Diversity of countries and their populations. Key countries of the world

This video tutorial is dedicated to the topic “Diversity of countries modern world". It examines the main different typologies of the countries of the world, their groupings. The lesson introduces students to the division of countries according to various criteria based on qualitative (gaining sovereignty, maintaining a new state structure), quantitative (population size and density, area economic development countries of the world. In addition, the types of groupings of countries are given on the basis of their geographic location and political system.

Topic: Modern political map of the world

Lesson: The Diversity of Countries in the Modern World

The main object of the political map of the world is the state.

There are many states in the world, including little-known ones. During the 20th century, the number of countries has increased significantly. Currently, there are more than 230 territories, of which more than 200 are sovereign states.

One of the most common examples of grouping countries is dividing them by the size of their territory:

1. Giant countries (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil)

2. Medium countries (Belarus, Republic of Korea)

3. Countries-dwarfs (Vatican, Mauritius, Barbados)

Grouping of countries by population:

1. Countries - giants (population over 100 million people). These countries include: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines.

2. Middle countries. For example, Tunisia, Poland, Latvia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, New Zealand.

3. Small countries and microstates. For example, the Vatican.

Grouping of countries by geographic location:

1. Seaside countries

2. Peninsular

3. Island

4. Archipelagos

5. Inland

More than 40 countries are landlocked in the world, making it difficult for them economic relations with other territories and their economic development.

For a more detailed study of the countries of the world, it is better to take a certain typology, which is based on qualitative characteristics that make it possible to more fully determine the role and place of a particular state in economic and political life.

The most common two-term typology of dividing countries into two groups:

1. Developed

2. Developing

The main criterion in this division is the GDP indicator (measured in US dollars).

Gdp- market price all final goods and services produced during the year in all sectors of the economy on the territory of the state.

Economically the developed countries (the UN includes about 40 countries among them) are divided into 4 subgroups:

1. Countries of the "Big Seven"(USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, UK, Italy).

These countries account for approximately 50% of world GDP. The US GDP, for example, exceeds $ 15 trillion.

2. Smaller countries of Foreign Europe(Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Finland, Sweden)

Political and economic role there are fewer countries in this group than the G7 countries, but they still play a significant role in the global economy.

3. Non-European countries(South Africa, Israel, Australia, New Zealand)

These are countries of immigration capitalism and their economies were formed even when they were colonies of Great Britain.

4. The fourth group continues to form(Republic of Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (Xianggang), Taiwan, Cyprus).

Developing countries(these include more than 160 countries ) are divided into 6 subgroups:

1. Key countries(India, China, Mexico, Brazil).

These countries have enormous versatile potential and are playing an increasing role in the world economy.

2. Countries of Latin America, North Africa, Asia with a per capita GDP per capita of more than 10-15 thousand dollars(Venezuela, Algeria, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina).

3. New industrialized countries (Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand).

These countries made significant economic breakthroughs in the 1970-1980s. The second name of this group of countries is "Asian Tigers".

4. Oil exporting countries(Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Iran, Libya, Brunei).

These countries have a high per capita GDP due to oil production and sales.

5. Typical developing countries(lagging behind in their development).

Per capita GDP in these countries often does not exceed 5 thousand dollars.

6. Least developed countries or countries of the fourth world(Mali, Haiti, Chad, Honduras, Guatemala).

These countries are characterized by the absence of a manufacturing industry, poverty and illiteracy of the population. The per capita GDP indicator usually does not exceed $ 1,500 per year.

There are also countries with economies in transition: the countries of the former USSR, Mongolia, as well as the countries of Eastern Europe. In these countries, there has been or is a transition to a market economy.

Despite the fact that many countries have left socialism, four socialist states still remain on the political map of the world: China, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam.

In general, developing countries are much more numerous than developed countries, they account for a large part of the population and territory of the world.

The principle of income (GDP) on the basis of the classification of countries is not perfect. It is also important to take into account income per capita and many other indicators.

For a more complete assessment of the countries of the world and the population, the UN has recently been using the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI takes into account GDP per capita, life expectancy and literacy rates.

Human Development Index (HDI)- an integral indicator calculated annually for cross-country comparison and measurement of the standard of living, literacy, education and longevity as the main characteristics human potential of the study area.

According to this indicator, for several years in a row, the first place belongs to Norway, the second - to Australia.

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

4. The official information portal of the Unified State Exam ().

At the moment, there are 230 countries on our planet, 190 of which are independent. Each country is unique and has a number of features that distinguish it from other states. What is the diversity of the countries of the modern world?

