According to the census, the population of 2002 Calculate the relative, magnitude of the structure (the proportion of urban and rural population), the relative amounts of intensity (population density) and the relative coordination values \u200b\u200b(the ratio of urban and rural residents) in the Russian Federation as a whole or in separate regions. Formulate conclusions.
- dynamics (IDDs);
- plan (OPP);
- implementation of the plan (RPP);
- structures (OPS);
- coordination (OPK);
- intensity (opi);
- comparison (OPS).
Initial data for 2002:
- The population is 145.2 million people.
- The number of urban population - 106.4 million people.
- The number of rural population - 38.8 million people.
- The number of men - 77.6 million people.
- The number of women is 67.6 million people.
- Square of Russia - 17,075 million km 2
1. Calculate the relative speaker indicator
CPC shows how many times the current indicator exceeds the basic one or what fraction of the base is.
We will take a comparison of the population in 1990
Elimination of the population for 12 years amounted to 1.7% (100-98.3)
2. Calculate the relative indicator of the plan and implementation of the plan
We will take the value of the planned indicator in 2003 equal to 146 million people.
The population according to the plan will exceed the reached in 2002 by 0.6%
The population of the population achieved in 2002 is less than 0.4% planned
3. Calculate the relative structure of the structure
OPS shows which proportion of one or another part of the totality in general.
For urban population OPS \u003d 106.4: 145.2 \u003d 0,733
The share of urban population in the total number is 73.3%
For rural population OPS \u003d 38.8: 145.2 \u003d 0.267
The share of the rural population in the total number is 26.7%
4. Calculate the relative coordination rate
The OPK characterizes the ratio of individual parts of a whole. At the same time, the part is selected as the comparison base, which has the greatest specific weight or is a priority from an economic, social or other point of view.
OPK \u003d 106.4: 38.8 \u003d 2.74
Urban population exceeds rural 2.74 times
5. Calculate the relative intensity rate
In the denominator, we specify the area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Federation (17,075 million km²) and the opi can be called the population density indicator
Opi \u003d 145.2: 17,075 \u003d 8.5 people / sq. m.
6. Calculate the relative comparison rate
OPSS represents the ratio of the absolute indicators characterizing different objects
Calculate how many times the number of women exceeded the number of men in 2002
OPS \u003d 77.6: 67.6 \u003d 1,148
Or the number of women exceeds the number of men by 14.8%.
To order such a task according to statistics, press.
Relative indicators - Result of the ratio of two absolute indicators. Therefore, with respect to absolute indicators, relative indicators are secondary.
When calculating the relative indicator, the absolute indicator (numerator) is called current or compared. The indicator with which is compared (denominator) - base or base of comparison.
Thus, the calculated relative indicator shows how many times compared the indicator is larger than the basic, or which it amounts to the share, or how many units are 1, 100, 1000, etc. Units of the second.
Relative values \u200b\u200bcan be expressed in coefficients, percentages, promil, Protteremilla.
In percent, indicate when the indicator exceeds the basic no more than 2-3 times, otherwise than once.
If the relative indicator was obtained as a result of the ratio of multi-dimensional indicators, then it should be nailed (kg per capita).
All relative statistical indicators are classified as follows:
Dynamics
Implementation of the plan
Structures
Coordination
Intensity and level of economic development
Comparison
Relative speakers (OCD) - the ratio of the level of the process under study during the period of time to the level of the same process in the past.
CDS \u003d current indicator / preceding or basic indicator
Indicates how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) or what fraction of the latter is. If the parameter is multiple, it is called the growth coefficient, when multiplying is 100, it gives growth rates.
Relative plan indicator (OPP) - applied with promising planning.
OPP \u003d Indicator planned on (i + 1) Period / Indicator achieved in this period
When comparing the actually achieved result with the previously scheduled, determine relative plan implementation indicator (RPP).
RDP \u003d indicator achieved in (i + 1) period / indicator planned on (i + 1)
Between the relative indicator of the plan (OPP), the implementation of the plan (REDP) and the speakers (CPD) there is the following relationship:
OPP XPP \u003d CPD
Using this relationship, according to any two known values, you can define an unknown third value.
