, their social activity and land availability.

Speaking about the political aspect of land reforms, three options for their implementation should be noted: as a result of civil wars, military coups, and ordinary legislative actions. Thus, in Mexico and Bolivia reforms began after the civil wars, in Peru they were carried out by the military government, and in Chile and Costa Rica by the legislature. The ideological orientation of land reforms in countries oriented toward the United States and Western Europe assumed the uncontested idea of a family farm as the main producer of agricultural products. In countries that were previously under the influence of the USSR, agricultural cooperatives and other forms of collective farming were considered priority areas.

Traditional land relations in Latin America were based on the dominance of large landed property. For example, in Colombia, 4% of landlords still control 43% of agricultural land, while 66% of peasants are completely or almost completely landless. Even after the implementation of the land reform in El Salvador, 1% of landowners control 41% of the land, and 60% of the peasants have practically no land. Approximately 88% of all farms in Guatemala are located on 16% of cultivated land. At the same time, fer-

we are 450 hectares or more (about 1% of all farms) occupy about 34 % all arable land in the country.

In Brazil, small farms up to 50 hectares occupy 12% of the total land area, but they produce 50% of all agricultural products. They employ about 70% of the labor resources of the agricultural sector.

In countries with high land availability, land reforms were not of great importance. For example, in Argentina there is a relatively large amount of land per capita, with peasants mostly living in areas with the most fertile soils. On the contrary, in Peru, where there is a shortage of land suitable for agricultural use, the best of them were monopolized by the landowning elite even in colonial times, the mass of peasants suffered from unemployment, which led to discrimination and poverty.

Land reforms in Latin America were carried out with the aim of:

endowing the peasants with land, thereby easing social tension between large landowners and the bulk of the population;

ensuring economic growth, increasing agricultural production both for domestic needs and for export, including through the development, "colonization" of new lands.

The formation of new forms of land ownership and land use has led to an increase in employment of the able-bodied population. At the same time, political aspects often clearly prevailed over economic ones. For example, in El Salvador and Nicaragua, land reforms took place with varying success and were determined by the course of the civil war.

Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FGBOU VO Penza State Agricultural Academy G.V. Terzova ECONOMY OF LAND MANAGEMENT Penza 2015 1 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM " & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Penza State Agricultural Academy G.V. Terzova ECONOMICS OF LAND MANAGEMENT Guidelines for the study of the discipline and assignments for test work for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Agronomy in the direction of training 21.03.02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "Bachelor") Penza 2015 2 Copyright OJSC "TsKB" BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" economic sciences, associate professor of the department "Organization and informatization of production" S.N. Alekseev. Published according to the decision of the Methodological Commission of the Faculty of Agronomy dated December 7, 2015 Protocol No. 8. Terzova, Galina Vasilievna. T 35 Economics of land management: guidelines / G.V. Terzova. - Penza: RIO PGSKhA, 2016. - 89 p. The guidelines are intended for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Agronomy in the direction of training 21.03.02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "bachelor"), include the main content of topics, questions for testing knowledge, a methodology for calculating economic indicators for self-study work, as well as options for tasks of control work. FGBOU VO Penza State Agricultural Academy, 2015 G.V. Terzova, 2015 1 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service INTRODUCTION Strengthening the economic, technical and legal side of land management, its environmental focus makes it necessary to improve the design methodology at all levels. In solving this problem, the science of land management design should be based on the further development general theory land management and the relationship with other scientific disciplines that explore various aspects of land management. One of these disciplines is "Economics of land management", in which, on the basis of socio-economic patterns of development of land management, its importance in the regulation of land relations, land management, organization of rational use and protection of land is determined. The subject "Economics of land management" reveals the essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management, establishes criteria, indicators and methods for evaluating land management decisions in various land management projects. The study of this discipline by a student involves the solution of the following tasks: - the formation of an idea of the economic essence of land management and its socio-economic content as an integral part economic mechanism country; - familiarization with objective economic laws, forms and patterns of their manifestation in the organization of the territory, assessment of their impact on land management; - study of the economic mechanism of regulation of land relations; - study of the most economical ways to improve the use of land and increase the efficiency of territorial (inter-farm) and intra-farm land management; - mastering the techniques and methods of economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions; 3 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - study of the most economical ways to improve land use and increase the efficiency of on-farm land management; - mastering the techniques and methods of economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions; - instilling the abilities and skills to perform economic calculations for choosing the best option based on the use of automated technologies. As a result of studying the discipline, the student must: know: the economic essence of land management, principles, methods and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of land management schemes and projects; ways to improve the efficiency of land use; principles, methods and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of land management schemes and projects; economic mechanism for regulating land relations; be able to: use modern methods for evaluating the effectiveness of schemes and projects of territorial land management; reasonably form land use, land tenure and establish their optimal size and structure; analyze design options, their impact on indicators of rational use of land; use modern methods for evaluating the effectiveness of schemes and projects of territorial and on-farm land management; develop a feasibility study for new projects, schemes, investment programs for land use; determine the public (economic), budgetary and commercial efficiency of land management works; own: professional reasoning when choosing the best options for land management solutions; application of methods to improve the efficiency of land management; methodology of feasibility and environmental and economic substantiation of land management decisions; application of scientific research methods when choosing the best options for land management solutions; methodology for the development of investment projects for the improvement and development of land; computer technology when evaluating options for land management projects. 4 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" The discipline is aimed at the formation of competencies: general cultural (OK) - owns a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive, systematize information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it ( OK-1); - ready to cooperate with colleagues, work in a team (OK-3); - knows how to use regulatory legal documents in their activities (OK-5); - strives for self-development, improvement of their qualifications and skills (OK-6); - realizes the social significance of his future profession, has a high motivation to perform professional activities (OK-8); - is able to use the basic provisions and methods of social, humanitarian and economic sciences in solving social and professional problems, is able to analyze socially significant problems and processes, navigate the basic provisions of economic theory, the characteristics of a market economy (OK-9); - is able to use the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities, apply the methods of mathematical modeling, theoretical and experimental research (OK-10); - is able to understand the essence and significance of information in the development of the modern information society, to be aware of the dangers and threats that arise in this process, to comply with the basic requirements information security , including the protection of state secrets (OK-11); - owns the basic methods, ways and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, skills in working with a computer as a means of managing information (OK-12); - able to work with information in global computer networks (OK-13); 5 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" - knows his rights and obligations as a citizen of his country, knows how to use the Civil Code, other legal documents in his activities (OK-15). professional (PC) - is able to apply knowledge about the basics of rational use of land resources, system indicators for improving the efficiency of land use, environmental and economic expertise of programs, schemes and projects for the socio-economic development of the territory (PC-1); - is able to use knowledge about the land resources of the country and the world, measures to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the territory within a specific land use, municipality, subject of the Federation, region (PC-2); - is able to use the knowledge of methods for the development of design materials (documents) for the use and protection of land resources and real estate, a feasibility study of options for design solutions (PC-6); - is able to use knowledge of modern technologies for automating design, cadastral and other works related to the State Real Estate Cadastre, territorial planning, land management, land surveying (PC-7); - is able to use the knowledge of the methodology of territorial zoning and planning the development of cities and towns, establishing their boundaries, placing the designed elements of their engineering equipment (PC-8); - is able to carry out activities for the implementation of design solutions for land management and development of unified real estate objects (PC-9); - is able to use the knowledge of modern automated technologies for collecting, systematizing, processing and recording information about land plots and real estate (PC-10); - is able to use the knowledge of modern technologies of topographic and geodetic work when conducting inventory land area (PC-13); - is able to use the knowledge of modern technologies of consulting and innovation activities, expertise of investment projects for land use planning and land management (PC-17); - able and ready to conduct experimental research (PC-19); - ready to study scientific and technical information, domestic and foreign experience use of land and other real estate (PC-20); - able and ready to participate in the implementation of research results and new developments (PC-21). 7 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Section 1 GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE To master the theoretical material of the discipline “Economics of Land Management”, it is advisable for the student to follow the following order of its study. Independent work of a student of the correspondence department in the study of the discipline "Economics of land management" in the intersessional period is an important condition for the deep assimilation of this course. This work should begin with a detailed study of theoretical material, for which it is necessary to use not only textbooks on the economics of land management, but also legislative acts and government decrees on land management issues, as well as Internet resources. The program, guidelines and control tasks are given to the student at the installation session. First of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the methodological guidelines for studying the discipline. Then you should select the appropriate literature according to the given bibliographic list. It is advisable to accompany the study of the discipline with a brief note-taking and answers to the control questions of the topic. Unclear indicators, definitions, questions that may arise when studying the material of the topic, the student needs to write down separately in order to clarify them later in lectures, practical exercises at the teacher. The result of studying the discipline "Economics of land management" should be the ability to calculate the economic indicators of land management decisions. Consolidation of knowledge gained by students as a result of independent work in the intersessional period is carried out as a result of lectures and practical classes. The study of the discipline ends with an exam. The distribution of study time for the discipline under study is shown in Table 1. 8 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 1 - The distribution of study time in the study of the discipline "Economics of land management" Subject of discipline 1 1. Economics of land management as a science 2 Land management in the system of social production 3. Main issues of the theory of economic efficiency of land management 4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of investment programs and projects to improve the use and development of land. 5. Economics of inter-farm land management 6. Economics of the formation of agricultural organizations and peasant farms 7. Economic justification for the elimination of shortcomings in land use (land ownership) and the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes. 8. Fundamentals of the economic justification of land management decisions in on-farm land management projects 9. Comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of the on-farm land management project 10. Economic justification for the placement of production units, economic centers 9 Type of educational work and labor intensity in labor hours. lectures 2 3 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 2 2 6 2 2 6 0 0 8 0 0 8 1 2 10 1 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 »continuation of table 1 1 11 Economic justification for the placement of main on-farm roads 12. Economic assessment of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land 13. Methodology for the ecological and economic justification of the organization of the crop rotation system of the economy 14. Comparative assessment of options for arranging the territory of crop rotations, perennial plantations and fodder lands. 15. Features of the economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions in various natural areas TOTAL 10 2 3 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 1 8 0 1 14 0 0 10 6 10 119 0 Service» Section 2 CONTENT OF DISCIPLINE TOPICS. QUESTIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE TEST Topic 1 LAND MANAGEMENT ECONOMY AS A SCIENCE When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - the content and economic essence of land management; - the role of land management in the country's economy; - subject, methods and tasks of the discipline. Guidelines for studying the topic When studying the topic, it is necessary first of all to understand the role of land as the main means of production and means of labor in agriculture, to show in a historical aspect that in order to start the production process, it is necessary to combine labor with land, other means of production and a certain organization of society . In the future, it is important to determine the similarities and differences between land surveying and land management. It should be noted that land management has become a whole complex of actions that simultaneously have legal, technical, organizational, economic and economic content, and the economic side is dominant in land management, determines its essence. It is necessary to understand that the economic essence of land management is due to the following: - land management is an integral part of the social mode of production and is influenced by the objective economic laws of social development; - reflects the economic interests of various classes of society and strata of the population; 11 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - organizes the land not as a simple physical body, but as an object and tool of labor, the main means of production in agriculture, affects the economic fertility of soils; - is a factor of intensification and growth of economic efficiency of agricultural production; - represents an information basis for the creation of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations; - is included in the system of land management at various levels, is planned, financed, organized and operates in a real economic situation. It is necessary to reveal in detail each of the above reasons explaining the economic essence of land management. The study of the topic should begin with an analysis of the essence of land relations and their impact on the efficiency of land use. Next, it is necessary to clarify the processes of state regulation of land use and show what determines the choice of priority areas of state land policy, consider the economic mechanism for regulating land relations, including investment and tax policies, economic incentives for rational land use, and show the importance of land management. When studying the role of land management in the organization of production and rational environmental management, it is necessary to give the concept of organizing the rational use of land as the basis for increasing production efficiency, consider land management and scientific and technological progress in terms of creating organizational and territorial conditions for the introduction of new equipment, technology and organization of production, assess the role of land management in the organization of rational nature management. It is necessary to understand that land management in the course of social development has become a multifaceted activity and is a complex system of practical and theoretical knowledge. Therefore, it is studied by a complex of disciplines, including the discipline "Economics of land management", which reveals the economic theory of land management, its socio-economic essence and causes, the impact of land management on land use , economically feasible methods of land management, methods of accounting for the economic effect of land management, the operation of objective economic laws, the forms of their manifestation in the organization of land use, ways to increase production efficiency. It is necessary to show the difference between the subject "Economics of land management" and the subject "Land management design". The main objectives of the economics of land management are: - study of the mechanism of economic regulation of land relations; - determination of ways to improve the efficiency of land use; - development and substantiation of rational forms of land tenure and land use, agricultural production and the corresponding forms of territory organization; - establishing the optimal size and structure of land holdings and land uses and the choice of priority areas for their development; - improvement of methods of land management design, economic justification and evaluation of the economic efficiency of land management decisions; - Improving the efficiency of land management. It should be noted that the methodological basis of science is the laws of dialectics, the development of nature and society. It is necessary to study the methods of science determined by the methodology of scientific knowledge: scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, historical study, experimental research, economic-statistical, monographic, design-constructive, economic-mathematical, etc. Questions for self-examination 1. What is needed to start production on earth? 2. Give the concept of land surveying and name its main goals. 3. What activities included surveying? 13 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 4. What activities include land management? 5. Name the reasons explaining the dominance of the economic side of land management. Give an explanation for each reason. 6. What is the essence of land relations? 7. Name the components of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations. 8. What is the role of land management in the organization of production, rational environmental management? 9. What is the subject of discipline? 10. Name the tasks of the discipline "Economics of land management" 11. List the methods of science. 14 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 2 LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider: - the objective nature of land management and its socio-economic content; - economic laws of society and the economic mechanism for regulating land relations; - land management as an integral part of the economic mechanism of the country; - the importance of land management in a market economy. Guidelines for the study of the topic The study should begin with an analysis of the essence of land relations, the land system, the land policy of the state. Then determine the measures and nature of the impact of the state on the land system (legal, economic, organizational). Next, it is necessary to determine the state bodies with the help of which the land policy is carried out, to disclose the activities of land management bodies to regulate land relations: the technical and legal registration of land, the establishment, provision and protection of land use and land tenure rights. It is also important to consider land management as a statutory process. When studying, it is necessary to show that land management has both a state and an objective character. At the same time, the state nature of land management should be disclosed as the activities of state bodies for the technical and legal registration of land, the establishment, provision and protection of land use (land tenure) rights, the targeted regulation of land use, as the interaction of land management bodies with state authorities for the use of a single state land fund, not only in the personal interests and interests of the collective of workers, but also in the interests of the whole people. The objective nature of land management is explained by a number of reasons: firstly, the development of productive forces and production relations objectively leads to a change in land policy, a change in land use (land tenure); Secondly, constantly, and even more so in the conditions of market relations, land users need to redistribute land and cultivated crops; thirdly, land management is determined by specific natural, historical and economic conditions. When presenting the socio-economic content of land management, it is necessary to link it with the social mode of production, to show the role of land management as an objectively developing economic phenomenon and a socio-economic process of purposeful organization of territory and production, inextricably linked with land. Here it is important to show that the two most important tasks of land management - the adaptation of the territory to production and the adaptation of production to the territory - require interconnected solutions. Therefore, any activities aimed at improving land should be carried out with the direct participation of land management authorities or in agreement with them. The same applies to the territorial planning of production. When presenting the question, it is necessary to confirm this position with examples of linking the organization of the territory and land reclamation, the location of the main road network, livestock complexes, etc. The economic laws of society are divided into general and specific. It is necessary to show the mechanism of their action, to study the interrelations, forms of manifestation and use of objective economic laws. Consider the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces in their dialectical unity and development. Further, it is important to show the forms of land ownership and land use as a reflection of the development of society's production relations, to assess the forms of land organization of the territory and their correspondence to economic systems and farming systems as the material foundations of the productive forces. It is also necessary to establish the conformity of the content, forms and methods of land management with the nature of the productive forces and production relations, to analyze the evolution of forms of land organization in space and time. 16 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" When revealing the essence of the law of value and its impact on land management, it is necessary to study the forms of land ownership, forms of land ownership and land use, organization of agricultural production and the corresponding forms of land management and their effectiveness in the conditions of commodity-money production and market economy. It is important to establish the dependence of the value of land on its productive and territorial properties, the price of land on supply and demand, to justify the need for payment for land, to give the concept of the land market, the conditions and factors that ensure its development. Explaining the essence of the law of increasing productivity of labor and the category of saving time as a result of the operation of the law, it is necessary to show the nature of land management as a dialectically and historically developing phenomenon, to prove the need for constant changes in the organization of the territory and bringing the forms of land organization into dependence on productive forces. It is also necessary to define the concept of the level of intensity of the economy, its dependence on the optimal size of land ownership and land use, to show the relationship of land management with the achievements of scientific and technological progress, to justify land management on a scientific basis, to prove that land management is a factor in the development of production. The law of proportionality must be traced on the examples of establishing intersectoral and intrasectoral balances and relationships, horizontal and vertical integration, to show that land management determines the best proportions between land, other means of production and labor. When studying specific laws, it is also important to show their influence on land management in various socio-economic formations. It is necessary to determine the patterns of development of land management. It is possible to single out the components of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations: 17 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service - the taxation system (land tax and its role in increasing production efficiency, the use and distribution of funds received from land tax ); - investment policy (crediting and subsidizing, programs to support agriculture and priority areas for its development); - economic incentives for the rational use of land (allocation of budgetary allocations for the restoration and reclamation of land, exemption from land fees, compensation for temporary conservation of land, encouragement for improving land quality, increasing soil fertility, increasing the productivity of forest fund lands, setting increased prices for environmentally friendly products , tax incentives); - economic protection of agricultural lands (compensatory payments for agricultural lands withdrawn for the needs of industry, transport and other non-agricultural purposes, penalties for loss of soil fertility, development of erosion processes, violation of environmental legislation). Land management is the information basis for the implementation of the economic policy of the state in the field of land use, and is closely interconnected with land monitoring and land cadastre. The role of the land management service in the implementation of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations through the system of state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, planning and forecasting, organizing the rational use of land, and exercising control over the use and protection of land is great. Land management is the main lever in the implementation of socio-political tasks in the field of regulation of land relations. Therefore, the role of information, technical and legal land management support for the economic policy of the state in the field of land ownership and land use, as well as the current state of land management and the land cadastre, is great. 