The variety of countries in the world

In the 20th century, the number of countries has increased. This was caused by the fact that after the First World War new countries were formed: Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Later, after the collapse of the USSR, several more independent states appeared.

Rice. 1. Countries on the world map.

All countries can be divided into giant countries (Russia, Canada, USA, Brazil), medium-sized countries (most European countries) and dwarf countries (Luxembourg, Liechtenstein).

Rice. 2. Luxembourg is a dwarf country.

The largest country in the world by area is Russia. It covers an area of 17.1 million square meters. km.

Also, countries differ in geographic location. If a country has no outlet to the seas and oceans, then such a state belongs to the inland. By their geographic location, peninsular, island, coastal countries, as well as archipelagic countries are distinguished.

Main types of countries

All countries of the world can be divided into several types, each of which will include states with similar characteristics in socio-economic development.

The main types of countries are:

economically highly developed countries (Japan, Canada, USA);
developing countries (South Korea, Singapore, Argentina, Brazil);
countries with economies in transition are countries in which the process of transition from central planning to market relations is taking place. These states include Russia and the former USSR countries.

Rice. 3. South Korea.

Also in the UN there is another classification, according to which two large groups of countries are distinguished: economically developed and developing. According to the classification, about 60 countries are economically developed countries, which are characterized by a high level of economic development, a high standard of living of the population and a developed service sector.

The group of developing countries includes all other states that are not included in the group of developed countries. They are mainly located in Asia, Africa, Latin America. More than half of the world's population lives in these territories and these countries occupy more than half of the Earth's land mass.

To identify a country in a particular group, first of all, they pay attention to the internal gross product(GDP).

GDP is the value of all tangible and intangible products produced in the territory of one country in one year.

What have we learned?

Geography studies not only the geographical position of a particular country, but also its economic and social characteristics. Since there are about 230 countries in the modern world, there is a need to divide them along similar lines. The UN offers two main classifications, in which states are divided into economically highly developed, developing and countries with economies in transition in one classification, and economically developed and developing in the other.

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Video tutorial 2: Types of countries in the modern world

Lecture: The variety of countries in the world. Main types of countries

The variety of countries in the world

In the twentieth century, the number of countries increased significantly. This is due to historical events. After the First World War, states appeared on the map: Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Austria, Hungary. After World War II, the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany were formed. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, new independent states appeared: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Belarus, Ukraine, etc. In 2000, there were 230 states in the world. According to some data, there are currently 251. Some of them are not recognized by the UN, but they exist. These countries include Kosovo, Taiwan, etc. There are 195 states in the world.

The grouping of countries in the world is carried out mainly by quantitative indicators:

by area of occupied territory

number of inhabitants

Sometimes groups are distinguished by their location:

seaside

insular

archipelagic countries

The typology of countries is based on more complex and important indicators of a country's economic and political development. There are several typologies.

Until the 90s, three types of countries were distinguished:

socialist

capitalist

developing

With the collapse of the socialist system, this typology has lost its relevance. More popular is the typology of dividing countries into:

economically developed

countries in transition

developing

Some distinguish two types:

developed

developing

The main criterion of typology GDP per capita.

Main types of countries

Economically developed countries

This type includes 60 countries of the world. They are distinguished by a high level of GDP. This type is further subdivided into four groups. The first is the G7 countries - the most developed countries in the world: USA, Canada, Japan, France, England, Italy, Germany. The second group is formed by smaller countries Western Europe... The third group is countries outside Europe (Australia, South Africa). The fourth includes Singapore, Korea, Taiwan.

Developing

Most of the countries of the world belong to this type, they occupy 1/2 of the land, the population is 4/5 of the world's population. Due to the large variety and number of countries, it is difficult to create their typology. They are conventionally divided into six groups:

1. Key Countries are the leaders of developing countries. These include India, Brazil, Mexico and China. The volume of products produced by these countries exceeds the volume that is produced by all other countries belonging to this type. But the GDP is $ 400.

2. GDP in the countries of the second group is 1-2 thousand dollars. These countries include Argentina, Chile, some countries in Asia and North Africa.

3. Newly industrialized countries belong to the third group. For some time, their economy has made a leap in development.

4. Oil-exporting countries - the countries of the Persian Gulf, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia. GDP per capita reaches 6-10 thousand dollars from oil sales.

5. Lagging countries are the largest group of this type. GDP per capita is $ 1,000 or less. Feudal vestiges and a backward economy have survived in the economies of these countries.

Peace. The total number of countries on this map during the twentieth century. increased markedly: firstly, as a result of changes associated with the results of the First World War; secondly, as a result of the changes that followed the Second World War and resulted in the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism, when during 1945-2002. 102 countries achieved political independence (see table 1 in the Appendices); thirdly, in the early 90s. as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. That is why at the beginning of the XXI century. the total number of countries and territories on the political map of the world has already reached about 230.