Relative frame rate (OPS) - the ratio of the structural parts of the object being studied and their whole.
OPS \u003d Indicator characterizing a part of the totality / Indicator along the entire totality in general
It is expressed in the shares of a unit or percentage. The sum of all specific scales should be 100%.
Relative coordination rate (OPK) - characterizes the ratio of individual parts of a whole.
OPK \u003d Indicator characterizing I part of the totality / Indicator characterizing a part of the totality selected as a base
As the comparison base, the part is selected that has a greater proportion or a priority. It turns out how many units of each structural part account for 1, 100, 1000, etc. Units of the basic structural part.
Relative rate of intensity (OPI) - characterizes the degree of propagation of the process being studied in the environment inherent in it.
Opi \u003d indicator characterizing the phenomenon A / indicator characterizing the spread medium a
This indicator shall be calculated when the absolute value is insufficient to justify the conclusions on the scale of the phenomenon, sizes, the distribution density. It is expressed as a percentage, ppm, may be a nicer value. Example. The population density is the number of people per 1 km, the birth rate is the number of people born per 1000 population, the number of unemployed per 1000 people employed in the economy.
There is a problem of choosing the most reasonable comparison base.
A variety of relative intensity indicator is relative indicators of the level of economic development,characterizing the production of products per capita and playing an important role in assessing the development of the state economy. Example: Gross domestic product of Russia is compared with population.
Relative comparison rate (OPS) - the ratio of the same absolute indicators characterizing different objects (firms, areas, countries).
OPS \u003d Indicator characterizing the object A / indicator characterizing the object b
Or relative values \u200b\u200bof visuality (Aries) - reflect the results of the comparison of the same names relating to the same period (torque) of the time, but to different objects or territories. This type of relative values \u200b\u200bis applied to a comparative assessment of the level of development of countries and regions, as well as in assessing the results of the activities of individual enterprises.
The following type of relative values \u200b\u200bis the relative comparison value or how else it is called the relative comparison rate. According to its status, the amount of comparison occupies, most likely, the fifth place among all relative values, after, and. But at the frequency of use, perhaps the first. In addition, in this part, we will consider two more relative values \u200b\u200bthat can also be used for analytical purposes.
Relative comparison value
The fact is that the relative comparison value is compared of one indicator with another. We get that the comparison indicator is this relative value itself. What is relative values \u200b\u200band how it is calculated can be viewed.
The relative comparison value characterizes
Comparative dimensions of different objects or absolute values, but attributed to the same phenomenon. For example, a 1 liter milk package in one store costs 50 rubles, and in another 60 rubles, then we can compare their cost, and reveal how many times one is more expensive than the other. 60: 50 \u003d 1.2. That is, the milk package in the second store is 1.2 times more expensive.
Such a simple effect and the relative comparison values \u200b\u200bare calculated, and the calculation process may not consist of one action, but immediately from several. If several objects will be used as compared values, and the comparison base will naturally be alone.
Given the foregoing to determine the relative amount of comparison (OVSR) can be used according to the following formula
In this case, as in any relative value in the numerator (from above) there is a compaable value, and in the denominator (below) the base value. The basic value may vary depending on the task and objectives of the calculation. For example, it has data on the production of meat in the Moscow region, the Tula region, the Bryansk region, the Smolensk region. If you take the area of \u200b\u200bMoscow for the comparison base, then all data on other areas we will divide the data on the Moscow region. If we take Tula's comparison base, then, therefore, the data on all other areas we divide the data on the Tula region.
Example. There are conditional data on the production of milk in four areas. Calculate the relative comparison rate by taking the data on the Moscow region to the comparison base, and then the data on the Tula region.
Other options are possible, for example 3 with 1 and so on.
The relative value of the intensity of development
The magnitude of the intensity shows
The degree of development of some indicator in some environment. The method of calculating the intensity of the classic intensity is similar to the calculation of the comparison value.
Often the magnitude of the intensity is calculated in percent, ppm.
Usually used in population statistics to characterize demographic indicators. For example, birth levels.