18 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service When revealing the environmental side of land management, it is important to justify the need to create sustainable agricultural landscapes, implement a system of environmental and anti-erosion measures, improve soil fertility and reclaim disturbed lands. Studying the role of land management in the country's land management system, it is necessary to characterize the land fund as an object of state administration, establish the functions of state management of the land fund (maintaining a land cadastre and land monitoring, forecasting and planning land use, organizing the rational use of land, their melioration, reclamation and protection , control over land use and resolution of land disputes), show the importance of land management in solving managerial problems. Attention should also be paid to the functions of land management as an organizational and economic event, the need to provide and withdraw land, consider the economy and its territory as an object of land management, justify the relationship between land management and resettlement, analyze the role of land management as a factor in increasing the efficiency of the economy and labor productivity. When studying the issue of the importance of land management in a market economy, it is necessary to give the concept of land privatization, show the procedure and methods for the formation of the land market and the real estate market, the creation of a market land infrastructure (land banks, land exchanges, agencies for the formation, transfer and registration of real estate), land courts , one should also consider the categories of payment for land ownership and land use, the cost of land, the price of land, tax rates, analyze the procedure for buying and selling, pledging land, obtaining loans and benefits. Attention should be paid to the features of the formation of land management bodies and their financing in a market economy, the features and basic methods of land management. 19 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM " & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Questions for self-examination 1. Give the concept of land relations. 2. What is the land system, land policy? 3. What are the measures of state influence on the land system. 4. What are the purpose and objectives of land management bodies? 5. What is the state nature of land management? 6. What explains the objective nature of land management? 7. What determines socio-economic content of land use? 8. Name the types of economic laws. 9. What laws are general, specific, special? 10. Explain the operation of the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces in land management, the operation of the law of proportionality. 11. What parts does the mechanism for regulating land relations consist of? 12. What are the main elements of the economic regulation of land relations. 13. How is the movement of the land fund? 14. What are the functions of land administration? 15. What land management activities correspond to certain functions? 20 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 3 MAIN QUESTIONS OF THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF LAND MANAGEMENT When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - types and indicators of assessing the economic efficiency of land management; - methodology of economic substantiation of land management decisions in schemes and projects and organization of land management. Guidelines for studying the topic One of essential conditions taken into account when substantiating land management design decisions is the territorial factor, which is closely related to the properties of land as a means of production. The territorial conditions of agricultural production are predetermined by the location of land, the terrain, the area and configuration of land masses, their length and disunity of contours, remoteness and the nature of communication with economic centers. It is necessary to see the connections between these conditions and such technical indicators of the territorial organization of production as the length of the rut, the weighted average distance from the serviced lands to economic centers, etc. hauls of agricultural machinery, loss of time for transitions and moving workers to service production, etc. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that a feature of agricultural production is the conduct of basic field work within the boundaries of working plots, fields, and natural contours of land. Therefore, the dimensions of the contours, their configuration, the dissection of land by ravines, gullies, hydrographic and road networks, other obstacles, as well as remoteness from economic centers are the most important characteristics of land use. The spatial forms of the earth are largely determined by the totality of the forms of the earth's surface, its relief, which are characterized by the depth of the dissection of the territory, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, etc. It should be emphasized that among the various characteristics of the relief, the slope of the earth's surface is of particular importance as the most important factor in the occurrence of water erosion and limiting the plowing of agricultural land, the placement of row crops and the organization of the territory as a whole. It is necessary to take into account the above indicators in land management. When studying the impact of land management on the organization and efficiency of production, it is necessary to reveal the impact of decisions on various components and elements of land management projects on the organization and efficiency of production: the number, size and location of production units and economic centers; placement of the main on-farm roads; organization of land and crop rotations; arrangement of agricultural land. At the same time, it is necessary to assess the impact of organizing the territory of an agricultural enterprise on reducing the costs of organizing labor, using equipment, capital investments, labor resources and production assets. Considering the main approaches to the methods for assessing land management decisions in pre-planning and pre-project documents on land management, it should be noted that pre-plan and pre-project developments include, first of all, the main directions and general schemes for the use of the country's land resources, the main directions for the use of land resources of the region, land management schemes of the region and administrative regions, as well as master plans organization of the territory of agricultural organizations. The methodological basis for the development and evaluation of decisions made in them is dialectical materialism with the well-known general laws of dialectics, such as the law of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones, unity and struggle of opposites, negation . It is important to show that the methodology for evaluating land management decisions is a set of principles and methods for their implementation. It assumes the logic of evaluation of developments, characterizes the content of individual stages and the sequence of their implementation. Methods and methods of economic, technical, environmental and social assessments should be distinguished from the methodology for assessing land management developments. It should be remembered that the method of evaluating land management decisions is only one of the methods or methods of evaluating results, while the methodology is a set of private rules and working methods for implementing specific calculations. Methods and methodology are included in the methodology for assessing land management decisions as its components. The most important condition for comparing and evaluating pre-planned and pre-project land management developments is the need for the functioning of the objects under consideration in the same natural and economic conditions and the same specialization of production. It is necessary to dwell on the essence and reveal the content of the systematic and integrated approaches to the evaluation of decisions, on the statistical, monographic, abstract-logical, calculation-constructive and other methods used in their adoption. It is necessary to reinforce your understanding of the issue with examples of specific developments. Opening the issue of organizing and planning land management, first of all, it is necessary to name who initiates and finances land management, what land management organizations are responsible for and what rights they have in exercising designer supervision over the implementation of land management projects. Next, it is necessary to establish the content of land management planning, paying special attention to the complexity and consistency of the development of project documents, to disclose methods for planning the structure and objects of land management, including when performing new types of land management. Service "works, the use of modern methods, technologies and means of information land management support. Questions for self-examination 1. What are the main features of assessing the economic efficiency of land management? 2. Give the concepts of environmental, social and economic efficiency of land management. 3. What is the difference between absolute and comparative economic efficiency? 4. How is the calculated and actual efficiency of land management determined? 5. For what reasons can the estimated and actual efficiency of land management not coincide? 6. What do the national economic and self-supporting (commercial) efficiency of land management reflect? 7. What indicators can be used to identify the economic efficiency of land management? 8. How can the main indicator (criterion) of the total efficiency of on-farm land management be determined? 9. Name the components of the system of indicators for a complete assessment of various aspects of land management. 10. What properties of the earth must be taken into account in land management? 11. What is meant by the productive territorial properties of the land? 12. What is meant by the reproduction of soil fertility? 13. How does land management affect the organization and efficiency of production? 14. Basic methods for evaluating land management decisions in pre-planning and pre-project documents. 15. Who organizes, conducts and pays for land management work? 16. What is taken into account when planning land management? 24 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 4 EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF INVESTMENT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS TO IMPROVE THE USE AND DESIGN OF LAND When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - types and stages of development of investment projects; - basic principles for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects; - evaluation of the commercial efficiency of investment projects. Guidelines for studying the topic An investment project is a plan or program for investing in order to make a profit. Investments are long-term investments of funds (capital) in various sectors of the economy in order to generate income (profit). According to the scale of implementation, the following types of investment projects are distinguished: global, large-scale, regional, sectoral, local and local. According to the direction, investment projects are distinguished: commercial, environmental, social, affecting state interests. Depending on the length of the investment period, projects are divided into short-term ( investment period does not exceed one year) and long-term, having a longer investment period. According to the nature and degree of state participation, investment projects are distinguished with state budget financing, with the use of tax incentives, state guarantees or other forms of its participation. The generally accepted sign of classification is the attachment object. In accordance with it, investments are divided into real and financial, capital-forming and portfolio investments. Real investments are long-term investments in the material production sector. Financial investments are long-term and short-term capital investments in various financial instruments with the aim of generating income. Capital-forming investments are most often identified with capital investments in fixed capital, namely: in new construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, the purchase of machinery, equipment, tools, inventory, intangible assets of an innovative nature, directly related to the operating activities of the enterprise. Portfolio investments are investments in long-term securities(shares, bonds, bills and other debt securities). According to participation in the investment process, investments are divided into direct and indirect. Direct investments include investments made by legal and individuals who own enterprises or have the right to participate in their management. They are subdivided: - into contributions to the statutory fund; - loans received from the co-owner of the enterprise. Indirect investments include investments made through financial intermediaries. The process of development and implementation of an investment project usually includes the following stages: - pre-investment stage, during which an investment decision is made on the feasibility of the project; - the investment stage at which funds are invested in investment objects; - the operational stage, which begins from the moment of obtaining the first results from the investment of funds and ends at the end of the investment period; - stage of liquidation of the object. 26 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service When considering the basic principles for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects, it should be remembered that determining the economic efficiency of an investment project is a check of the compliance of the project with the goals and interests of its participants. There are two types of economic efficiency of the investment project: - efficiency of the project as a whole; - effectiveness of participation in the project. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the project as a whole is the determination of the potential attractiveness of the project for all possible participants and sources of funding. It includes: - public (socio-economic) efficiency of the project; - commercial efficiency of the project. When determining social efficiency, the socio-economic consequences of the implementation of an investment project for society as a whole, environmental, social and other effects are taken into account. Commercial efficiency is the effectiveness of the implementation of an investment project for the participants implementing it, on the assumption that it incurs all the necessary costs and uses all its results. The effectiveness of participation in the project, determined to identify the interest in it of all its participants, includes: - the effectiveness of the participation of enterprises in the project (the effectiveness of investment projects for participating enterprises); - efficiency of investing in the shares of an enterprise (efficiency for shareholders of joint-stock enterprises - participants in an investment project); - the efficiency of participation in the project of structures of a higher level in relation to the enterprises participating in the investment project, including regional and national economic efficiency - for individual regions and the national economy of the Russian Federation, as well as sectoral efficiency - for individual LLC “Kniga-Service Agency” of branches of the national economy, financial and industrial groups, associations of enterprises and holding structures; - budgetary efficiency of investment projects (effectiveness of state participation in the project in terms of expenditures and revenues of budgets of all levels). When considering the issue of assessing the commercial effectiveness of investment projects, one should take into account the complexity of its implementation, determined by the fact that investment and income are separated in time. The following methods are used to assess the effectiveness of investments: a) static, fairly simple to calculate; b) dynamic, more complex, based on the theory of changes in value over time. Indicators for evaluating the commercial effectiveness of investment projects are given in the guidelines for solving problems. Questions for self-examination 1. What is an investment and an investment project? 2. What types of investments are distinguished in domestic practice? 3. What stages does the process of development and implementation of an investment project include? 4. What does the assessment of the effectiveness of the investment project as a whole include? 5. What does the evaluation of the effectiveness of participation in the project include? 6. What are the indicators for evaluating the commercial effectiveness of investment projects? 28 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 5 ECONOMY OF INTER-FARM LAND MANAGEMENT When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - the need for inter-farm land management and its main tasks; - maintenance of inter-farm land management; - socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management; - basic principles and conditions for the formation of land uses (land holdings) for agricultural purposes. Guidelines for studying the topic When starting to study the issue of the need for inter-farm land management, it is necessary to give the concept of the land fund, characterize the main categories of land, then analyze land use and land use at the present stage, identify the main reasons that necessitate the distribution and redistribution of land between categories, industries national economy, land users and landowners: political, socio-economic, organizational and economic. It is necessary to define inter-farm land management and define its objects. Inter-farm land management is characterized as one of the types of land management, through which the rational use and protection of land resources is organized. Next, we should consider inter-farm land management as a set of legal, economic, social and technical measures. It is important to disclose the main tasks of inter-farm land management: determination of the main intended purpose of land; provision of all sectors of the economy and individual land users (land owners) with the necessary land plots, their expedient placement on the territory; 29 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service creation of equal territorial conditions for the development of all forms of land management; exact observance of land legislation, ensuring the certainty of the boundaries of land plots; territorial organization of production, creation of conditions for its successful development and efficiency increase; formation and improvement of a rational system of land use and land tenure; development of land use and land ownership, strengthening and improvement of land relations; organization of rational use and protection of lands, development of measures aimed at improving and restoring lands, increasing their fertility, protecting against erosion, recultivation, as well as conservation of lands whose fertility cannot be restored; preparation of data for the establishment of land tax and rent, compensation for losses of agricultural production in the event of land withdrawal. The main land management activities related to inter-farm land management: the formation of new land holdings and land uses of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farmer) households; streamlining the existing land holdings and land use of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farmer) households; formation of non-agricultural land uses; creation of special land funds; redistribution of lands of agricultural enterprises during their reorganization and privatization; establishing and changing the boundaries of cities and towns; establishing the boundaries of rural settlements; justification for the placement and establishment of the boundaries of specially protected areas; 30 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" establishment (restoration) on the ground of the boundaries of administrative-territorial formations, land uses and land ownership. The socio-economic nature of land management must begin with a study of the economic prerequisites for the provision and withdrawal of land for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Next, it is necessary to analyze the factors of inter-farm land management, reveal the reasons for the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management, prove the economic essence of inter-farm land management and its social nature. Inter-farm land management is divided into two varieties: 1) organization of land use of agricultural enterprises; 2) organization of land use by non-agricultural enterprises. Starting to characterize these varieties, it is necessary to understand that the division is based on differences in the intended purpose of the main parts of the unified state land fund, in the use of land as a means of production in agriculture and other sectors of the national economy. These differences are of great importance: agricultural and non-agricultural land uses should include lands of different quality. Accordingly, the content and methodology for the formation of land uses for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes will differ significantly. It should be noted that agricultural land use is characterized by: location in general, the location of its individual parts relative to the estates and their mutual location relative to each other, the number and ratio of land, configuration and compactness, the location of the boundaries. Each of these characteristics has an impact on the efficiency of agricultural production. It should be proved that the change in the above parameters affects the manageability, production volume, the amount of capital investments, transport and other annual costs, land productivity, production costs, soil erosion, and social conditions. 31 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Given the above factors, it is important to formulate the basic principles for the formation of rational agricultural land use: all land users located in the given territory; - ensuring the size of production and land use, corresponding to zonal conditions and specialization of agricultural production; - inclusion in the composition of each land use of types, areas and ratio of lands that correspond to the specialization of farms and allow rational and efficient use of land; - ensuring the compactness of land use, the convenience of its configuration for the organization of production and territory; - the correct location within the land use of economic centers and their convenient connection with the land, among themselves and with external economic and administrative centers. When considering the tasks and content of the formation of land uses for non-agricultural purposes, one should focus on the diversity of non-agricultural objects, their different sizes and locations, and the degree of impact on the environment. When forming land uses for non-agricultural purposes, the principle of priority of agricultural land use established by land legislation must be observed: lands suitable for agriculture, first of all, must be provided for agricultural purposes, for non-agricultural needs, non-agricultural lands or agricultural land of poorer quality shall be provided. It is necessary to explain how this principle is achieved. In conclusion, the main conditions that must be observed in the formation of agricultural land use are formulated: - location of the provided site in a place where there are the necessary conditions for the fulfillment of special purposes and tasks of the land user taking into account the interests of other industries and enterprises; - compliance of the area, configuration and natural conditions of the site with the purposes for which it is provided; - rational use and protection of land and other natural resources; - the most rational use of the costs incurred for land improvement, maximum preservation of valuable lands, intra-farm organization of the territory, prevention of land use shortcomings; - Ensuring environmental protection. Questions for self-examination 1. Define the concept of "off-farm land management". 2. What reasons (factors) necessitate inter-farm land management? 3. In accordance with what principles is inter-farm land management carried out? 4. Expand the reasons for the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management. What is its economic essence? 5. What tasks are performed during inter-farm land management? 6. What do the concepts mean: land acquisition, provision of land, land acquisition? 7. What are the principles of formation of rational land use for agricultural purposes. 