This quantitative growth also hides important qualitative shifts. So, if in 1900 r. there are over 57 in the world sovereign states 1 , a
before World War II - 71, then in 2007 there were already 194. The rest falls on the so-called non-self-governing territories - mainly "fragments" of the former colonial empires of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, USA. .

1 Sovereign state(from French souveraiп - supreme, supreme) - a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs.

You understand that with such a large number of countries, it becomes necessary to group them, which is carried out primarily on the basis of different quantitative criteria. The most common grouping of countries according to the size of their territory and population.

Example 1. By the size of the territory, there are seven largest countries, with an area of over 3 million km 2 each, which together occupy 1/2 of the entire inhabited land. ...

Example 2... In terms of population, 11 largest countries stand out, with a population of more than 100 million people in each, which together account for 3/5 of the world's population.

Medium and small countries prevail on the political map. (Although these concepts themselves, say, are the same for Europe, and different for Africa or Asia.)

There are also very tiny countries with a population of 10-30 thousand people or less, which are usually called microstates.

Example. The most famous of them are the microstates of Europe - Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican. But there are also island micro-states in Africa(Mauritius, Seychelles, etc.), and in America (Barbados, Grenada, Saint Lucia, etc.), and Oceania (Tonga, Nauru, etc.). ...

The grouping of countries according to the peculiarities of their geographic location is often used. In this regard, there are coastal, peninsular, island countries, archipelagic countries. A special group is made up of countries (there are 43 in total), without access to the sea. There are more of such countries in Tropical Africa, in foreign Europe and among the countries of the CHG. (Exercise 1.)

2. Typology of countries. Unlike the classification (grouping) of countries, based mainly on quantitative indicators, the typology is usually based on more important qualitative characteristics that determine the place of a country on the political and economic map of the world.

In turn, they can also be different and take into account the level of socio-economic development of countries, their political orientation, the degree
democratization of power, involvement in world economy and etc.

Until the beginning of the 90s, it was customary to subdivide all countries of the world into three types:

1) socialist,

2) developed capitalist and

3) developing.

After the actual collapse of the world socialist system, this typology was replaced by others. One of them, also three-member, divides all countries of the world into economically highly developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, that is, those carrying out the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy (these are primarily the so-called post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS.

Along with this, a two-term typology is also widely used, with the division of all countries into economically developed and developing ones. The main criterion
With this typology, it is the level of socio-economic development of that or another state, expressed through the indicator gross domestic product 1 per capita.

Recently, the United Nations ( UN) and other international organizations began to use a new synthetic indicator of the level of socio-economic development of countries of the world - the so-called human development index (HDI). It takes into account not only the level of people's souls, but also their average life expectancy, as well as their level of education. Canada, the USA, the Nordic countries and Japan have the highest HDI indicators, while the African countries Burundi, Sierra Leone and Niger have the lowest. Russia in this list is at the beginning of the group of countries with an average HDI level.

In this textbook, the typology of the countries of the world is based on their subdivision into: 1) economically developed and 2) developing. But a three-term typology is also used.

H. Economically highly developed countries. Among such countries, the UN currently includes about 40 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North
America, Australia and Oceania.

All of them are distinguished by a higher level of economic and social development and, accordingly, the gross domestic product per capita
villages. However, this group of countries is distinguished by a rather significant internal heterogeneity and four subgroups can be distinguished in its composition.

The first is formed by the "big seven" countries of the West, which includes the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada. These are the leading countries of the Western world, distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity.

Example. The share of the "seven" countries accounts for more than 40% of the world gross product and industrial production, over 25% of agricultural
products. GDP per capita in them is from 20 to 60 thousand. dollars and more.

The second subgroup includes the smaller countries of Western Europe.

Although the political and economic power of each of them is not so great, on the whole they play a large and growing role in world affairs. GDP per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries.

1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - an indicator characterizing the cost of all final products produced in the territory of a given country for one year (for international comparisons, it is usually calculated in US dollars).

The third subgroup is formed by non-European countries - Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (South Africa). These are the former resettlement colonies (dominions) of Great Britain, which did not know feudalism, and even today they are distinguished by some peculiarity of political and economic
kogo development. Israel is usually included in this group.

The fourth subgroup is still at the stage of formation. It was formed in 1997, after the countries and territories of Asia such as the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (Xianggang) and Taiwan were transferred to the category of economically highly developed countries, which came close to other economically highly developed countries in terms of GDP. per capita. They have a diverse economic structure, including a rapidly growing service sector, and are actively involved in world trade. In 2001 Cyprus was included in this group.

