financial reporting synthetic analytical

Organization of financial accounting is "the process of creating conditions and elements for building an accounting process in order to obtain reliable and timely information about the economic activities of an enterprise, both for internal and external users and to monitor the rational use of enterprise property and timely payments to budgets" ... The main elements of the organization of financial accounting are:

primary accounting and document flow;

inventory;

Accounting chart of accounts;

accounting forms;

forms of organization of accounting and computing work;

organization of material responsibility;

accounting policy of the enterprise.

Bodies which are granted the right of regulation by federal laws accounting guided by the law Russian Federation, develop and approve, within their competence, mandatory for all organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation:

a) charts of accounts of accounting and instructions for their use;

b) provisions (standards) on accounting, establishing the principles, rules and methods for maintaining accounting of business transactions by organizations, compiling and submitting accounting statements;

c) other regulations and guidelines on accounting issues.

From January 1, 2002, accountants of all organizations (except for credit and budgetary ones) must work using the Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its application, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 31.10.2000 No. 94n.

Management requirements financial accounting- defines the basics of building an accounting system:

· Prudence - accounting should provide greater readiness to account for expenses and losses than possible income and assets;

· Completeness - reflection in the accounting of all facts of economic activity;

· The priority of the content over the form - a reflection of the facts of the economic;

· Activities not only in accordance with the requirements of the legal form, but also in terms of economic content;

· Consistency - comparability of all accounting data;

Rationality - rational accounting with minimal costs for obtaining information;

· Timeliness - timely reflection of the facts of economic activity in accounting and reporting.

List of financial accounting rules:

· Accounting of property, liabilities and business transactions is kept in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles;

· The basis for the reflection of data in the accounting are documents. Document information is reflected on the accounting accounts using double entry;

· The assessment determines in what amount the object should be accepted for accounting;

· The reliability of accounting is ensured by periodically conducted inventories of property and liabilities;

· In the accounting should be ensured the differentiation of costs for current and capital investments.

The accounting system is divided into two subsystems: financial accounting and management accounting.

Financial accounting Is a collection and processing system accounting information required to compile financial statements... Financial accounting includes information on the accounting of balance sheet accounts: fixed assets - intangible assets, financial investments, inventories, Money, and is used not only within the enterprise, but also by external users. Financial accounting is regulated by regulations.

Purpose of financial accounting- formation of information about the activities of the organization as a whole: income and expenses, the state of funds, accounts receivable and accounts payable, payments to the budget and extrabudgetary funds, about financial investments, financial results etc.

Financial accounting subject- economic activity of the enterprise.

Objects are property (economic assets, assets of the enterprise), capital and liabilities of the enterprise (sources of formation of property), as well as business transactions that cause changes in property and sources of its formation.

Financial accounting principles.

1. The principle of monetary expression - accounting operates with data that have monetary value.

2. The principle of enterprise autonomy - the company's accounting accounts are independent from the accounts of its owners and employees.

3. The principle of continuity - the enterprise works indefinitely.

4. The principle of materiality is not to waste time on taking into account insignificant facts.

5. The principle of conservatism - when choosing, the accountant chooses the amount that is less optimistic.

6. The principle of constancy - during one reporting period you need to use one form and method of accounting.

7. The principle of the national currency - in accounting, the method of assessing funds in a constant currency is applied throughout the reporting period.

8. The principle of cost - funds are valued at cost at the time of purchase, and not at market value.

9. The principle of implementation - enterprises take into account their income at the time of shipment of goods, and not at the time of payment.

10. Principle of correspondence - profit - revenue of the reporting period - the costs of this period.

11. The principle of duality - the principle of balance, when accounting information is considered according to the composition of funds and the sources of their formation: the totality of all funds (asset) is equal to the totality of sources (liability); the principle of double entry: a business transaction that changes the composition of funds and sources of formation does not violate the principle of balance.

Financial accounting tasks.

1. Formation of complete, reliable information about the activities of the enterprise required by users.

2. Providing users with information to monitor compliance with legislation, the feasibility of business operations, the availability and movement of property and obligations, the use of material, labor, financial resources in accordance with the approved standards.

3. Prevention of negative business results.

4. Identification of on-farm reserves to ensure the financial stability of the enterprise.

Basic principles of accounting (financial) accounting

To the basic principles of accounting (financial) accounting, which determine its essence and are the basis for the development accounting policies organizations include the following:

1) property isolation of an economic entity:
2) a permanently operating organization;
3) monetary measurement;
4) charges (compliance).