The number of born in the city amounted to 15 people per thousand living things. This is an example of the magnitude of the intensity of development.
In addition, this method of calculation is also used in the organization's economy. Fundsacking Indicator characterizing the value of fixed assets per employee per employee.
To return to the list of lectures.
The initial form of expression of statistical indicators are absolute values. Statistical indicators in the form absolute Values characterize the absolute dimensions of the processes and phenomena studied by statistics: their mass, length; Reflect their temporal characteristics, and can also represent the amount of the totality, i.e. the number of components of its units.
Absolute statistical indicators always named numbers (that is, there are units of measure).
Depending on the socio-economic essence of the studied phenomena, their physical properties, they are expressed:
In natural units of measurement (T, kg, m, m 2, km);
Cost units of measurement (rub., US dollars, euro, etc.);
Labor units of measurement (man-days);
Combined measurement units (T-km);
Conditionally natural units of measurement (used when any product has several varieties and the total volume can be defined only on the basis of common properties for all varieties: soaps of different varieties are translated into a conditional soap with 40% of fatty acids).
Relative Indicator (OP) It is the result of dividing one absolute indicator on the other and expresses the relationship between the quantitative characteristics of socio-economic processes and phenomena.
absolute indicator Current indicator (comparable)
absolute indicator of the basic (comparison base, base)
If the absolute indicators have the same measurement units in the numerator and denominator, then the relative indicator is expressed:
1) in the form of a coefficient or vol. (If the comparison base is accepted for 1);
2) in percent,% (if the comparison base is accepted for 100);
3) PROMILL,% 0 (if the comparison base is accepted for 1000);
4) products,% 00 (If the comparison base is accepted for 10,000).
for exampleThat is, the release of the production of a trading firm in 2008 compared with 2007 increased by 1.5 times, or by 50% (150% - 100% \u003d 50%).
If in a numerator and denominator Absolute indicators have different units of measurement, the relative indicator must be named. Examples of named relative indicators: speed (km / h), population density of a certain settlement (person / m 2), etc.
Views relative Indicators:
Speakers;
Implementation of the plan;
Intensity and level of economic development;
Comparison.
1) Relative speaker indicator (CPD) It is the ratio of the level of the studied phenomenon or process during this period of time to the level of the same phenomenon or process in the past.
If this indicator is expressed in a multiple relationship, then it is called growth ratio (K R)if in percent then growth rate (t p) .
Let z 1 \u003d 36 rubles. - the cost of one bank of the reporting period,
Z 0 \u003d 40 rubles. - the cost of one bank last period,
In the reporting period, the cost below is 10%.
In the presence of data For several periods of time, the comparison can be made with the level of the preceding period ( QDD - chains), or with some one period adopted for the comparison base ( CPD - basic).
Example:
Table 4.1.
Dynamics of the average monthly salary
Decision:
Base CPDs (comparison base - level of 1975):
Chains
The relationship of chain and basic relative indicators of speakers:
The product of all successive chain indicators of the speakers gives a basic indicator for the period under review, i.e. the last basis:
or 1,283 * 1,297 * 1.307 \u003d 2,174;
Private from dividing this basic speaker indicator to the previous baseline equal to the chain:
or 1,283: 1 \u003d 1,283;
or 1,663: 1,283 \u003d 1,297;
or 2,174: 1.663 \u003d 1.307.
2) Relative Plan Indicator (OPP) - This is the ratio of the value of the indicator installed at the planned period, to its actual value achieved over the previous period.
y plan \u003d 115 m² - trading area in the planned year
y 0 \u003d 100 m² - trading area last year, then
i.e. next year it is planned to increase the area by 15%.
3) Relative implementation indicator (RDP)- This is the result of the comparison of the actually achieved feature with its planned level.
y 1 \u003d 120 m² - trading area in the reporting year,
y Plan \u003d 115 m² - Planned trading area,
Thus, the planned task is 104.3%.
The relative indicators of the speakers, the plan and implementation of the plan have the following interconnection :
or 
Thus, knowing two quantities can always be found 3rd. This relationship is often used when solving tasks.