4. Developing countries. Developing countries include about 150 countries and territories, which together occupy more than half of the earth's land area and concentrate 4/5 of the world. On the political map of the world, these countries cover a vast belt stretching in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania to the north and especially south of the equator. Some of them (Iran, Thailand, Ethiopia, Egypt, Latin American countries, etc.) enjoyed independence long before World War II. But the majority conquered it in the post-war period.

The huge diverse world of developing countries (when there was a division into the world socialist and capitalist systems, it was usually called the “third world”) is internally very heterogeneous, and this complicates the typology of the countries entering into it. Similar typologies have been proposed by many scholars, but none of them has become generally accepted. Nevertheless, at least as a first approximation, developing countries can be subdivided into the following six subgroups.

The first of them is formed by the so-called key countries - India, Brazil, Mexico, and also China, which have a very large natural, human and economic potential and in many respects are the leaders of the developing world.

Example ... These four countries produce significantly more industrial products than all other developing countries combined. But their GDP per capita is much lower than in the economically developed countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia and Oceania, as well as Japan.

China has its own characteristics both in the political system (socialist country) and in socio-economic development. Recently, China, which is developing at a very high rate, has become a truly great power not only in world politics, but also in the world economy. But the per capita GDP in this country with a large population is not very high yet. International statistics classifies China as a developing country. (Assignment 2.)

The second subgroup includes some developing countries that have also reached a relatively high level of socio-economic development and have a per capita Gdp reaching 10 and sometimes 15 thousand dollars.

There are more such countries in Latin America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.), but they are also in Asia and North Africa.

The third subgroup includes the so-called newly industrialized countries.

In the 80s and 90s, they achieved such a leap in their development that they received the nickname "Asian Tigers". The "first echelon" of such countries also included the already mentioned Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, as well as Hong Kong, which in 1997 became part of China under the name of Xianggang. And the "second echelon" usually includes Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines.

The fourth subgroup is formed by oil-exporting countries, in which, thanks to the inflow of "petrodollars", per capita GDP reaches 10-20, or even 50 and more thousand dollars. These are primarily the countries of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Kyweit, Qatar, United Arab Emirates), as well as Libya, Brunei [4] and some other countries.

The fifth subgroup includes most of the "classic" developing countries. These are countries that are lagging behind in their development, with a per capita indicator
GDP less than $ 5,000 per year.

They are dominated by a rather backward mixed economy with strong feudal vestiges. Most of these countries are in Africa, but they are also in Asia and Latin America.

The sixth subgroup is made up of about 50 countries (with a total population of more than 800 million people), which, according to the UN classification, belong to the least developed countries (sometimes they are called the “fourth world”). They are dominated by consumer Agriculture, there is almost no manufacturing industry, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate, and the average per capita GDP ranges from $ 500 to $ 1,500 per year.

Example. In Asia, this subgroup includes Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Yemen, in Africa - Mali, Niger, Chad, Ethiopia, Somali, Mozambique, in Latin America - Haiti. (Assignment 2.)

5. Countries with economies in transition. It is customary to refer to this type of all post-socialist countries, that is, 15 countries that were previously part of the Soviet Union, 12 former socialist countries of Central-Eastern Europe and Mongolia.

All of them are in the late 80s - early 90s. The last century began the transition from an authoritarian political system to a truly democratic system based on a multi-party system and respect for human rights. No less revolutionary transformations began to be carried out in the economy, where there was a transition from the former administrative-command system and centralized planning to a market economy. This transition is completed or is close to completion.

Maksakovsky V.P., Geography. Economic and social geography of the world 10 cl. : textbook. for general education. institutions

Geography for grade 10, textbooks and books on mathematics download, library

download Ticket 19 question 1

The variety of countries in the modern world, their main types.

On the modern political map of the world, there are about 240 countries, about 200 of which are independent countries, i.e. the state.

Examples of dependent countries are Gibraltar, Saint Helena, Bermuda and Falkland Islands (UK), Greenland and Faroe Islands (Denmark), Guiana, New Caledonia and French Polynesia (France), Puerto Rico and American Samoa (USA).

According to the size of the territory, the 10 largest countries of the world are distinguished, the area of which exceeds 2.5 million km 2 - Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India, Argentina, Kazakhstan and Sudan. Their opposite is the dwarf states. The smallest state in the world is called the Vatican, occupying one quarter of Rome.

The largest in terms of population are China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria and Japan.