The principle of property isolation an economic entity corresponds to the principle of an economic entity applied in countries with open economies. It provides for the separate reflection of the assets of each owner and his liabilities in relation to the property and liabilities of other economic entities. Property that does not belong to the owner, but is used by him in accordance with the agreement concluded with his owner, is reflected in the balance sheet. Thus, it is recognized that the organization is an independent economic entity, carrying out its statutory activities on the basis of the assumption of property isolation. Accounting is maintained according to a certain system, which is based on the accounting policy developed by the organization in accordance with the current regulations and the chosen strategy for its development. Information about individual accounting objects is reflected in the amount necessary primarily for management purposes, as well as for external users - in the amount of requirements imposed by them in accordance with the current legislation.

The principle of a permanent organization means going concern: the organization that started its activity does not intend to terminate it in the foreseeable future. Figuratively speaking, this principle corresponds to the meaning of the Bernoulli curve, which is an integral part of the international coat of arms of accountants: accounting, once established, will exist forever.

In practice, this is expressed in the presence of two prerequisites. First, the owner of this property cannot be permanent during the entire period of the organization's functioning. Therefore, until it is changed, the value of the property, i.e. its historical price (if it was not influenced by inflationary processes) should remain unchanged. Second, and no less important, the reporting of an enterprise should not change when the owner changes.

The principle of monetary measurement - one of the fundamental, fundamental principles of accounting, since the choice of the unit and method of measuring the value of a particular accounting object directly affects the formation of the financial result of the economic activity of the organization. This principle is not declared in the regulatory system, as it is considered undoubted. The scope of its application is determined by the boundaries of economic activity, which can be expressed in monetary form... Each of the accounting objects is shown in the assessment, depending on its place in the process of reproduction of the gross domestic product.

In market conditions, the corresponding asset is taken into account in the assessment at market or other value. According to Art. 3 of the Federal Law of July 29, 1998 No. 135-Φ3 "On appraisal activities in the Russian Federation "under market value the object of appraisal is understood as the most probable price, but at which a particular object of appraisal can be alienated in the open market in a competitive environment. The parties to the transaction must have the relevant information and, in accordance with its content, act reasonably within the framework of existing legislation. In this case, the value of the chain of the transaction ns should reflect any extraordinary circumstances, namely:

the chain of the transaction is determined by the will of the party without coercion, in whatever form it is indicated;
the parties to the transaction are well aware of the subject of the transaction, and each of them acts within the framework of their economic benefit;
the subject of assessment in the form of a public offer is presented at open market;
the payment for the subject matter is expressed in monetary terms.

So, non-current assets are taken into account in historical valuation, i.e. at the original cost. In the absence of inflationary processes in the same assessment, they are shown in the current accounting in the course of their operation, although there are a number of ways to determine not only the residual, but also the modern value of such objects. The latter, in conditions of economic instability, as a rule, deviates from the historical estimate in the direction of increase, which has a negative impact on the financial stability of the organization. Therefore, the method of historical valuation assumes the calculation of the value of the object in the sum of the actual costs formed on the date of its acceptance for accounting. For such objects, there is also a residual value.

Whichever option the organization chooses to evaluate a specific object, it should not go beyond the established restrictions, the observance of which is mandatory:

a) item-by-item accounting of each type of property and liabilities;
b) compliance with the principle of the continuity of the enterprise;
c) neutrality of information in the process of formation of acquisition costs, which makes it possible to exclude its deliberate distortion in the interests of certain users;
d) caution (prudence) of an economic entity, always aimed primarily at showing greater readiness to take into account potential losses. It is taken for granted that this approach automatically generates potential profits. The result of such prudence is the formation of various kinds of reserves for doubtful debts or valuation of certain types of property at the lowest cost. For example, investments in securities are valued at the lowest of two estimates: balance sheet or market, while costs and liabilities are assumed at the highest estimate. Meanwhile, compliance with this condition does not exclude a high degree of uncertainty in the consequences of decisions made;
e) the assessment of certain types of property should not exceed the cost of their purchase, and the assessment of home-made products should not exceed the current costs incurred in the production process;
f) the sequence of application of the selected priorities means that the organization uses the priorities (standards) adopted by it in the accounting policy invariably from one reporting period to another. This approach presupposes the comparability of the relevant indicators, which is very important not only in the process of analyzing the financial and economic activities of the organization, but also in the development of a strategy for its development. This condition cannot be applied only in two cases: when changing the existing regulatory documents on accounting or when carrying out procedures for the reorganization of an enterprise (merger, accession, division, separation, transformation).