Example:The implementation of the workshop production plan was 103%. Compared to last year, the increase was 5%. Determine which growth in products compared to last year was provided.
Decision:
DD \u003d\u003d 1.05 (100% + 5%);
OPRP \u003d \u003d 1.03 (103%);
OPP \u003d CPD: OPRP \u003d: \u003d 1.05: 1.03 \u003d 1.019 \u003d 101.9%.
Thus, the plan envisaged an increase in production by 1.9%.
4) Relative Structure Indicator (OPS) - This is the relationship of the structural parts of the object being studied and their whole, i.e. what proportion or share in the entire population is separate parts of it.
for example: The proportion of various categories of the population in the total population.
5) Relative coordination rate (OPK) - This is the ratio of individual parts of a whole. At the same time, the part is selected as the comparison base, which has the greatest proportion or is a priority with an economic, social or any other point of view.
For example: The company employs 53 people with higher education, with an average special - 106 people. Determine OPK.
Decision:
Or on two specialists with average formation by one with the highest.
6) Relative intensity rate (opi) It characterizes the level of development or the prevalence of one or another phenomenon in the environment inherent in it.
Typically calculated by 100, 1000 units of the medium under study.
For example: indicator of population density - shows the number of people per 1 km of 2 territory.
A variety of opi is relative indicator of the level of economic development (SPUER), characterizing the size of production per capita.
7) Relative comparison rate It is the relationship of the same names relating to different objects or different territories, but taken for the same time. For example: Comparison of the population of the city of St. Petersburg and Moscow, taken in the same period.
Under absolute values In statistics, they understand the indicators that characterize the dimensions of the studied phenomena and processes. For example, the volume of marketable products of the enterprise, the number of industrial and production personnel, the amount of profit, etc.
Absolute values \u200b\u200bin statistics are the initial base of statistical analysis. They are expressed in natural, conditionally natural, cost and labor units.
Natural indicators have the name, given in natural units of measurement (tons, kilograms, meters, liters, pieces, etc.) Conditional Natural Indicators Used in cases where any product has several varieties, and the total volume can be defined only on the basis of the total consumer properties for all varieties. The translation into conditional units of measurement is carried out on the basis of special coefficients calculated as the ratio of the consumer properties of individual varieties of the product to their reference value.
Costs they give a monetary assessment of socio-economic phenomena and processes.
TO labor measurement units These indicators characterizing the total labor costs, complexity. They are measured in man-days, man-hours, etc.
The individual and summary (total) absolute indicators are distinguished.
Individual indicators are obtained directly in the process of statistical observation as a result of measuring, weighing, counting, etc. The resulting quantitative feature.
Consolidated (total) Indicators characterize the scope or volume of the totality or the entire object, or its part. They are determined by the summary and grouping of individual values.
Relative values \u200b\u200bare the result of comparison (divisions) of two indicators.
Depending on which the number of units is equal to the comparison base, relative values \u200b\u200bcan be expressed in the form:
coefficient, if the basis is taken for 1;
percent (%) if the basis is taken for 100;
pROMILL (0/00), if the basis is taken for 1000;
princessilla (0/000), if the basis is taken for 10,000.
It should be borne in mind that the majority of relative values \u200b\u200bare unnamed numbers, with the exception of those that are obtained as a result of comparing multi-dimensional indicators and externally resemble the average values \u200b\u200b(for example, population density).
In contrast to absolute values, relative indicators are the values \u200b\u200bof production and calculated on the basis of absolute values.
In statistical analysis, the following types are calculated relative values: dynamics, plan execution, planned task, structure, coordination, intensity, comparison.
Relative speaker indicator (CPD) - indicators characterizing the ratio of the same time in time. They are calculated by the formula:
Private from the division of the numerator to the denomoter of the fraci called the dynamic coefficient. The dynamic coefficient, expressed in percent, is called growth rate. The reporting and base periods should not be confused. Reporting period - always current, basic- The period preceding the reporting.
We give an example of calculating the relative values \u200b\u200bof the dynamics (Table 8).
Table 8.