8. List the main conditions that must be observed when forming agricultural land uses. 33 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 6 ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION OF AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PEASANT FARMS When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - economic requirements for calculating the optimal area of land use (land ownership); - conditions and factors affecting the size of land use (land ownership) for agricultural purposes; - methods used in determining the estimated optimal size of land use (land ownership) for agricultural purposes; - assessment of land use (land ownership) of agricultural enterprises; - assessment of the economic efficiency of production (competitiveness) of the formed agricultural organization; - assessment of the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural organizations. Guidelines for the study of the topic When creating new or reorganizing existing agricultural organizations, land should be allocated to them in optimal sizes. At the same time, the calculation of the optimal area is based on the requirements of rational construction and management of the economy, without taking into account which it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. It is necessary to list and analyze the most important of these requirements: - the main conditions and factors of production - land, material resources, labor force - must be in certain proportions and be balanced; - the production direction of the economy, its specialization and structure must necessarily be established taking into account soil fertility, the degree of land cultivation, the possibility of subsequent transformation and improvement of land; 34 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" - sustainable development any economy is possible only on the basis of expanded reproduction; - to reduce various kinds of costs, the farm, if possible, should be located on the same land mass, have the correct shape, rational configuration with an ecologically and economically justified placement of borders and an economic center; - in terms of the size of the land area and the organizational and production structure, the economy should be manageable; - all sectors of the economy must be provided with the necessary areas of land of the appropriate composition; - when determining the size of the farm in terms of land area, it is necessary to take into account a set of requirements for agricultural production (seasonality, technological interdependence of crop and livestock industries, agronomic, zootechnical, biological, environmental, construction and planning, sanitary conditions and restrictions). Without taking into account these requirements, it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. It is necessary to characterize the main factors and conditions affecting the size of land use (land ownership) of an agricultural enterprise: - production direction (specialization) of the economy, composition and combination of its industries; - natural conditions characterizing soil fertility, ameliorative and cultural-technical state of lands, their contours, dissection, remoteness from economic centers, main roads, etc.; - security of the economy with labor resources, the composition and skill level of administrative and managerial personnel and other employees, the possibility of attracting labor from outside; - the presence of fixed and circulating production assets, monetary and material resources, the possibility of attracting bank loans; 35 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - availability and condition of the road network, vehicles, communication facilities, conditions of resettlement, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to show which conditions affect the increase, and which - to decrease land use area. As a result, it is necessary to define the optimal (rational) area of land use (land ownership), which will ensure maximum economic efficiency, rational use and protection of land resources. To determine the estimated (initial) optimal size of land use (land ownership), various methods are used: the method of analogues, economic-statistical, calculation-constructive, analytical, economic-mathematical. Applying these methods, it is necessary to take into account the territorial and natural conditions when establishing the final size of land use (land ownership) and its boundaries, land structure and production. It is necessary to dwell in more detail on the economic-statistical and calculation-constructive methods, to study the functional relationships between the optimal value of the size of land use (land ownership) and the value of gross output, as well as the value of production costs and net income. When studying the application of the economic-mathematical method, it is necessary to give a general concept of the economic-mathematical model, the methods and rules for its construction, methods for applying models to solve specific problems. When assessing land use (land holdings) of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to understand the essence of land use (land tenure) assessment, name the main factors and conditions that characterize land use (land tenure), conclude that land use assessment should be reduced to determining their suitability for performing production tasks, and as well as the requirements of nature protection and the creation of the best conditions for the work and life of the rural population. 36 Copyright JSC "TsKB "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" It is necessary to understand that the system of indicators for assessing the state of land use should provide: - detailed quantitative and qualitative characteristics of all positive and negative properties of land use; - the possibility of determining the compliance of land uses with the basic requirements for them; - a comprehensive comparison of different land uses with each other with the determination of how this land use is better or worse than another; - determination of the state expediency of introducing certain changes in land use, as well as the compliance of these changes with the objective interests of interested land users; - evaluation of emerging decisions, changes in land use and determination of their economic efficiency. It is advisable to subdivide land use assessment indicators into three levels: - the first level is a comprehensive land use assessment, which collectively characterizes the compliance of land uses with the requirements for them; - the second level should include indicators that are independent of each other and characterize land use; - the third level should include indicators that are independent and dependent on each other, quantitatively and qualitatively characterizing all the positive and negative properties of land use. Higher level indicators are usually determined on the basis of lower level indicators. When evaluating the economic efficiency of production (competitiveness) of an agricultural organization being formed, it is important to show the need for economic efficiency of production of an organized enterprise, establish a list of evaluation indicators, and set out a methodology for calculating a general indicator - the expected level of profitability of the farm or the rate of return. Next, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of capital investments, if they are provided for in the land management project. 37 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service When evaluating the economic efficiency of the production of a newly organized agricultural enterprise, first of all, it is required to prove the feasibility of establishing a new or reorganizing production and the territory of an existing farm. To this end, it is necessary to characterize the system of indicators of the project of inter-farm land management in the formation of land holdings and land uses for agricultural purposes, which makes it possible: - to compare project data with the results of production activities achieved by the farm, or a control standard level that ensures expanded reproduction; - evaluate the impact on agricultural production of all measures for the organization of the territory, choose the optimal size of the farm and the best way its land management; - to provide the final selected version of the project with digital material that characterizes the design structure and the level of development of production, the organization of the territory of the enterprise. When studying the issue, it is necessary to characterize the indicators of gross, marketable and net output, the level of profitability of the economy, the level of land and labor resources utilization, the coefficient of efficiency of capital investments, and other indicators of production efficiency. As a result, it should be concluded that it is necessary to support projects of inter-farm land management with appropriate economic calculations. When assessing the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural organizations, it is necessary to determine the conditions under which the reorganization is economically feasible. Next, it is necessary to outline the sequence of actions in the reorganization of farms, the formation of new or streamlining existing land uses (land holdings). At the same time, to establish what gives a comprehensive assessment of the territory, taking into account what recommendations the reorganization project is being developed and what method of land management design is used in this case. Considering the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to justify the economic feasibility of such withdrawal, to provide for minimizing possible damage and creating organizational and territorial conditions that contribute to increasing production efficiency. To assess the possibility of land withdrawal, it is necessary to use indicators that characterize the degree of production decline at the enterprise during its reorganization and the formation of new land holdings and land uses within its boundaries: a decrease in the area of arable land, a change in the volume of gross output and its value, the amount of costs for the cultivation of crops, additional costs for maintenance of soil fertility, the cost of idle moving of agricultural machinery, an increase in the cost of mechanized field work, additional investment in new residential and industrial construction, road construction, an increase in annual costs, a decrease in net income and profitability. Questions for self-examination 1. What are the basic requirements for the rational construction and management of the economy. 2. What conditions and factors affect the size of land use (land ownership) of the economy? 3. Describe the main methods used to determine the calculated optimal size of land uses (land holdings) for agricultural purposes. 4. What are the main parameters of land use (land ownership)? 5. What is the essence of land use (land ownership) assessment? 6. On what principles should the system of indicators for assessing the state of land use (land ownership) be built? 7. What are the main requirements taken into account when calculating the optimal area of land ownership (land use). 8. What indicators are used to evaluate the economic efficiency of the production of a newly formed enterprise? 39 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service 9. Name the conditions under which the reorganization of the economy is not economically feasible. 10. What is the sequence of actions in the reorganization of farms? 40 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 7 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE LIQUIDATION OF LAND USE DEFECTS (LAND USE) AND THE PROVISION OF LAND FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - economic efficiency of eliminating the shortcomings of land tenures (land uses); - content of the project of withdrawal and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes; - losses (losses) of agricultural organizations in connection with the withdrawal of land for non-agricultural purposes and the procedure for their determination; - the procedure for compensating for losses in agricultural production. Guidelines for the study of the topic When considering the issue of economic efficiency of eliminating the shortcomings of land ownership (land use), these shortcomings should be noted: - striped (inter-farm); - elongation of land use; - inconvenient external borders; - the presence of extraneous land uses that impede the use of land; - small-contour agricultural land; - low proportion of agricultural land; - inconvenient location of production units; - inconvenient placement of arrays of land; - inconvenient location of the territory in relation to the on-farm main road network; - division of the territory by natural and artificial barriers (internal striping); 41 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" - irrational amount of land use (land ownership); - poor condition of the on-farm road network; - irrational structure of agricultural land; - fragmentation of production; - limited rights of the land user (land owner); - little or a lot of land; - absence on the territory of the main cultural and household institutions; - the presence of conditions that impede the sustainability of land use; - inconvenient location in relation to the points of delivery of products and supply points; - inconvenient location in relation to administrative and cultural centers; - inconvenient location in relation to the public road network; - neglect of agricultural land; - complex relief; - presence of danger of soil erosion; - great diversity of the soil cover; - low soil fertility; - unfavorable climatic conditions; - poor water supply; - unfavorable hydrographic and hydrogeological conditions; - unfavorable sanitary-hygienic and veterinary zootechnical conditions; - poor natural vegetation cover; - lack of minerals for on-farm needs; - Flooding of the territory. Under specific conditions, the composition of shortcomings and their impact on the socio-economic activity of farms can be different. Therefore, it is necessary to identify not only their presence, but also to determine the degree of negative impact, to establish the causes of their occurrence and methods of elimination. It is expedient to classify the shortcomings. Firstly, it is carried out according to the signs of manifestation: shortcomings in the location and configuration of land uses (external, internal, mixed), production and social shortcomings, location shortcomings, natural shortcomings. Secondly, the classification is carried out according to the elimination methods: inter-farm land management, intra-farm organization of the territory, their combination. In addition, there are hard-to-remove, as well as shortcomings, which are almost impossible to get rid of. In more detail, it is necessary to dwell on methods for eliminating the shortcomings of land tenures (land uses) in projects of inter-farm land management simultaneously for a group of land tenures and land uses: - exchange of equal and equivalent land plots; - exchange of unequal and unequal land plots; - gratuitous or paid (for a fee) transfer of land from one farm to another; - formation of new or reorganization of existing land holdings and land uses. It is necessary to study the indicators for assessing the economic damage caused by deficiencies in land use (land tenure), and the methodology for calculating the values of indicators of the economic justification and determining the effectiveness of eliminating such deficiencies. Elimination of their negative impact on economic activity and land use should be considered as the criterion of economic efficiency in eliminating the shortcomings of land ownership (land use). Considering the content of the project of withdrawal and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes, it is important not only to name the content of the project of land acquisition for non-agricultural needs, but also to analyze the issues of the project in terms of the complexity of both the project as a whole and for solving its individual components and issues. When calculating the losses (losses) of agricultural organizations in connection with the seizure of land for non-agricultural purposes and the procedure for their determination, it is necessary to provide explanations for the definition (calculation) of each of them, based on legislation Russian Federation . It should be borne in mind that the following are subject to compensation: the cost of residential buildings, cultural and community facilities, industrial and other buildings and structures or the costs of their transfer to a new location, the cost of reclamation and anti-erosion structures; the cost of fruit and berry, protective and other perennial plantations grown by the landowner and land user (including the tenant), including cultivated forest plantations; the cost of work in progress (plowing, fertilizing, sowing and other work); the value of crop yields and various types of non-timber forest products; costs of improving the quality of land during the time of possession or use of land plots and other losses associated with the withdrawal or temporary occupation of land plots, restriction of land users' rights or deterioration of land quality; the costs of restoring buildings and structures damaged as a result of subsidence of the earth's surface during the development of mineral deposits, as well as additional costs for the implementation of measures to protect buildings and structures located in the established order on the areas of mineral deposits from possible settlements of the earth's surface. Disclose the procedure for determining losses (costs) caused by inconveniences in the use of land, deterioration in quality, restriction of the rights of land users, lost profits. When considering the issue of the procedure for compensating for losses in agricultural production, it is necessary to use the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and regulatory documents. The procedure for compensating for losses in agricultural production should be outlined: by whom, to whom, how they are compensated, how these funds are used, in what cases losses are not compensated, etc. Questions for self-examination 44 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 1. What are the shortcomings of land use. 2. What are the ways to eliminate the shortcomings of land use (land ownership)? 3. The content of the project of land acquisition for non-agricultural needs. 4. What losses (losses) are reimbursed to agricultural organizations in connection with the withdrawal of land for non-agricultural needs? 5. What is the procedure for compensation for losses (losses)? 6. By whom, to whom and how are the losses of agricultural production compensated? 7. In what cases are losses of agricultural production not compensated? 45 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 8 BASIS OF ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF LAND MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN PROJECTS OF INTERNAL LAND MANAGEMENT When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - the relationship between forms of organization of production and territory at various levels of the production process; - differentiation of the economic effect of the organization of the territory; - a system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects. Guidelines for studying the topic When considering the relationship between the forms of organization of production and the territory, first of all, it must be understood that in order to build a system of indicators for the economic evaluation of land management projects, it is necessary to take into account: - the structure and stages of the production process, within which the organization of land use is carried out, starting from the territorial organization of the process labor and ending with the process of reproduction of a socially necessary product at the level of the economy as a whole; - the role of land at various levels (stages) of the production process, when land can act as an object of labor, the main means of production and a spatial operating basis; - a list of the main issues to be substantiated in various components of the project and its elements. It is necessary to show that each part (stage) of production corresponds to its own form of land use. It must be emphasized that the differentiation of the production process leads to a differentiation of the effect of the organization of the territory, depending on the role of the land and the nature of its use. 46 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Next, it is necessary to show what is the main effect of on-farm organization of the territory in solving various components of on-farm land management, how the generalizing indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of the project is determined, taking into account the development, improvement and land protection, construction of facilities and structures, and others, i.e. works requiring capital and additional production costs. When determining the system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects, it should first be shown that increasing production efficiency is associated with improving specialization, clarifying the number and boundaries of production units, the composition and location of land and crop rotations, reducing the annual costs of transporting goods, crossings and moving people, moving equipment , cultivation of fields, an increase in the yield of agricultural crops due to a better consideration of predecessors, soil and other conditions, an increase in animal productivity due to a better fixing of pastures for livestock, a reduction in transhumance, and full provision of livestock with fodder. Since land management projects are of a complex nature, the economic assessment must necessarily be coordinated with the environmental and social. In addition, the development of land management projects requires the solution of specific (technical) and production (technological) issues. In this regard, the economic justification for on-farm land management projects includes the following parts: - engineering and technological (technical and economic); - production and technical (agro-economic); - economic; - socio-economic. Further, it is necessary to disclose the main content and objectives of each named part of the economic justification. 47 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Questions for self-examination 1. What should be taken into account when building a system of indicators for the economic evaluation of land management projects? 2. What are the stages of the production process of an agricultural enterprise? 3. What forms of land use correspond to each stage of production? 4. What is the main effect of the on-farm organization of the territory? 5. How is the general indicator of the project effectiveness evaluation determined? 6. Name the parts that make up the economic justification for on-farm land management projects. 7. What is the main purpose of each of the parts of the business case for projects? 48 Copyright JSC «Central Design Bureau «BIBCOM» & LLC «Agency Kniga-Service» Topic 9 COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE PROJECT OF ON-FARM LAND MANAGEMENT When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - economic efficiency of measures of the project of on-farm land management that do not require capital expenditures; - economic efficiency of activities of the on-farm land management project associated with significant capital costs. Guidelines for studying the topic Considering the first question, it is necessary to understand that the effectiveness of activities not related to capital costs is established by comparing project indicators with normative or corresponding indicators of an agricultural enterprise before land management. In the system of such indicators, groups can be distinguished that characterize the conditions: the organization of production and its management; road communication; organization of land and crop rotations; arrangement of the territory of agricultural lands; nature conservation. Specific indicators of these groups make it possible to identify the organizational, economic and technical efficiency of the on-farm land management project, as well as its validity in agro-economic terms. Next, you need to name the technical economic indicators (activities) that do not require capital costs for implementation, and show the expected effect of these activities; technical indicators and methods for their determination. Studying the second question, it is necessary to clearly identify activities that require capital costs; additional annual costs; product growth, cost savings. Capital costs are calculated for the following activities: transformation and improvement of agricultural land, development of new lands engineering equipment of the territory; anti-erosion measures; design and survey work. The annual production costs associated with the implementation of project activities include: depreciation; operating costs; production costs; transportation costs for the transportation of additional products, lost income; an increase in the cost of field work. Increase in production, savings in annual costs, prevention of product losses must be analyzed according to the following indicators (measures): increase in production due to the development, improvement, implementation of anti-erosion measures and reduction of areas under production facilities; reduction of transport costs due to reduction of average distances and improvement of transport conditions; reduction (increase) in the cost of idle runs and turns of agricultural machinery; additional net income from the elimination of fine contouring; placement of agricultural crops, taking into account the quality of soils, predecessors in crop rotation; reducing losses in livestock productivity due to the approach of pastures to farms, etc. It is necessary to provide a methodology for determining costs, income, savings for each indicator (measure). At the same time, it is important to emphasize that the main indicator for evaluating an on-farm land management project is the ratio of the increase in net income to the reduced costs. Questions for self-examination 1. What are the technical and economic indicators of the on-farm land management project. 