Accrual principle (compliance) involves a clear separation of the moments of receipt of funds in cash or cashless form and the right to receive them, on the one hand, as well as payments (expenditures) of funds and the right to commit (extinguish) obligations under this operation, on the other. Objectively, there is a need to maintain accounts of deferred income and expenses in the current accounting. Compliance with this principle allows you to establish the temporal certainty of the reflection in the accounting of business transactions and correctly calculate the financial result by comparing the costs and incomes related to this reporting period. Thus, it is recognized that if the entity received any receipts in this reporting period that are not related to it (for example, rent from the lessee for the quarter in advance), then this amount can be considered for it only as deferred income. In the future, at the beginning of the first reporting month, of the specified amount of receipt, only 1/3 of it is recognized as income in this period. Equally for the payer-lessee, these payments are initially considered as deferred expenses. Subsequently, monthly in the amount of 1/3 of this payment, the amount rent will be considered as part of current costs related to the reporting period.

Among the assumptions that determine the content of the basic principles, there is also the principle of periodicity of generalization of economic events. It provides for the provision by the administration of periodic reports on the financial and economic activities of the organization to the owners, i.e. shareholders. Naturally, such information should be provided in certain terms established by law. So, according to Art. 14 of the Accounting Law, monthly and quarterly reports are interim and are compiled on an accrual basis from the beginning of the reporting year. The first reporting year for newly created organizations is the period from the date of their state registration but December 31 of the corresponding year, and for organizations created after October 1 - until December 31 of the next year. In other cases, for all organizations, the reporting year is a calendar year - from January 1 to December 31 inclusive. Compliance with this assumption is one of the priorities in the organization of accounting, since it regulates the obligatory periodic report of the directors of the enterprise to the owners, therefore, increases the responsibility for the effective use of their property.

Only full observance of the considered basic accounting principles makes it possible to solve those tasks of managing assets and liabilities for which accounting information is intended. In recent literature, only two basic principles have been distinguished from this list: the principle of an economic unit (property isolation) and the principle of monetary measurement. They are seen as fundamental principles. All others relate to the quality of financial accounting information and are recognized as procedural.

This division seems to be not unreasonable. At the same time, it should be noted that among the stated principles there is no the principle of the original (historical) record, widely used in countries with developed market relations. The content of this principle means that the initial record is recognized as reliable in the accounting if it is documented and correct, and otherwise is not agreed by the participants of the parties or is not proven in court. This is the legal proof of the perfect business transaction.

Inflationary processes in the economy of recent times have shaken the principle of monetary measurement due to the fall in the purchasing power of money and the resulting inaccuracy in reflecting the value of property. However, this did not change the content of the basic requirements for accounting, which include:

documenting economic events;
comparability of accounting indicators with planned;
completeness of accounting information;
timeliness;
priority of content over form;
accuracy;
significance;
consistency;
clarity and accessibility;
efficiency and rationality.

Documentary registration of economic events means that each fact of economic activity must be recorded in writing, and by agreement between the parties to the transaction - also in electronic form. This rule also applies to information that the organization sends to the tax authority. Information in electronic form signed with a qualified electronic signature, in accordance with Art. 6 of the Federal Law of April 6, 2011 No. 63-ΦЗ "On Electronic Signature", is recognized as a document equivalent to a paper document signed with a handwritten signature. The absence of a document means that the economic event did not take place. And only if it is established that an event was not reflected in the accounting, then this should be considered as the result of deliberate or unintentional distortion of accounting data or the impossibility of accounting for individual events (for example, the occurrence of loss of inventory due to natural loss).

Comparability of accounting indicators with planned implements one of the important functions of accounting - the control function. The accounting indicators should be comparable with the indicators of the business plan, since, on the one hand, the last stages of forecasting the economic activity of the organization were developed on the basis of accounting indicators, and on the other hand, it is impossible to obtain information on the progress of the planned indicators without accounting data. If this requirement is not met, drawing up a business plan does not make sense.