The largest countries in the world by area and population in 2007

According to the peculiarities of the geographical location, countries are distinguished:

1) seaside (i.e. landlocked) - Russia? Ukraine, Finland, France, Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa, USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, etc .;

2) inland (i.e. landlocked) - Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Afghanistan, Nepal, Mongolia, Laos, Chad, Niger, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Bolivia , Paraguay, etc .;

3) insular (i.e., countries located on islands) - Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Cyprus, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti; Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Fiji, etc .;

4) archipelagic countries (i.e. countries located on a group of islands) - Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Maldives, Comoros, Bahamas, Kiribati, etc .;

5) peninsular (i.e. countries located on the peninsulas) - Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India, Vietnam, Thailand, North Korea, South Korea, Somalia, etc.

According to the level of socio-economic development, there are 3 groups of countries: economically developed countries, countries with a transitional type of economy and developing countries.

The economically developed countries include about 30 countries of the world, including the USA, Canada, the

The group of countries with a transitional type of economy includes all CIS countries (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, etc.), all countries of Eastern Europe (for example, Poland, Estonia, Czech Republic, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, etc.) and Mongolia.

The largest group (about 150 states) is made up of developing countries located in Asia (India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, etc.), Africa (all countries except South Africa), Central and South America (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, etc.). ) and Oceania (Fiji, Samoa, etc.).

According to the form of government, countries are divided primarily into monarchies and republics.

Monarchy is a form of government in which power is inherited. Examples of monarchies are Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Japan, Morocco, etc.

Most of the world's independent states are republics. Republic - a form of government in which power is elected by a certain period... Examples of republics are Russia and other CIS countries, Germany, France, Italy, Turkey, Iran, India, Algeria, Nigeria, Sudan, South Africa, Egypt, USA, Mexico, Brazil, etc.

Ticket 19 question 2

Eastern Siberia and the Far East are rich in various natural resources, but they are still used to a small extent. What natural, economic and social factors make it difficult to develop the resources of these territories?

The main reasons for the poor use of the gigantic natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are:

1) extreme climatic conditions in most of the territory of these two regions;

2) the remoteness of Eastern Siberia and the Far East from the main economically developed regions of the country, high transport costs for the import and export of goods;

3) poorly developed transport network, difficult conditions for the construction of new roads;

4) poor development of the territory and low population density (in most of the territory it is less than 1 person per 1 km2);

5) a sharp shortage labor resources aggravated by negative natural growth and the migration outflow of the population from these regions;

6) lack of financial investment funds for the development of the economy of these regions;

7) the great dependence of Eastern Siberia and the Far East on the import of many types of fuel, machinery, equipment, consumer goods and food.

Ticket 19 question 3

Identify river basins and watersheds from the map.
Before showing the basins and watersheds of rivers that the teacher suggests, you should define these terms.

The river basin is the area from which the river collects its waters.

The watershed of the river is the border of the river basins.
Carefully trace the border of the river basin. Please note that watersheds run along the highest places (mountain ranges and hills) and cannot cross rivers and lakes (and they can cross channels!).

Ticket 20 question 1

Comprehensive geographic characteristics of your area.
Write a description of your area according to the plan:
1) Geographical location.

2) Tectonic structure, relief and minerals.

3) Climatic zone and a brief description of the climate: the average temperature of January and July, prevailing winds, annual precipitation, their seasonality, humidity coefficient.

4) Inland waters, the largest rivers and lakes.

5) Natural area.

6) Soils, vegetation and animal world.

7) Features of the population: number, location, reproduction, gender, age, ethnic and religious composition, level of urbanization, Largest cities, features of migration and labor resources.

8) Preconditions for the development of the economy.

9) Branches of specialization of industry and agriculture.

10) Features of the development of transport and non-production

11) Problems and development prospects.

12) Conclusion on economic development.
Ticket 20 question 2

Eurasia is the largest continent on the Earth. Using maps of the atlas, prove that the law of latitudinal zoning is manifested in the location of natural complexes of Eurasia.
All major natural areas in Eurasia have a pronounced latitudinal distribution, i.e. stretch from west to east, replacing each other from north to south, which is the law of latitudinal zoning.

Such components of the natural complex as soils, vegetation, and fauna are subject to the law of latitudinal zoning. Consider how each of these components is located on the Eurasia mainland.

On the soil map, we see that, stretching from west to east, the following types of soils successively replace each other in the direction from north to south: arctic, tundra-gley, podzolic, sod-podzolic, brown forest and gray forest, chernozems, chestnut, brown semi-desert etc.

The map of flora and fauna also shows that the zones extend sublatitudinally and successively replace each other from north to south.