2. List the groups of organizational and economic activities and the expected effect as a result of their implementation. 3. What technical indicators can justify the effectiveness of activities? 4. What activities require capital expenditures in the implementation of the on-farm land management project? 50 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 5. What are the additional annual costs in the implementation of the activities of the on-farm land management project. 6. What project activities can generate additional income? 7. What activities can reduce costs, product losses? 51 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 10 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF PLACEMENT OF PRODUCTION DIVISIONS, ECONOMIC CENTERS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - the main criteria and economic indicators of justifying the placement of production units and economic centers; - methodology for calculating one-time costs when justifying the placement of production units and economic centers; - methodology for calculating annual costs when justifying the placement of production units and economic centers. Guidelines for studying the topic When studying the first question, it is necessary to form criteria and indicators for the economic justification of the location of production units and economic centers, the assessment of new construction and the location of settlements and production centers, the economic efficiency of investments in the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing production (one-time costs, annual costs, losses and gains in production, etc.). When disclosing the second question, one should consider the methodology for calculating one-time costs for new production, housing, cultural and domestic construction and engineering equipment of the territory, the amount of capital investments for the reconstruction or re-equipment of buildings, as well as related depreciation charges and operating costs. Studying the third question, it is necessary to understand the methodology for calculating the annual costs of transporting goods and workers; prime cost52 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM " & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" of crop and livestock products depending on the level of specialization and concentration of production and general expenses ; loss of products from the area occupied by housing and industrial construction; additional costs associated with the formation of a new herd; calculation of the cost of additional production, depending on the growth of livestock and the increase in manure yield. Next, it is necessary to calculate the coefficient of efficiency of capital investments, reduced costs, the amount of additional net income per unit of reduced costs. Questions for self-examination 1. List the indicators used in the economic justification for the placement of production units and economic centers of an agricultural enterprise. 2. How to evaluate the effectiveness of new construction, location of settlements and production centers of the economy? 3. How to determine the loss of products from the area occupied by housing and industrial construction? 4. How to determine the increase in production due to the concentration of livestock on farms and crops of leading crops in production units? 5. How to evaluate the economic efficiency of investments in the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing industries? 6. What are the criteria for the economic justification of the placement of production units and economic centers? 53 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 11 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE LOCATION OF MAIN INTERNAL ROADS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - indicators for assessing options for locating the main road network; - methodology for calculating one-time and annual costs and losses; - a method for determining the loss of farm products due to off-road. Guidelines for the study of the topic On-farm roads include roads connecting the central estates with the centers of their divisions, livestock farms, field camps, points for the procurement, storage and processing of products by other agro-industrial facilities, as well as providing transport links with public roads. Roads are divided into five categories. Depending on the intensity of traffic, according to SNiP P-D-572, access roads of farms belong to category IV, and permanent on-farm roads to category V. They are divided into four groups: main on-farm roads; entrances; main field roads; roads and passages in the territory of rural settlements. Group I includes roads connecting the central estates of agricultural enterprises with the estates of production units, other rural settlements, as well as the estates of production units with each other, with highways public, railway stations. Group II includes roads connecting the estates of production units and other rural settlements with livestock farms, auxiliary shops, points of procurement, storage and primary processing of products with warehouses for fertilizers and pesticides, construction sites, quarries of local building materials. Group III included permanent field roads connecting the estates of production units, farms, other settlements and production centers with agricultural land and individual economic plots, field camps. IV group of roads - the subject of design in the preparation of master plans for the development of settlements. When placing an on-farm road network, the following issues are resolved: determining the direction of roads; establishing the category and type of coverage; placement of tracks and artificial structures on them. In conclusion, the cost and sequence of construction, the economic efficiency of capital investments are determined. The road network on the territory of an agricultural enterprise should provide: - convenient transport links with the greatest economic effect, year-round and timely implementation transport work at their lowest cost; - increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production; - a minimum of capital investments in the organization of transport work, reducing the loss of agricultural production from off-road; - creation unified system transportation of goods and cargo-free movements, satisfaction of cultural, community and other social needs. On-farm roads should create conditions for year-round transport links. When studying the options for locating the main road network, it is necessary to find out the location of the main on-farm roads and road structures, to disclose the methodology for calculating capital investments for the construction of roads and road structures. 55 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" When calculating one-time and annual costs and losses, one should consider the calculation methods: depreciation deductions, annual operating costs for the maintenance and repair of road structures, costs for the transportation of goods by road and tractors , loss of products from the area of agricultural land withdrawn for road construction. When studying the volume of losses of farm products due to impassability, it is necessary to understand the methodology for determining these losses (due to overconsolidation of the soil, a decrease in the productive area due to damage to crops near unpaved field roads in broken, rutted areas, due to dustiness of crops, due to product losses due to transportation, violation of production technology, etc.). Next, it is important to show how the calculation of the coefficients of efficiency of capital investments and reduced costs. Questions for self-examination 1. What indicators are used in the analysis of options for the placement of roads on the territory of the economy? 2. How to calculate the amount of capital investment in road construction? 3. What indicators of annual costs are used in the economic justification of the placement of main roads? 4. What causes product losses due to off-road? 56 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 12 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, TRANSFORMATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF LANDS , improvement of natural fodder lands and the creation of cultivated pastures, the implementation of a set of anti-erosion measures; - calculation of the value of gross crop production and production costs, net income increments, investment efficiency indices; - the criterion of the best variant of the organization of the land of the economy. Guidelines for the study of the topic The main task of the transformation of lands is to bring their composition and ratio in line with new production and environmental requirements. The main goal is to increase economic efficiency and ensure the environmental feasibility of further use of land. As a result of the transformation of land plots, their new location is determined. Therefore, the transformation and placement of land is a complex and interrelated task. Increasing the intensity of land use is possible through their radical improvement, either as a result of complex reclamation work, or through cultural and technical measures (uprooting shrubs and small forests, clearing bumps and stones, plastering, anti-erosion measures, etc.). The complex task also includes land improvement. The establishment of a new structure of lands by means of transformation, their improvement and placement are closely related and form a single whole. 57 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service Thus, the organization of land means the establishment of an economically efficient and environmentally sound composition, their correlation and placement on the territory. The projected composition and ratio (structure) of lands, their placement on the territory must meet the following requirements: - rational use of all lands in accordance with their natural properties; - termination and prevention of erosion processes and improvement of landscapes; - systematic restoration and improvement of soil fertility; - compliance of the designed organization of lands with the established specialization of industries and their rational combination; - ensuring the sustainability of the forage base for livestock; - minimum costs for transportation and storage of products without significant losses; - creation of favorable conditions for increasing labor productivity and highly efficient use of machine and tractor units. Compliance with the above requirements is the starting point in determining the volume of land transformation and improvement, land allocation, taking into account natural and economic factors. It is necessary to disclose the methodology for calculating capital investments for the development of new lands, the transformation and reclamation improvement of agricultural lands, the improvement of natural fodder lands and the creation of cultivated pastures, and the implementation of a set of anti-erosion measures. Show how the cost of gross crop production and production costs, net income increments, and investment efficiency ratios are calculated. Explain the mechanism for establishing the priority of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land, depending on the coefficient of efficiency of capital investments of measures. 58 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Next, it is necessary to show how the indicators of comparative efficiency of capital investments are calculated, to study the methodology for calculating the costs of major repairs, depreciation, maintenance and operation, the implementation of technological measures, the implementation of technological processes in crop production. It is also important to understand the peculiarities of the method of economic substantiation of the elimination of small-contour and fragmentation of land, to substantiate the criterion for the best variant of the organization of farm land. Questions for self-examination 1. What groups of activities are distinguished when assessing the development, transformation and improvement of land? 2. What indicator is used as a summary when choosing the best option for the development, transformation and improvement of land? 3. How to calculate the increase in net income from land transformation and improvement? 4. What are the features of the assessment of the development, transformation and improvement of land in conditions of small contours? 59 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 13 METHODOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SYSTEM OF CROPPING ROTATION OF THE FARM When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - analysis, environmental and technological characteristics and assessment of the comparative suitability of working areas for cultivation agricultural crops; - economic evaluation of the efficiency of cultivation of agricultural crops in working areas; - substantiation of the crop rotation system; - assessment of options for organizing a crop rotation system. Guidelines for the study of the topic Organization of ecological crop rotations, their justification are carried out on the basis of the formation, analysis, environmental and technological characteristics, assessment of the comparative suitability of working areas and economic assessment of the effectiveness of cultivating crops on them. It is necessary to provide technical and environmental indicators for assessing working areas, to show the methodology for their determination, to consider the methodology for assessing the relative suitability of working areas for the cultivation of crops. At the same time, it is necessary to establish groups of factors that affect the suitability of working areas for various crops, explain how the data of such an assessment are used in the formation of environmental and technological groups, and then crop rotations. If materials of on-farm land assessment are available, the organization of crop rotations is carried out on the basis of the results of grouping working plots according to the estimated net income when cultivating various crops on them. In the absence of such materials, the main economic information about plots can be obtained as a result of their assessment of the efficiency of cultivating crops on a computer using a special program. Such an assessment can be expressed in the form of conditional income or conditional energy efficiency of crop cultivation by working areas. In this case, only those types of costs that depend on the spatial and technological properties of the working areas, as well as land fertility, can be taken into account. Next, it is necessary to show how soils, predecessors and other conditions affect the cost of gross crop production, technological properties and the remoteness of working areas from economic centers on production costs (for intra-field work, transportation of goods, people, hauls of equipment), to study the methodology for calculating the costs of reproduction soil fertility. It is also important to consider the methodology for assessing the efficiency of labor organization, the concentration of crops and the use of agricultural machinery, the impact of the timing of harvesting crops on product losses. It is necessary to name the conditions and factors influencing the choice of the form of crop rotation (in time and space or only in time), types, species, quantity, composition and alternation of crops. These are, on the one hand, cultivation technology, requirements for the natural environment, labor intensity, load intensity, on the other hand, various conditions of land plots (soils, relief, water regime, compactness, remoteness from economic centers, area, configuration), on the third, economic conditions (specialization of the economy and the concentration of livestock, the structure of agricultural land, the location and size of arable land, erosion of land, etc.). It should be shown how all these conditions affect the organization of the crop rotation system, what options are possible in connection with this in the number, types, types, forms and placement of crop rotations. When presenting the issue of assessing options for organizing crop rotations, technical and economic indicators should be listed. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that it is impossible to compare crop rotation options with alternation of crops in time and space (by fields) and alternation only in time (by working areas) according to technical indicators. According to this, the options are finally evaluated according to economic criteria, which can be the average annual conditional income or energy output. Further, it is necessary to show how this indicator is determined, what other requirements, besides the economic effect, must be taken into account. Questions for self-examination 1. What is the basis for the organization of ecological and technological crop rotations? 2. What indicators are used to characterize work sites? 3. How is the relative suitability of work sites for crop cultivation determined? 4. What is the assessment of working plots for the effectiveness of cultivating crops on them? 5. What is taken into account when calculating the conditional income and energy efficiency of crop cultivation by working areas? 6. What conditions and factors influence the choice of types, types, forms, quantity and placement of crop rotations? 7. Options for organizing a crop rotation system. 8. What technical indicators are used when evaluating options for organizing crop rotations? 9. What is the criterion for choosing the best option for organizing crop rotations? 62 Copyright OJSC «Central Design Bureau «BIBKOM» & LLC «Agency Kniga-Service» Topic 14 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF CROPPED ROTATIONS, PERMANENT PLANTS AND FORAGE LANDS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - assessment of the placement of fields and working areas; - economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures; - assessment of the location of shelterbelts, field camps and sources of field water supply; - assessment of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands. Guidelines for the study of the topic Considering the assessment of the placement of fields and working areas, it is necessary to state the methodology for calculating the loss of crop production on headlands and wedges, from the area occupied by additional field roads; savings in production costs by reducing slopes in working directions, increasing the length of the run, reducing downtime of agricultural machinery for organizational and technical reasons, reducing the number of intra-shift moving equipment from site to site. When studying the economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures, it is necessary to consider additional annual production costs, i.e. not related to capital investments and carried out on the basis of attracting additional investments. Considering the economic justification for the placement of shelterbelts, one should study the methodology for calculating one-time costs for laying forestbelts and caring for them, calculating net income (increase in production) due to the agro-climatic influence of forestbelts, taking into account their water-regulating role, the angle of approach of the prevailing winds and shadow oppression 63 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" of plants, loss of production from the area occupied by forest belts, as well as from the area of turning lanes, increase in net income per unit of capital investment when creating forest belts. It is also necessary to consider the procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of the construction of field camps and sources of field water supply. When evaluating the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands, one should study the methodology for the costs of mechanized cultivation of orchards and vineyards; loss of products from areas occupied by additional inter-quarter and intercellular roads, auxiliary economic centers, forest belts; the cost of additional production due to the positive impact of horticultural forest belts, grassing between rows of perennial plantations, as well as assessing the effectiveness of investments in the design of horticultural forest belts, roads, economic centers (team yards, container sites, areas allocated for storage and preparation of pesticides, etc.). Next, it is necessary to study the methodology for calculating capital investments for pasture fencing, the construction of cattle passes, summer camps, annual production costs and losses: depreciation and maintenance costs; loss of animal productivity and crop production due to significant cattle drives and damage to crops in the absence of cattle drives; loss of products from the area occupied by cattle drives and summer camps; determination of the output of gross additional production due to the introduction of pasture rotations, standardized and driven grazing of livestock, coefficients of efficiency of capital investments and reduced costs. On the arrangement of the territory of hayfields, consider the calculation of the cost of additional production due to the introduction of hay rotations, the determination of losses in agricultural production from the area occupied by additional roads, the calculation of cost savings for mechanized processing of hayfields due to a decrease in working areas and an increase in the length of the rut. 64 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Questions for self-examination 1. Why do we need a comparative assessment of the organization of the territory of arable land? 2. What indicator is used as a generalizing indicator for such an assessment? 3. What indicators are used to calculate the effectiveness of the use of technology in this component and why? 4. What is the economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures? 5. How to evaluate the options for the territorial placement of forest belts, field camps, sources of field water supply? 6. State the methodology for the economic justification of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands. 7. What types of losses occur and how to calculate them when organizing a pasture area? 65 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 15 FEATURES OF ECONOMIC SUBSTANTIATION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF LAND MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS IN VARIOUS NATURAL ZONES When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - assessment of the effectiveness of anti-erosion organization of the territory; - substantiation of land management projects in the areas of drainage and irrigation measures; - the effectiveness of the organization of special crop rotations; - substantiation of land management decisions in working projects; - use of the energy approach in the evaluation of land management solutions. Methodological guidelines for studying the topic When considering the issue of anti-erosion organization of the territory, it should be clarified which types of protective measures from the entire complex of anti-erosion measures require capital expenditures and, therefore, an assessment of their economic efficiency, which additional indicators are used. Next, it is necessary to understand what key indicators are used in the economic justification of soil-protective crop rotations, how the cost of field crop production is determined, taking into account the placement of crops in areas with varying degrees of erosion, the cost of purchasing and applying fertilizers, depending on the estimated volume of washed soil. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze the values of soil erosion under various crops depending on the category of land, the effectiveness of various anti-erosion measures (increase in grain yield - centner/ha, prevention of soil loss - t/ha, material costs - rub./ha, net income from measures - rub./ha). 66 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service When studying the issue of land management projects in the areas of drainage and irrigation measures, it is necessary to find out the main indicators of the economic efficiency of land management decisions in the areas of melioration, then show what costs are included in the calculation of each indicator How is the payback period determined? It is also important to understand how the best option for design solutions is selected, if any are developed. Considering the effectiveness of the organization of special (specialized) crop rotations, first of all, it is necessary to understand the condition under which their introduction will be economically justified and what indicators are used in the analysis of options for introducing special crop rotations. Next, we should consider the cases of location of lands suitable for special crop rotations relative to economic centers and the corresponding design solutions that give the effect of concentrating crops on the best soils and nearby lands, especially labor-intensive and load-intensive crops. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze possible options organization of the crop rotation system. It is also necessary to consider the cases of introducing fodder crop rotations, indicators of their economic justification, and the methodology for calculating transport costs. The study of the issue of substantiation of land management decisions in working projects must begin with an understanding of the main tasks of working projects, their composition in connection with the use and protection of land, differences in the content and indicators of the economic justification of working projects of areal and linear objects. It is important to further establish a criterion for the efficiency of investment. Considering the issue of using the energy approach in assessing land management decisions, it is necessary to analyze the reasons for using the energy approach in land management, to establish measures that allow achieving resource saving and achieving a positive energy effect in the production process. Next, it is necessary to name land management measures that allow to reduce energy costs for territory maintenance and production operation. Questions for self-examination 1. What indicators can be used to evaluate various options for the anti-erosion organization of the territory of an agricultural enterprise? 2. How to economically justify the need to introduce a soil-protective crop rotation on the washed-out lands? 3. List the main indicators of the economic justification of on-farm land management projects in areas of intensive drainage and irrigation activities. 4. What indicators are used in the justification: the creation of special crop rotations on the farm; introduction of two crop rotations with differentiated placement of crops instead of one field crop rotation; introduction of near-farm crop rotations? 5. What indicators are used to evaluate the effectiveness of measures related to the use and protection of land in working land management projects? 6. How can the energy approach be used to justify on-farm land management projects? 68 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Section 3 METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF CONTROL WORK control task is the result of the student's independent work on the study of the discipline "Economics of land management" in the intersessional period. This task is one of the ways to organize the student's independent work on the study of the most important problems based on the socio-economic patterns of development of land management, its importance in the regulation of land relations, land management, organization of rational use and protection of land. The student's control task consists of two parts: in the first part, he gives answers to a number of theoretical questions on the topics of the discipline; in the second part, the student is asked to solve the problem with a full explanation of the solution procedure. For the first part of the task, the student must prepare in writing the answers to two questions (from various topics of the discipline) posed by the teacher in the orientation classes. During the interview on the control work, the student gives explanations on the materials presented to him, and must also be prepared to answer any question of the teacher on the topics of the discipline. The numbers of the theoretical part of the task are determined by the penultimate and last digits of the student's record book cipher (Table 2). Completed by a student test presented to the academy for verification and interview. Table 2 – Determination of the numbers of the theoretical part of the assignment according to the student's code 7 8 9 0 1.34 11.24 17.32 31.3 21.13 11.21 21.31 9.22 19.32 12.25 2.33 12.23 18.31 30.4 20.14 12 .22 22.32 10.23 20.33 13.26 3.32 13.22 19.30 29.5 19.15 13.23 23.33 11.24 21.34 14.27 4.31 14.21 20.29 28.6 18.16 14.24 24.34 12.25 5.18 15.28 5.30 15.20 21.28 27.7 5.15 15.25 3.16 13.26 6, 19 16.29 6.29 16.19 22.27 26.8 6.16 16.26 4.17 14.27 7.20 17.30 7.28 17.34 23.26 25.9 7.17 17 .27 5.18 15.28 8.21 18.31 8.27 18.33 24.25 24.10 8.18 18.28 6.19 16.29 9.22 19.32 9.26 15.34 33.1 23.11 9.19 19.29 7.20 17.30 10.23 20.33 10.25 16.33 32.2 22.12 10.20 20.30 8.21 18.31 11, 24 21.34 List of questions of the theoretical part of task 1. Economic entity land management. 2. Land reforms and land management in Russia. 3. Subject, methods and objectives of the course "Economics of land management" 4. The objective nature of land management and its socio-economic content. 5. Economic laws and their impact on land management 6. Economic mechanism for regulating land relations. 7. Land management as an integral part of the economic mechanism of the country. 8. Ownership of land and its transformation. 9. Experience in carrying out and content of agrarian and land reforms abroad. 10. The value of land management in a market economy. 70 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 11. Essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management. 12. Criteria and indicators for assessing the national economic efficiency of land management. 13. Organization and planning of land management 14. The content and socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management. 15. Optimal sizes of land holdings (land uses) of agricultural enterprises. 16. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of production and competitiveness of the newly organized enterprise. 17. Assessment of the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises. 18. Economic efficiency of eliminating the shortcomings of land tenure and land use. 19. Economic justification for the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes. 20. Methodology for constructing a system of indicators for economic evaluation of the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects. 21. Economic substantiation of projects of on-farm land management. 22. Economic justification for the placement of production units and economic centers. 23. Economic justification for the placement of the main road network. 24. Economic evaluation of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land. 25. Methodology of ecological and economic substantiation of the organization of the crop rotation system of the economy. 26. Comparative evaluation of variants of the arrangement of the territory of crop rotations. 27. Features of the economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands. 28. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the anti-erosion organization of the territory. 71 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service 29. Substantiation of land management projects in areas of drainage and irrigation melioration. 30. Typical solutions for the organization of crop rotations. 31. Justification of land management decisions in working projects. 32. Types and stages of development of investment projects. 33. Development of investment projects in domestic practice. 34. Basic principles for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects List of numbers of the practical part of the task Table 3 - Determination of the numbers of the practical part of the task according to the student's cipher Penultimate digit of the cipher 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1(1) 8(1) 6(1) 4(1) 2(1) 6(1) 8(1) 4(1) 8(4) 1(3) 1(2) 8(2) 6 (2) 4(2) 2(2) 6(2) 8(2) 4(2) 8(5) 1(4) 1(3) 8(3) 6(3) 4(3) 2(3) ) 6(3) 8(3) 4(3) 7(1) 1(5) 1(4) 8(4) 6(4) 4(4) 2(4) 6(4) 8(4) 4 (4) 7(2) 2(1) 1(5) 8(5) 6(5) 4(5) 2(5), 6(5) 8(5) 4(5) 7(3) 2( 2) 2(1) 7(1) 3(1) 5(1) 3(2) 7(1) 4(1) 5(1) 7(4) 6(1) 2(2) 7(2) 3(2) 5(2) 3(3) 7(2) 4(2) 5(2) 7(5) 6(2) 2(3) 7(3) 3(3) 5(3) 3( 4) 7(3) 4(3) 5(3) 2(4) 6(3) 2(4) 7(4) 3(4) 5(4) 3(5) 7(4) 4(4) 5(4) 2(5), 6(4) 2(5), 7(5) 3(5) 5(5) 3(1) 7(5) 4(5) 5(5) 3(2) 6(5) Note: in parentheses are options for tasks. Task 1. A land plot with an area of α ha is sold for the construction of a sports complex. The base rental rate is β rub. per 1 sq.m. in year. The ratio of the type of activity of the tenant is equal to γ; the coefficient of commercial value of the location of the land plot is equal to δ. The required rate of return72 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service is κ 15%. Determine the cost of the land plot using the data in Table 4. Table 4 – Initial data for task 1 Indicator Land area (α), ha Base rental rate (β), rub. for 1 sq. m. Coefficient of the type of activity of the tenant (γ) Coefficient of commercial value of the location of the land plot (δ) 1 Task option 2 3 4 5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.9 14 16 18 22 15 2.5 0 2.1 1.8 2.4 3 2 2.8 3.5 2.6 Task 2. Determine the efficiency of agricultural land use before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in Table 5. Task 3. Determine the effectiveness of the use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in table 6. Task 4. Determine the efficiency of the use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in table 7. Task 5. Determine the effectiveness of the use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in Table 8. Task 6. Calculate the indicators of the absolute efficiency of capital investments in modernization according to the initial data presented in Table 9. production according to the initial data presented in table 10. Task 8. Calculate the indicators of the absolute efficiency of capital investments in new construction according to the initial data presented in table 11. Guidelines for solving problems The economic efficiency of land use in agriculture is determined by a system of indicators: a) natural : - produced per 100 ha of arable land, q: grain, sugar beet, sunflower, live weight gain of pigs; - produced on 100 hectares of agricultural land, q: milk, live weight gain of cattle; - produced per 100 ha of grain crops, q: increase in live weight of poultry, eggs. b) cost indicators: - output of gross and marketable output, gross income, net income and profit per unit area (land yield), - land intensity - the inverse of land yield, characterizes how much land is needed to produce a unit of output or receive 1 ruble. arrived; c) indirect indicators characterizing the intensity of land use: - the degree of land development is determined by the share of agricultural land area of the entire land fund of the economy, - the degree of plowing of land is determined as the ratio of arable land to the area of agricultural land, expressed as a percentage, - the share of crops in the area of arable land, - the share of pure fallow in the area of arable land. In domestic practice, four indicators are traditionally used to calculate the effectiveness of capital-forming investments. 74 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service 1. Comparative efficiency with a limited number of capital investment options (Ec): where C2 and C1 are current costs (cost) for the first and second options; K2 and K1 - capital investments for the second and first options. 2. Reduced costs (3pr): Cpr = Сi + ENKi, where Сi – current costs (cost) for the i-th option; Ki - capital investments according to the i-th option; EN is the normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments. The option with the minimum value of the reduced costs is selected. 3. Payback period of capital investments (Current): , where K - capital investments; C1 and C2 - the cost of production before the implementation of capital investments and after. 4. The overall economic efficiency of capital investments (EOBS): , where P is the annual profit; K - capital investments. Discounting is used to compare multi-temporal values (bringing them to the value of the present moment in time). To bring to the initial moment of time, the discount factor (αi) is used, which is defined as the reciprocal of interest calculation: 1 , i t 1 E where E is the discount rate; t is the calculation step number (t = 0; 1; 2; ...T); T is the calculation horizon. 75 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service To compare various investment projects and select the most effective of them, a set of indicators is used, which includes the following. Net present value (NPV). It is defined as the difference between the results from investments and the costs incurred in the investment process, reduced to the initial calculation step: T NPV Rt Зt t 0 αt T Кt αt , t 0 where Rt are the results achieved at the t-th calculation step; 3t - costs incurred at the t-th calculation step; Kt - capital investments at the t-th calculation step; αi is the discount factor; T is the full calculation period. If E changes by calculation steps, then α 1 . 1 Е1 1 Е 2 ... 1 Е t A positive value of net present value (NPV > 0) shows that this project option is profitable at the selected discount rate, i.e. the investor will receive a rate of return higher than the calculated discount rate. Yield Index (ID). The yield index as opposed to net present value is − relative value and therefore shows a real result when evaluating projects that are independent of each other. It allows you to compare projects with different costs and revenue streams. At the same time, the calculation of the profitability index is closely linked to the calculation of the NPV and is based on the comparison of the sum of the reduced effects to the amount of capital investments: T T ID R t Зt α t / К tα t . t 0 t 0 If ID › 1, then the project is efficient. If ID ‹ 1, then the project is considered ineffective. 76 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Internal rate of return (IRR). In some cases, the determination of GNI precedes investment calculations. This is determined by the fact that it reveals the boundary separating all profitable investment projects from unprofitable ones. It is calculated in the case when the real value of the discount rate is known to the investor. By calculation, the interest rate of the internal rate of return is determined, at which the value of the given results will be equal to the given capital investments, i.e. t T T R t Zt K t / 1 E VN 0, t 0 t 0 where IRR is the internal rate of return. If the internal rate of return is greater than the rate of return on capital required by the investor, the investment will be profitable, if less, it will be unprofitable. Thus, at the initial stages of the calculation, it is possible to separate effective project proposals from unprofitable ones and, in the process of further calculations, choose the most acceptable option for the investor. Payback period (Current). The payback period indicator reflects the period of time during which the sum of the net results of the investment, discounted at the time of completion, will be equal to the value financial resources invested in the project. Thus, the payback period of the investment project is determined by the formula: Current Rt Зt α t Kt , t 0 where TOK is the payback period of the investment project; Kt - total investment in the project. 77 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 5 - Initial data for task 2 Indicators 1 Total land area, ha Agricultural land area, ha incl. Pushny Square Produced, T: Milk Sugar Beet Beams to Land Management Project Option 2 3 4 5 After project land management Option 1 2 3 4 5 3500 3400 3800 4200 2 3500 3800 3800 4200 2,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,24,24,200,200,24,38G 2380 2800 1290 2320 2410 2400 2910 1960 1470 6200 976 1735 5120 879 1658 4630 953 1832 5620 890 950 3650 783 1820 7450 1250 1810 6200 1180 1865 5915 1168 1980 5814 968 1350 4500 890 78 Copyright OJSC "TSKB" Bibcom "& LLC" KNIG Agent -Service» Table 6 - Initial data for task 3 Indicator 1 Total land area, ha Agricultural land area, ha incl. area of arable land area of grain crops Produced, t: sunflower seeds grain live weight gain of pigs live weight gain of poultry live weight gain of sheep Before the land management project Option 2 3 4 5 After the land management project Option 1 2 3 4 5 3208 2900 2730 2850 3880 2680 3100 2810 2930 3950 2860 1850 1650 2680 3650 1990 2000 2010 2800 3780 2100 620 560 650 710 610 700 680 810 850 920 105 1430 108 1550 115 152 1640 148 1654 154 1750 225 1790 129 1684 98 95 102 88 105 159 125 135 120 165 56 54 60 65 98 88 78 68 80 110 60 56 70 69 79 65 68 75 73 85 79 Initial data for task 4 Indicator 1 Total land area, ha Agricultural land area, ha incl. area of arable land Produced, t: sunflower grains of live weight gain of pigs Before the land management project Task variant 2 3 4 5 After the land management project Task variant 1 2 3 4 5 3450 2980 2920 2680 3350 3200 3100 3111 2850 3600 3350 1250 1600 1640 987 1450 1200 1600 1890 1365 1630 1340 1850 1750 1352 1650 1450 1690 1980 1587 1390 256 310 210 185 146 289 325 230 258 168 80 Copyright OJSC "TsKB" Bibcom "& LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 8 - Initial data for task 5 Indicator Total land area, thousand hectares Agricultural land area, thousand hectares incl. arable land Gross production value, mln. rub. Production costs, million rubles Net income, million rubles Profit from the sale of products, million rubles Before land management project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 4.20 4.35 4.15 4.56 4.38 After land management project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 4.2 4.35 4.15 4.56 4.38 3.50 3.80 3.68 3.95 3.92 3.8 3.98 3.85 4.20 4.10 3.25 3.40 3.45 3.78 2.88 3.5 3, 51 3.58 3.82 3.56 75.2 79.6 76.2 78.5 77.52 180.3 178.6 78.3 79.3 78.30 25.1 28.6 26.12 26 .80 24.56 60.8 67.8 24.3 28.3 25.65 40.0 41.8 45.5 44.3 56.13 42.1 98.3 70.8 56.6 58.18 81 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Table 9 - Initial data for task 6 Indicator 1 Number of cows for the project period, head. Reconstruction and construction costs (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles Average annual milk yield per cow, kg Selling price of 1 centner of milk, rub. General production costs, million rubles Per land management year Target option 2 3 4 5 1 Upgrade project Target option 2 3 4 5 400 430 460 500 510 400 430 460 500 510 - - - - - 7.82 6.35 6.89 8.10 7.89 4000 4120 3850 4500 4250 4000 4120 3850 4500 4250 620 652 615 700 685 620 652 615 700 685 3.89 3.58 3.15 4.85 4.56 3.11 3.15 2.84 2.85 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 10 - Initial data for task 7 Indicator 1,400 Number of cows for the project period, head. Reconstruction and construction costs (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles Average annual milk yield 4000 per cow, kg Sale price 660 1 quintal of milk, rub. General 9.32 production costs, million rubles For land management year Target option 2 3 4 420 415 410 5 435 - - - - 4100 4250 4318 4200 Upgrade project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 450 470 468 460 480 6.81 4000 7.05 4100 6.55 4250 6, 15 4318 7.15 4200 658 670 656 685 660 658 670 656 685 9.56 9.25 9.18 9.88 9.76 9.62 9.84 9.68 10.05 83 & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 11 - Initial data for task 8 Indicator 1 Number of cows for the project period, head. Reconstruction and construction costs (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles The cost of forming a herd, million rubles Total one-time costs, million rubles Average annual milk yield per cow, kg Selling price of 1 centner of milk, rub. General production costs, million rubles Per land management year Target option 2 3 4 5 Upgrade project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 400 420 415 420 405 600 620 615 625 622 - - - - - 6.56 6.88 6.75 6.58 6.28 - - - - - 3 3.2 3.5 3.85 2.98 - - - - - 4150 4250 4000 4100 4200 4000 710 10.04 4100 715 10.55 4200 4150 708 720 708 710 715 708 10.25 10.25 18 10.26 14.16 14.65 14.68 15.01 84 720 4250 708 14.85 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service LIST of recommended literature for the test 1. Volkov, S.N. Land management: textbook. allowance: in 9 volumes / S. N. Volkov. – M.: Kolos, 2001-2009. T.5. Economics of land management. – M.: Kolos, 2001. – 452 p. 2. Volkov, S.N. The concept of modern land management. (Theoretical and methodological foundations of land management in the context of the transition to new land relations) / S. N. Volkov. - M., 2000. - 459 p. 3. Pimenov, V.V. Economics of land management: workshop / V.V. Pimenov; ed. S.N. Volkov; State University of Land Management. - M., 2007. - 112 p. 4. Stroev, E.S. Land issue in Russia at the beginning of the XXI century (problems and solutions) / E.S. Stroev, S.N. Volkov. - M.: GUZ, 2001. - 55 p. 5. Terzova, G.V. Economics of land management: guidelines / G.V. Terzova. - Penza: RIO PGSHA, 2014. - 101 p. Legislative and regulatory literature 1. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution of the Russian Federation: official. text. - M.: Marketing, 2001. 2. Russian Federation. The president. Directions, main activities and parameters of the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex": approved by the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the implementation of priority national projects. [ Electronic resource] URL: http://www.rost.ru/agriculture_doc_1.doc. 3. Russian Federation. Land Code Russian Federation: official. text: [adopted by State. Duma 28 Sept. 2001: Approved Federation Council 10 Oct. 2001]. – M.: Prospekt, KnoRus, 2010. – 96 p. 4. Russian Federation. Laws. About land management: feder. law: [adopted by State. Duma May 24, 2001: approved. Federation Council on June 6, 2001]. – M.: Gross Media, 2004. – p. 90. 5. Russian Federation. Laws. On the development of agriculture: Feder. law: [adopted December 29, 2006]. – M.: Ros. gas. - 2007. - January 11. 6. Russian Federation. Laws. On the turnover of agricultural land: Feder. law: [adopted by State. Duma 85 Copyright OAO Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service June 26, 2002: Approval. Federation Council on July 10, 2002]. - M.: GressMedia, 2004. - p. 72. 7. Russian Federation. Laws. About investment activity in the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments. - M.: Os-89, 1999. - 16 p. 8. Russian Federation. Government. On the federal target program "Preservation and restoration of soil fertility of agricultural lands and agrolandscapes as a national treasure of Russia for 2006 - 2010 and for the period up to 2012": Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.06.2007. No. 345. [Electronic resource] URL: http://www.mcx.ru/documents/document/show/9226.172.htm. 9. Russian Federation. Government. Regulations on the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12.06.2008 No. 450 / / Ros. gas. - 2008. - June 15. 10. Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects and their selection for financing /second edition/: Official publication. Approved by: Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, State Committee of the Russian Federation for Construction, Architectural and Housing Policy No. VK 477 dated 06/21/1999 - M .: Economics, 2000. - 421 p. Databases, information reference and search systems www.mcx.ru, www.economy.gov.ru, www.kadastr.ru, www.mgi.ru, www.msh.mosreg.ru, www.roscadastre.ru 1. www.mcx.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation 2. www.economy.gov.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation 3. www.kadastr.ru/ Official website of the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency of the Russian Federation 86 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service 4. www.mgi.ru/ Official website of the Federal Agency for State Property Management of the Russian Federation 5. www.msh.mosreg.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Moscow Region 6. www.roscadastre.ru/ Official website of the non-commercial partnership "Cadastral Engineers" 87 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………… …………………… Section 1 General guidelines for the study of the discipline……… ………………………………………………………. Section 2 The content of the topics of the discipline and questions to test knowledge……………………………………………………. Topic 1 Economics of land management as a science…………………………. Topic 2 Land management in the system of social production …………………………………………………………….. Topic 3 Main issues of the theory of economic efficiency of land management…………………………… ……………… Theme 4 Evaluation of the effectiveness of investment programs and projects to improve the use and development of land………………… Theme 5 Economics of inter-farm land management……………… Theme 6 Economics of education of agricultural organizations and peasant farms……… …………………………. .. Topic 7 Economic justification for the elimination of shortcomings in land use (land ownership) and the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes……………………………………………. Topic 8 Fundamentals of the economic justification of land management decisions in on-farm land management projects………… Topic 9 Comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of the on-farm land management project……………………………….. Topic 10 Economic justification for the placement of production units, business centers…… ………………………….. Topic 11 Economic justification for the placement of main on-farm roads…………………............ ................... Topic 12 economic assessment of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of lands…………………………………… Topic 13 Methodology of ecological and economic substantiation of the organization of the system of crop rotations of farms………………………………………… Topic 14 Comparative assessment of options for arranging the territory of crop rotations, perennial plantations and fodder lands…………. Topic 15 Features of the economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions in various natural areas…………………………………………………………. Section 3 Guidelines for the performance of the control work List of recommended literature for the performance of the control work………………………………………………............. Contents………… ……………………………....................................... 88 3 8 11 11 15 21 25 29 34 41 46 49 52 54 57 60 63 66698588 direction of training 21.03.02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "bachelor") Computer layout G.V. Terzovoi __________________________________________________________ Put into production Format 60×84 1/16 Writing paper Cond. oven l. Circulation copies. Order No. ________________________________________________________ RIO PGSHA 440014, Penza, st. Botanicheskaya, 30 89