Completeness of accounting information assumes its formation in a volume that meets the needs of management within those boundaries that are determined by the monetary measure. Excessive information increases the cost of obtaining it, complicates accounting, makes it difficult to make specific decisions, and ultimately reduces the effectiveness of control. The latter fact also takes place in the case when the credentials are not fully prepared.

Timeliness provides for the provision of information to the management apparatus and external users immediately, on time. The delay in obtaining information regarding the ongoing business transactions does not allow timely influence on the management process and makes it essentially unnecessary.

Prioritize content over form means that compliance with legal norms and the economic feasibility of economic events should prevail over the form regulated by the relevant regulatory documents. This requirement, although announced, however, real life its implementation seems to be very problematic.

Accuracy is originally inherent in accounting, since it follows from a hundred distinctive qualities - documentary registration and continuous registration of economic events by persons, by status, responsible for their implementation.

In direct connection with the requirement of accuracy accounting information there is a demand for her significance, which before the transition to a market economy was not declared in the domestic accounting. It is now recognized and taken into account if the value of significance may be within a boundary that has a significant impact on the decision-making of the relevant users. In this case, it does not matter whether there has been an intentional or unintentional distortion of the financial statements. The main thing is its size, which had a decisive influence on a qualified user who made erroneous conclusions on the basis of such reports or made erroneous decisions.

An explanatory note to the annual financial statements must contain essential information about the organization, its financial position, comparability of data for the reporting and previous years, valuation methods and significant items of financial statements.

The indicator of significance in domestic accounting, in contrast to international standards, is regulated in material form. It is generally accepted that if any indicator of the article exceeds 5% of the total amount of the total, then it should be disclosed. Otherwise, interested NT users will be able to obtain reliable information about the financial position of the organization or the financial results of its activities.

Consistency proceeds from the assumption that the data of current accounting in the context of individual types of property and sources of formation should always correspond to the turnover and the balance of the economically homogeneous accounting object that unites them on the 1st day of each month.

Clarity and Accessibility suggest the possibility of direct use of accounting information for management purposes, and, if necessary, also carry out a certain grouping of it.

Economy and rationality - an indispensable requirement for the implementation of the management function. The content of this requirement means that the cost of obtaining information should always be lower than the cost of the results expected from its use. Otherwise, such a situation should be considered as a sign that the accounting apparatus is not coping with the functions assigned to it. At the same time, the simplification of accounting as one of the ways to achieve its rationality and efficiency should not be carried out to the detriment of compliance with the mandatory requirements of the current regulatory documents.

Recognition and adherence to assumptions and requirements constitutes regulations accounting, which are the basis for the application of the fundamental principles. Compliance with these principles in accounting means the following:

there is a continuity of existing provisions (standards) in relation to international standards;
method valuation individual objects and obligations related to the formation of property is mandatory;
the actual value of material and other assets is determined taking into account inflation indices;
the interests of external users in obtaining information presented in public reporting are ensured;
the reliability of the reporting is confirmed by an independent audit.

The basic principles of accounting are based on the harmonization of the separate accounting systems in force in different countries. This recognizes that each country can use its own accounting model and system of one hundred standards, compatible with other systems in the world. This approach is especially important for multinational companies.

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Federal state educational institution

Higher professional education

"South Federal University"

Institute of Economics and foreign economic relations

Course work

By discipline: "Financial accounting"

Topic: Principles of Organization of Financial Accounting

Completed:

Chepurko Anastasia Sergeevna

Supervisor:

Simionov Radomir Yurievich

Rostov - on - Don 2008

Introduction

1. Regulatory regulation of accounting in the Russian Federation

1.1 Regulations on accounting and bookkeeping in the Russian Federation

2. Basic principles of accounting in the Russian Federation

3. Reforming accounting in the Russian Federation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Organization of accounting is a system of conditions and elements for building the accounting process in order to generate reliable and complete information about economic activities. The head of the organization is responsible for the organization of accounting, compliance with the law when performing business operations.

Depending on the volume of accounting work, the manager can choose one or another form of organization of accounting work:

Establish an accounting service as a structural unit headed by a chief accountant;

Introduce the position of an accountant to the staff;

Transfer, on a contractual basis, accounting to a centralized accounting department, a specialized organization or a specialist accountant;

Maintain accounting records personally.

The general principles for constructing accounting are determined by the accounting legislation of the Russian Federation. Regulatory documents establish uniform legal and methodological foundations for organizing and maintaining records.