Calculation of relative dynamics
according to the production of commercial products
in the organisation
|
Commodity products, million rubles. |
The relative size of the speaker |
||||
|
With a constant comparison base |
With variable base comparison |
||||
|
coefficient |
coefficient | ||||
|
January | |||||
|
February | |||||
|
March | |||||
|
April | |||||
Calculate the relative values \u200b\u200bof the speakers with a constant comparison base, adopting January: 1426.9 / 1390.7 \u003d 1.026 * 100 \u003d 102.6%; 1492.6 / 1390.7 \u003d 1.073 * 100 \u003d 107.3%, etc. Such values \u200b\u200bwith a constant comparison base are called basis growth rates. Here each subsequent level is compared with one constant fixed level.
Calculate the relative values \u200b\u200bof the speakers with variable comparison base, using the ratio of each subsequent month to the previous one: 1426.9 / 1390.7 \u003d 1.026 * 100 \u003d 102.6%; 1492.6 / 1426.9 \u003d 1.046 * 100 \u003d 104.6%, etc. These obtained relative indicators with a comparison base variable are called chain growth rates.
There is a relationship between the basic and chain growth rates of growth: the product of the chain growth rates is equal to the basic pace of the last period.
Relative performance indicator (OPV) -
indicators characterizing the degree of execution of the planned task. They are calculated by the formula: 
Consider the calculation of the indicators of the plan according to the Table data. eight.
For the first quarter of the UPP. \u003d (24.15 / 22.28) * 100% \u003d 108.4%;
For the second quarter of the USP. \u003d (23.62 / 21.35) * 100% \u003d 110.6%.
Similar calculations will produce for other periods. According to calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn: a higher percentage of the implementation of the plan for production is accounted for by II quarter (110.6%). The least exceeded the plan was in the third quarter - by 4.3%.
Relative scheduled task indicator (OPPS)
- Indicators characterizing the degree of establishing a planned task for the reporting period. They are calculated by the formula: 
Consider the calculation of relative indicators of the planned task according to Table. nine.
Table 9.
Calculation of relative values \u200b\u200bof the implementation of the plan and a scheduled job according to the production of production by the brigade in the organization
|
Product production, million rubles. |
Implementation of a plan, % |
Execution of a planned task,% |
|||
|
Basic period |
Reporting period |
||||
For the first quarter of the OPPS \u003d (22.28 / 22.25) * 100 \u003d 100.1%.
Similar calculations produce for other periods. According to calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn: the highest percentage of the planned task is to have the III quarter (102.9%).
The relative values \u200b\u200bof the dynamics of the planned task and execution of the plan are in a certain dependence, namely: the product of the relative values \u200b\u200bof the implementation of the plan and the planned task is equal to the relative amount of the dynamics.
There is a connection between the specified indicators: CPD \u003d OPL 
OPPZ. 
Relative Structure Indicator (OPS) - Indicators characterizing the proportion of component parts of the target in general. If you specify the condition that:
n.
X. 1 + X. 2 + X. 3 +… X. n. =∑ X.
1
that, having accepted the final value for 100%, one can calculate in relation to this magnitude in the percentage of each component. Wherein the amount of calculated relative values \u200b\u200bof the structure should be 100%or 1. 
Relative coordination rate (OPK) - indicators characterizing the ratio of each other components of the whole.
When calculating relative coordination values over the base, comparisons are made any one part of the common aggregate, and the rest relate to it.
Relative coordination values \u200b\u200bcan be expressed not only in coefficients, but also in percentage ratio, and the same named units in which a sign is expressed.
As a base of comparison, it is advisable to choose the one that has the greatest specific weight or is a priority (for example, the number of men per 1000 women).
Relative intensity rate (opi) - indicators characterizing the ratio of one economic phenomenon per unit of another
When calculating the relative values \u200b\u200bof intensity, it is necessary to remember that they, in contrast to the size of the dynamics, the implementation of the plan and the structure are values named.
The relative amounts of intensity include the production, foundation indicators, the number of born or died per 1000 people, production of products per capita.
Relative comparison rate (OPS r ) - indicators characterizing the comparative sizes of the same phenomena over the same period of time, but in different objects.