One of the largest natural complexes is the geographic natural area. It includes components that obey the law of latitudinal zoning, this determines the obedience to the law of latitudinal zoning of the natural zones themselves. Let's look at the map of the natural zones of the Eurasian continent. It can be seen that they extend from a latitudinal direction (from west to east), successively replacing each other from north to south: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, etc. Thus, it can be seen that the natural complexes of Eurasia (namely, natural zones) obey the law of latitudinal zoning.

Ticket 20 question 3

Identify the main foreign economic partners of Russia based on statistical materials.

According to statistical data, it can be established that in recent years the importance of foreign trade for the Russian economy has grown significantly. The share of exports in GDP has increased.

More than 80% of Russia's foreign trade is now with the countries of Western Europe. The main trade partners of Russia in January-August 2010 among non-CIS countries were: the Netherlands, with which trade turnover amounted to USD 37.2 billion, China - USD 35.9 billion, Germany - USD 31.7 billion. USA, Italy - USD 23.6 billion, Turkey - USD 16.1 billion, USA - USD 14.1 billion, France - USD 13.9 billion, Japan - 13, USD 6 billion, Poland - USD 13.3 billion, Republic of Korea - USD 11.1 billion.

Geographic structure of Russian exports by country in 2010,%

Geographic structure of imports of the Russian Federation by country in 2010,%
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Typologies and classifications of countries are compiled by international organizations, economists, geographers.

Each study, depending on the objectives and set of indicators, identifies different types of countries. Therefore, there are no “right” or “wrong” typologies, each of them is created to fulfill the assigned task.

The political map of the world is a thematic map that shows the state borders of all countries of the world.

It is called the mirror of the era, since it reflects all the processes taking place in the world at different stages of the development of human society.

Currently, there are 230 countries on the political map. All countries in the world are different:
geographic location;
the size of the territory;
the size and ethnic composition of the population;
by the form of government;
on the state structure;
by the level of socio-economic development.

Out of 230 countries of the world, 190 are sovereign - politically independent states with independence in internal and external affairs.

The rest are non-self-governing territories - colonies, protectorates, so-called overseas departments.

Over the course of the XX century, the number of those has dropped sharply and now they are small island possessions in the Caribbean and Oceania.

By geographic location, there are:
island (Indonesia, Japan, Cuba);
mainland (Australia, Canada, China);
landlocked (Norway, Republic of Korea, Venezuela);
landlocked (Mongolia, Chad, Kazakhstan);

By the size of the territory:
very large (Russia, Canada, China);
large;
medium;
small;
"Microstate" (Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino).

By number:

from the largest with a population of over 100 million

people, up to small, with a population of less than 1 million.

By nationality population:
uni-national (Japan),
multinational (Russia, USA, China).

By form of government:
monarchies
constitutional - Norway, Sweden, Great Britain;
absolute - Japan, Saudi Arabia
theocratic - Vatican.
republics
presidential - Egypt, Turkey, France;
parliamentary - most of the countries of Western Europe.

By state structure:
federal - India, Russia;
unitary - Hungary, France.

By the level of socio-economic development:
economically developed countries - Japan, Germany;
developing - India, Mexico;
countries with economies in transition - most post-socialist countries.

The place of any country in the typology is not constant and can change over time.

The countries of the world are usually divided into two main types:

1) economically highly developed countries,

2) developing countries.

This typology is usually based on the indicator of gross domestic product (GDP), that is, the cost of all final products produced in the territory of a given country in one year, per capita (although, to get a complete picture, it is desirable to take into account the level of education, average life expectancy and some other indicators).
More than 40 countries in Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, Australia and Oceania, which are distinguished by the highest level of socio-economic development, are among the economically highly developed countries of the world.

This is evidenced by the indicators of their GDP per capita.

However, the group of economically highly developed countries is distinguished by a rather large internal heterogeneity, so that three subgroups are usually distinguished in its composition.

Firstly, these are the "big seven" Western countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada), which account for about U2 of the total world GDP. Secondly, these are highly developed small countries, mainly in Western Europe, which also have very high per capita GDP and are actively involved in world trade. In fact, they are also joined by the so-called "countries of immigration capitalism" - the former possessions of Great Britain (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa).

Thirdly, these are some new highly developed countries, for example, Singapore, the Republic of Korea.

Singapore. Photo: jjcb

A special subtype of countries should include China, Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba, which, according to their constitutions and the programs of the leading parties, continue to follow the socialist path of development.

All countries of the modern world are represented on a political map that has come a long way in its formation. At different stages historical development there was a discovery of new lands, a territorial redistribution of the world, the formation, disintegration or unification of states, the borders of countries changed.