The regulation of accounting on a national scale consists in the development and approval of mandatory guidance materials for all organizations on the territory of Russia:

Charts of accounts of accounting and instructions for their use;

Regulations (standards) on accounting, establishing the principles, rules and methods of keeping records of business transactions, drawing up and submitting financial statements;

Other regulations and guidelines on accounting issues.

The rational organization of accounting is ensured by:

Accounting policy;

Working chart of accounts;

Primary accounting system and document flow availability;

Accounting work plan;

Distribution of responsibilities of accountants and the availability of job descriptions;

Inventory plan of property and liabilities;

Reporting and reporting plan;

Application of progressive forms of accounting;

Automation of accounting and computing process.

Knowledge of the technology and structure of production, conditions for the provision of raw materials and sales of products will allow you to choose the optimal list of primary accounting documents, develop a rational workflow, determine the timing and number of inventories, draw up a working chart of accounts, choose the optimal form of accounting, determine the volume and content of internal and external financial statements ...

1. The regulatory framework in the Russian Federation

On November 21, 1996, for the first time in the history of Russia, a special the federal law"On accounting", which took an important place in the system of other laws developed in relation to the specifics of market relations.

This Law is of great importance for the development of accounting in the country, since:

a) enhances the legal status of accounting standards for commercial and non-commercial organizations;

b) fixes the obligation of legal entities to keep accounting records;

c) raises the status of accounting norms to the level of the status of norms of other legislation.

The Accounting Law consists of three sections and 19 articles.

The first section "General Provisions" defines the essence of accounting, names its objects (property of the organization, its obligations and business operations), indicates the tasks of accounting, provides the basic concepts used in accounting (synthetic and analytical accounting, Chart of accounts, accounting reporting, etc.).

The procedure for regulating accounting is outlined, in accordance with which the general methodological guidance of accounting is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation, and the bodies that are granted the right to regulate accounting develop and approve charts of accounts and instructions for their use, provisions (standards) on accounting and others. regulations, and guidelines accounting.

Responsibility for the organization of accounting in organizations, compliance with legislation in the performance of business transactions is assigned to the heads of organizations.

The second section "Basic rules of accounting" sets out the requirements for accounting (the obligation to double-record business transactions based on the working chart of accounts, the implementation of accounting in Russian, in the currency of the Russian Federation, the obligation to form an accounting policy and the obligation of separate accounting of current costs and capital and financial investments), to documenting business transactions, maintaining accounting registers, assessing property and liabilities, the procedure for making an inventory of property and liabilities.

The third section "Basic rules for the preparation and presentation of financial statements" sets out the basic requirements for the preparation of financial statements, defines its composition, the rules for evaluating financial statements, the procedure for their presentation, the basic rules for the preparation of consolidated financial statements and the procedure for storing accounting documents.

1.1 Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation

This regulatory document, due to its importance, is undergoing constant revision and, taking into account the changes introduced to it, was approved three times by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation: March 20, 1992 by Order No. 10, December 26, 1994 by Order N 170 and July 29, 1998 by Order N 34n.

In the future, amendments and additions were made to the Regulation by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of December 30, 1999 N 107 and of March 24, 2000 N 31n.

The position should be attributed to the second level normative documents. It is intended to concretize the Accounting Law.

The regulation includes six sections.

In sect. I "General Provisions" defines the procedure for organizing and maintaining accounting records, drawing up and submitting financial statements legal entities and the organization's relationship with external users of accounting information. It is indicated, in particular, on the duties of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation for the development of regulatory documents on accounting, on the responsibility of the head for organizing accounting in the organization, his right to create an accounting service, to appoint an accountant to the staff, to carry out accounting by third-party organizations or to carry out accounting. by the leader himself. In the same section, the essence of accounting and its tasks are determined, the main elements of the order (instruction) on accounting policy are indicated.

In sect. II "Basic rules of accounting" set out the requirements for accounting (use of double entry based on the working chart of accounts, accounting must be kept in rubles and in Russian, the obligation to form an accounting policy based on the established assumptions and requirements, separate accounting of current costs for production and capital and financial investments).

In sect. III "Basic rules for the preparation and presentation of financial statements" indicates the composition of the financial statements, the procedure for their formation, the rules for evaluating articles of financial statements (for unfinished capital investments, financial investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, raw materials, materials, finished products and goods, work in progress and deferred expenses, capital and reserves, settlements with debtors and creditors, profit (loss) of the organization).