The economic side is connected with the functioning of the land as a means of production, it consists in taking into account the operation of economic laws. To develop correct land management decisions, extensive information is collected on the state of land as a means of production (bonitation, economic valuation of land, land productivity), production development (availability of fixed assets of labor, capital). The design solution is evaluated in terms of cost recovery for their implementation.

The economic essence of land management lies in the most complete correspondence of the forms and elements of the organization of the territory (area, location, configuration, structure of land plots, their boundaries) to the needs and forms of organization and increase in the efficiency of social production, the technology for performing production processes on land and the tasks of its rational use.

Land management in the broad sense of the word is constituent part social mode of production, manifested as a socio-economic process of organizing the territory and means of production, inextricably linked with the land. Consequently, it is always associated with a certain level of production forces and production relations and depends on objectively operating economic laws (the law of value, the proportional development of time savings, etc.). The laws of social development are perceived by society not directly, but through interests. Therefore, land management, having a state character and being under the control of executive and legislative authorities, is always carried out in the interests of certain social groups. In the system of interests of these groups (political, industrial, social) economic interests always prevail. Therefore, the task of land management is to redistribute land in such a way that, on the one hand, to ensure the unity of the economic interests of society, individual collectives and citizens, on the other hand, to maintain the priority of public interests. Since land is constantly the object of conflicting interests, land management as a mechanism for its distribution and organization of use has always been at the center of political struggle.