Today there are more than 230 countries in the world, of which 193 are sovereign states. Sovereign states have autonomy and independence in both domestic and foreign policy.

About half of all countries are located on the Eurasian continent.

Each country has its own specific characteristics. These may be features of the territory, geographic location, composition of the population, state system; the level of economic development, economic potential, the country's share in world production, the structure of the economy, the degree of its involvement in the international geographical division of labor, etc.

With such a variety of countries, it becomes necessary to group them, identifying their similarities and differences. The typology of countries depends on what characteristics and quantitative criteria are used as its basis.

This typology organizes information about countries and helps in the development of various forecasts and recommendations.

A grouping of countries is often used, subdividing them into economically developed, developing and countries with economies in transition.

The per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is used to subdivide countries into these groups. Countries with economies in transition include states that from the late 80s - early 90s.

carry out the transition from an administrative-command (socialist) economy to a market economy.

Gdp- an indicator characterizing the cost of all final products produced in the territory of a given country for one year (US $).

There is a huge gap in GDP per capita between developed and developing countries.

Switzerland exceeds that of Mozambique by more than 500 times. Nearly 3 billion people have a daily income of less than US $ 2. The problem of economic inequality is one of the global problems of humanity.

The variety of countries in the world, their main types Wikipedia
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Standard classification of countries in the world economy

According to the UN methodology, all countries are divided into 3 groups:

1. Developed countries with market economy(24 countries). This includes the "Big Seven" - Great Britain, Germany, France, Japan, Italy, USA, Canada.

Developing countries (over 100 countries). These include the OPEC countries (oil exporters).

3. Countries with economies in transition (post-socialist).

International organizations divide all countries of the world into three groups:

1. developed countries with market economies.

Developed countries include almost all countries of Western Europe, USA, Canada, Japan, Israel, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. All these countries have a high level of economic and social development.

Post-industrial society, i.e.

most of the GDP from 60 to 75 and>% is produced in the service sector. Characteristic features: a developed democratic state with three independent branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial). Most of industrial production is finished products, science intensity and high technology.

countries with economies in transition or emerging markets

Countries in transition include the states of Eastern Europe, Russia, Albania, China, Vietnam, the former subjects of the USSR, Vietnam, Mongolia.

They carry out a structural restructuring of the economic mechanism, i.e. the transition from the socialist system to capitalist system management.

3. developing countries.

Developing countries include most of the countries of Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America, Malta and the former Yugoslavia.

The overall level of GDP of developing countries is less than a quarter of that of developed countries.

Characteristic features: most of the GDP of these countries is produced in agriculture and industry (extractive). The share of service sectors is from 20-40% depending on the state.

A clear focus on raw materials in the economy. They are suppliers of agricultural raw materials and foodstuffs, and more mineral resources. The traditional type of population reproduction, i.e. traditional solutions encourages large families, and medicine is poorly developed, therefore high fertility and high mortality. Weak social orientation of the economy. There are 5 main groups among developing countries:

a) developing countries with a relatively high level of economic development and high GDP growth rates are newly industrialized countries.

b) developing countries with an average level of development;

c) OPEC oil exporting countries.

GDP per capita exceeds the indicators of NIS, but a very traditional society, therefore, cannot be classified as developed democratic societies;

d) countries with large territories and large populations (India, China).

e) underdeveloped countries - African states, tribal households.

By now, several approaches have developed:

1) Formation concept (started by Karl Marx): its supporters divide all countries into a system of capitalism and a system of socialism.

2) The concept of "three worlds": the world of the capitalist economy, the world of the socialist economy and the "third world" - developing countries.

3) The concept of "Center and periphery" has become widespread recently: the center - the most developed industrial countries, the periphery - all other countries.

The approach is close to it, dividing the world into industrialized countries (about 30 countries), developing countries (almost all the rest) and countries with economies in transition (some former socialist countries).

In this case, the principle of systematization of countries yavl. socio-economic, i.e. taken into account not only economical. development indicators of countries, but also social.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has defined the following criteria for this classification:

GNP per capita:

Low-income countries

Lower middle income countries

Upper middle income countries

High-income countries

Population literacy:

Developing countries

Newly industrialized countries

Countries with economies in transition

Average life expectancy:

Industrialized countries

Developing countries

The IMF divides all countries of the world into 2 groups:

1) developed countries

2) emerging markets and developing countries

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Number and grouping of countries in the world

Outstanding Russian geographer N.

N. Baransky in one of his works wrote that the country in all its originality - natural, economic, cultural, political - is main object studies in geography, therefore the question of the number and grouping (classification) of countries is of very great interest.