In sect. IV "Procedure for the presentation of financial statements" indicates in what time frame, to what addresses and in what order financial statements are submitted by organizations of various legal forms.

In sect. V "Basic rules for drawing up consolidated reporting" sets out the concept of consolidated reporting and defines the procedure and terms for its submission by organizations and enterprises of various legal forms.

In sect. VI "Storage of documents" defines the storage periods for basic accounting documents, the procedure for their withdrawal, responsibility for the storage of primary documents and accounting registers is assigned to the heads of organizations.

1.2 Chart of accounts of accounting

In the regulatory system, the Chart of Accounts occupies an intermediate place between the normative documents of the second and third levels, i.e. not having a regulatory and legal nature. However, in the practice of accounting services, the Chart of Accounts is of paramount importance.

The chart of accounts of accounting is a scheme for registering and grouping the facts of economic activity in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (first-order accounts) and sub-accounts (second-order accounts).

Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts of accounting establishes uniform approaches to the application of the Chart of Accounts and the reflection of the facts of economic activity in the accounts of accounting. It provides a brief description of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts opened to them: their structure and purpose, the economic content of the facts of economic activity summarized on them, the procedure for reflecting the most common facts are disclosed.

Since January 1, 2001 in Russia there are new Chart of accounts of accounting and Instructions for its application, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 N 94n. The transition to the new Chart of Accounts is allowed to be carried out during 2001 as soon as the organization is ready. In the period from 1991 to 2000, the Chart of Accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR of November 11, 1991 N 56 was in force in Russia.

The 2001 chart of accounts is unified and mandatory for use in organizations of all sectors of the national economy and types of activity (except for banks and budgetary institutions), regardless of subordination, form of ownership, organizational and legal form, keeping records by the double entry method.

Based on the Chart of Accounts and the Instructions for its application, organizations approve a working chart of accounts for accounting, containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical accounts (including subaccounts). To account for specific operations, organizations can, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts, if necessary, using free account codes.

The sub-accounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used based on the requirements of the organization's management, including the needs of analysis, control and reporting. Organizations can clarify the content of some of them, as well as introduce additional sub-accounts, exclude or combine.

Procedure for maintaining analytical accounting is established by the organization based on the provisions of the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts and regulations for individual sections of accounting (accounting for fixed assets, materials, etc.). New business entities (for example, small businesses) can use working charts of accounts, in which the number of used accounts is significantly reduced.

In a single Chart of Accounts, the accounts are grouped into eight sections. Off-balance sheet accounts are highlighted separately. The basis for grouping accounts by sections are economic features accounted objects - each section reflects economically homogeneous types of property, liabilities and business transactions. The sections are arranged in a certain sequence in accordance with the nature of the property's participation in its circulation. At the beginning, the sections with the accounts of the property necessary for production process(Section I "Non-current assets", Section II "Inventories"). Then the sections with accounts of production costs, finished goods and goods, cash and settlements are shown (Sections III - VI). Thus, in the first six sections, property and process accounts in the spheres of production and circulation are grouped. The property is shown in sections according to the principle of liquidity - from hard-to-sell to easy-to-sell.

The obligations of the organization are reflected in sect. Vi. The following sections reflect the capital and financial results of the organization (Sections VII, VIII).

Methodological guidelines, instructions, recommendations in the system of regulatory regulation of accounting refer to the documents of the third level. They are designed to concretize the main provisions set out in regulatory documents the first and second levels, i.e. in the Law on Accounting and Accounting Regulations.

Third-level normative documents are developed by various ministries and departments. Below is a list of the main regulatory documents of the third level:

Methodical instructions for inventory of property and financial obligations (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1995 N 49);

Methodical instructions on accounting of fixed assets (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 20, 1998 N 33n (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 28, 2000 N 32n));

Methodical instructions on accounting of inventories (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 N 119n);

Album of new unified forms of primary accounting documentation (approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 N 71a);

- "On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation" (Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of April 12, 2001 N 2-P).

In the system of normative regulation of accounting, the working documents of a particular organization are referred to the fourth group.

The main working documents of a particular organization are:

The document on the accounting policy of the enterprise;

Forms of primary accounting documents approved by the head;

Document flow charts;

Chart of accounts approved by the head;

Internal reporting forms approved by the head.