During land management, plots are distributed between landowners and land users, and through them between sectors of the public economy (industry, transport, agriculture, etc.). Then, the internal arrangement of land tenure and land use is carried out, production facilities, settlements, roads, lands (arable land, hayfields, pastures), crop rotations, forest plantations, gardens, etc. In this case, the earth can perform various functions.

In agriculture, the production process is directly related to soil fertility, the quality of land and the nature of their use. In order to increase human fertility different ways affects the land, carries out land reclamation and crop technical work, applies fertilizers, and tills the soil.

During land management, on the one hand, conditions are created for better use of the natural and economic fertility of soils due to the differentiated placement of crop rotation lands, crops on the most suitable lands, etc., on the other hand, the productive properties of the land are improved due to a set of works to improve fertility soils, land protection from erosion, nature protection. Thus, the yield of crop products, including fodder, increases, the economic role of land as the main means of production in agriculture increases, which also indicates the significant economic role of land management.

The main goal of land management is to bring order to the land, which is achieved through the rational organization of the territory, the best placement of social production and individual industries, rational proportions of construction and management of the economy. The organizational and production structure is consistent with the quality and territorial properties of land masses (their remoteness from economic centers, area, configuration, dismemberment, disunity).

During land management, an information basis is created for the introduction of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations. Lands are withdrawn and withdrawn, new ones are formed and existing land tenures and land use boundaries are reorganized, the quality of lands is assessed, documents certifying the right of ownership, land leases are issued, special land funds are created for redistribution of lands. Each land plot must have a price or value (normative, cadastral, market), and each landowner and land user must receive information on the amount of land tax, land rent, compensation in case of withdrawal of land from him for state and public needs, economic incentives rational land use.

The state nature of land management suggests that it is in the general system of land management at various levels (federal, subject of the Federation, municipal), including:

-information support in the form of the state land cadastre and land monitoring;
-forecasting and planning the use of land protection;
-organization of rational use and protection of lands; control over the use and protection of land.
-Land management works cover all stages of land management, starting from topographic and geodetic, aerial photogeodetic, soil and other surveys and surveys. Their results are needed for accounting, registration and evaluation of land, drawing up schemes for the use and protection of land resources, land management schemes, and for the development of land management projects.

Since land management is in the general system of state planning and financing, each land management enterprise, action or work must be based on the principles of self-sufficiency, commercial benefit and efficiency.