During the XX century.

the total number of countries in the world has steadily increased. This was caused primarily by the redistribution of the world after the First and Second World Wars. In the early 90s, following the collapse of the USSR, the SFRY, Czechoslovakia, there were 20 more of them.

As of 2008 different sources estimate the total number of countries and territories at 225-230.

At the same time in the XX century. the number of independent sovereign states was constantly increasing (tab. 1) and, accordingly, the number of countries that were at different stages of political dependence and, therefore, did not have full self-government, decreased.

Table 1 graphically reflects not only the post-war redistribution of the world, but also the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism.

It led to the fact that after 1945, 102 countries of Asia, Africa, America, Oceania and even Europe (Malta) achieved political independence. And the number of non-self-governing territories (colonies, protectorates, so-called overseas departments, etc.) decreased from 130 in 1900 to 16 in 2005. Most of them are now small island possessions in the Caribbean and Oceania.

Table 1

NUMBER OF SOUTHERN STATES

Membership of countries in the United Nations can serve as an important guideline in determining the number of sovereign states. (tab.

table 2

NUMBER OF COUNTRIES - UN MEMBERS

Growth in the number of UN member states in 1950–1989. took place mainly due to the entry into this organization of states that had freed themselves from colonial dependence. It is customary to call them that. the liberated countries. In 1990-2007. the UN included several more liberated countries (Namibia, Eritrea, etc.), but the main growth was associated with the admission of post-socialist states that had formed on the site of the former USSR, SFRY, Czechoslovakia.

Now the UN includes all the CIS countries, six republics of the former. Yugoslavia, Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2002, after a special referendum, Switzerland joined the UN, which had previously believed that its policy of permanent neutrality hindered this.

So now, of the sovereign states outside the UN, there is only one Vatican, which has observer status.

With such a large and, moreover, an ever-increasing number of countries, there is an urgent need for their grouping, which is usually carried out according to several different signs and criteria.

Table 3

TEN COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, THE LARGEST ON TERRITORY

According to the size of the territory, the countries of the world are usually subdivided into very large, large, medium, small and very small.

The top ten largest countries in the world, or giant countries, include the states listed in Table 3. Together, they occupy 55% of all inhabited land.

The concepts of "large", "medium", "small" country are different for different regions of the world. For example, the largest country in foreign Europe - France - is relatively small by the standards of Asia, Africa or America. But the concept of "a very small country" (or micro-state) is approximately the same for different regions of the world.

Most often it is used in relation to the dwarf countries of foreign Europe - Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino, etc. But in fact, many island countries of Africa, America and Oceania are also among the microstates. For example, the Seychelles in Africa, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in Central America have an area of 350-450 km2 (this is less than 1/2 of the area of Moscow), and the island states of Tuvalu and Nauru in Oceania occupy only 20-25 km2.

And the Vatican, which occupies an area of 44 hectares, can be called a completely mini-state.

In this case, the top ten countries also stand out sharply. (tab. 4), which together concentrate about 3/5 of all inhabitants of the Earth.

Only 13 countries have a population of 50 to 100 million people: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Ukraine in Europe, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Iran and Turkey in Asia, Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa and Mexico in Latin America. In 53 countries, the population ranges from 10 to 50 million people.

There are even more countries in the world with a population of 1 to 10 million (60), and in more than 40 countries the population does not even reach 1 million people.

Table 4

TEN LARGEST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

As for the smallest states in terms of the number of inhabitants, then on the political map of the world they should be looked for in the same place where the smallest territories of the country are located.

In Central America, this is, for example, Barbados and Belize with a population of 200-300 thousand people, Grenada, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, with approximately 100 thousand inhabitants. In Africa, the island states of Sao Tome and Principe and the Seychelles belong to the same category of countries, in Asia - Brunei, in Oceania - the island states of Tuvalu, Nauru, where only 10-12 thousand people live. However, the last place in terms of population is occupied by the Vatican, the permanent population of which does not exceed 1000 people.

According to the peculiarities of the geographical position, the countries of the world are most often subdivided into those with and without access to the World Ocean.

Among the coastal countries, in turn, one can single out island ones (for example, Ireland and Iceland in Europe, Sri Lanka in Asia, Madagascar in Africa, Cuba in America, New Zealand in Oceania).

A variety of island countries are archipelagic countries. Thus, Indonesia is located on 13 thousand islands, the Philippines occupies 7000, and Japan - almost 4000 islands. It is not surprising that the archipelagic countries are among the top ten states in terms of coastline. (tab. 5). And Canada takes first place on this indicator thanks to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Table 5

TOP TEN COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD BY COASTAL LINE