The bases for the formation (selection and justification) and disclosure (making public) of the accounting policy of the organization are established by the Regulation on accounting "Accounting policy of the organization", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 9, 1998 N 60n. The accounting policy of the organization is formed by the chief accountant (accountant) of the organization and approved by the head of the organization.

Forms of primary accounting documents are approved by the head of the organization if they are developed in the organization itself. As a rule, these are documents that are not contained in the Album of new unified forms of primary accounting documentation, approved by the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 N 71a.

In the document flow schedule, the circle of persons responsible for the execution of documents is determined, the order, place, time of passage of the document from the moment of its preparation to its submission to the archive are indicated.

The working chart of accounts, approved by the head, contains a list of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts used by the organization.

Internal reporting forms approved by the head are developed by the organization independently, based on the specifics of its functioning and the requirements for managing production and sales of products.

It should be noted that in many organizations they are limited to the development of an order on accounting policy. The rest of the working documents are either absent (workflow schedules, internal reporting forms), or not approved by the head (forms of primary accounting documents, chart of accounts). Such organizations grossly violate the accounting procedure established by the Accounting Law and other regulatory documents.

2. Basic principles of accounting

Accounting as Information system operates in the field of information flows about the commercial activity of an economic entity through accounting: information on the activities of the organization is measured and recorded by means of continuous, continuous and documentary registration of all economic facts and processes; the data is processed for the purposes of accounting and use; through reporting, information is transmitted to users for the development and adoption of management decisions.

Consequently, information about economic activity is an input to the accounting system, and useful information provided to users is an output from it.

Financial accounting accumulates accounting information of a financial nature about the assets, liabilities and capital of an organization operating in the current (ordinary), investment and financial activities of the organization. Accounting (financial) statements are compiled on the basis of information in financial accounting, which is used by managers and executives within the organization, and is also transmitted to external users (owners, investors, creditors, economic partners, state fiscal authorities, etc.).

The information of the financial statements is open to users (published in the open press), while the content of the accounting registers is trade secret organizations.

Accounting and financial accounting is mandatory for every organization and is regulated by legislative ^ normative acts of state bodies of Russia.

In order to ensure the quality and usefulness of accounting and reporting information in the regulatory documents that form the accounting system, it is necessary to comply with generally accepted accounting principles.

The principles of accounting in the Russian Federation are determined by the regulation "Accounting policy of the organization" (PBU 1/98). It establishes the basic principle of accounting, as well as highlights the assumptions and requirements that determine the rules of accounting.

Basic accounting principles involve the use of certain assumptions and requirements.

The list of assumptions includes:

Property isolation of an economic entity

Duality

· Moment of value

Business continuity

Differentiation of current production costs and investments in non-baroque assets

Sequential application of the selected priorities

Temporal certainty of reflection in the accounting of business transactions

Consistency of expenses and income

The prudence of the economic entity

Availability of monetary measurement

· Frequency of generalization of economic events.

The property segregation assumption is based on ownership. The property and obligations of each enterprise are strictly delineated and exist separately from the property and obligations of its owners or other enterprises. In countries with developed market economies, this assumption is consistent with the principle of the economic unit of account. It is recognized that the enterprise is an independent business entity. Accounting is kept according to a certain system corresponding to one of the systems of its normative regulation. The information relates only to the activities of this business unit. The activities of the owners of a particular economic unit are subordinate in nature and therefore its accounting information acquires its original significance in the process of managing economic processes.

Duality in accounting provides for the mandatory equality of the organization's assets with the sources of their formation at any date of the organization's functioning.

The moment of value in the conditions of formation market economy acquired particular importance, since it is generally accepted that the value of an object in accounting is formed only under the influence of supply and demand. Therefore, the acquisition cost is recognized as primary in accounting, and the expected income from the use of the acquired property is secondary. The latter is implemented only on the basis of the principle of continuity of the organization's activities, which is not always observed in conditions of inflationary processes, which leads to the bankruptcy of an economic entity.

The financial statements are drawn up in accordance with the established forms, do not contradict the requirements imposed on them, and are presented to the relevant users at the established addresses and within the established timeframes.

Going concern, or the principle of continuing operations, is based on the assumption that the company, once registered, does not set itself the goal of self-liquidation in the short or long term. Figuratively speaking, this principle corresponds to the content of the Bernoulli curve depicted on the international coat of arms of accountants - the international emblem of accounting workers. The Bernoulli curve is a symbol of the fact that once accounting has arisen, it will exist forever.

Consequently, initially this principle presupposes the uncertainty of the operational period of the organization, during which it will have to realize its statutory goals. In reality, this principle is often violated by founders by creating conditions for fictitious bankruptcy in order to avoid taxation.

The differentiation of current production costs and investments in non-baroque assets allows you to correctly and fully calculate the costs of certain types of products, work performed or services rendered.

The sequence of application of the selected priorities assumes that the company uses the selected standards (priorities) invariably from this reporting period to another. Exceptions to this rule are possible due to changes in existing regulations by decision of the bodies entrusted with these powers, or the emergence of various reorganization procedures (merger, spin-off, etc.).

In this case, a change in accounting policy should be introduced from January 1 of the year (beginning of the financial year) following the year of its approval by the relevant organizational and administrative document.

The temporary certainty of reflection in the accounting of business transactions means that income and expenses are recognized in accounting not in the reporting period in which they occur, but when these incomes are earned and, accordingly, and accordingly, in this reporting period, only those expenses are recorded that contributed to the receipt of income this period. For example, the receipt of rent from the tenant for the quarter in advance does not give the owner of the leased premises-lessor (owner) to consider the amount received as income of the reporting period. This income will be recognized as such only in the amount of 1/3 part at the beginning of each reporting month. At the moment of enrollment of these funds, these are only deferred income. At the same time, for the lessee, the transferred funds should be considered by him as deferred expenses with monthly inclusion in current expenses in the amount of 1/3 of the part related to the next reporting period. The assumption of the temporal certainty of recording business transactions is consistent with the accrual principle used in international accounting standards. In both cases, the initial nature of the formation of a specific financial result for a particular business transaction: the change of owner usually does not coincide in time between the movement cash flows in cash with a legal obligation related to the above events. Without excluding their coincidence, nevertheless, it is more common to define one event or another in relation to another. It is also impossible to exclude possible errors in the interpretation of these events from the point of view of their reflection in the accounting. Such situations can occur for both income and expense transactions.

Market relations place great emphasis on adherence to the accrual principle, since not only the correct calculation of the organization's financial result depends on this, but also the formation of obligations, primarily to the budget, for taxes and various fees.

When the formation of expenses and incomes coincides in time, there comes a moment of matching income and expenses. For accounting, this situation seems ideal, because it allows not only to measure but also to compare the income received with the expenses incurred that are related to this reporting period.

However, for small businesses that determine revenue from the sale of products for accounting purposes as buyers pay, where permitted, there is a different methodology for recording expenses, namely: expenses are recognized after repayment of debt arising from the transfer or ownership of their services, performance of work or products to customers or buyers.

The discretion of an economic entity is an assumption that is not declared, but nevertheless recognized in accounting. Sometimes this assumption is viewed as conservatism - caution, manifested in the greater willingness of the enterprise to take into account potential losses, rather than potential profits. Therefore, the generally accepted principle in a market economy is the valuation of assets and income at the lowest possible level. The result of such prudence is the formation of various kinds of reserves for doubtful debts or the valuation of certain types of property at the lowest cost. For example, the accounting recognizes the valuation of investments in securities at the lower of two valuation: balance sheet or market. At the same time, costs and liabilities are assumed at the highest estimate.

Thus, this assumption is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty about the consequences of the decisions made.

The presence of a monetary dimension. This principle, in essence, should be considered as one of the defining principles that form the basis of the functioning of accounting. It is declared in the accounting regulatory system as it is taken for granted. So among the main requirements for accounting (Article 8 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Accounting"), the first requirement is that the accounting of property, liabilities and business organizations' operations are conducted in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles.

At the same time, noting the advantages of a monetary measure, one should also indicate its inherent disadvantages. The main one is instability as a result of inflationary processes. Taking into account that certain assets often continue to be used for statutory or other purposes based on an assessment of past events, it is periodically necessary to bring them in line with the current monetary value.

The scope of the monetary measure is determined by the boundaries of the economic activity of an economic entity, which can be expressed in monetary form.

The frequency of generalization of economic events provides for the provision of periodic reports on the financial and economic activities of the company, its administration, owners, i.e. shareholders. Thus, it is considered quite natural that such information should be provided within a certain time frame established by law. So clause 3 of Article 14 of the Federal Law "On Accounting" states that monthly and quarterly reports are interim and are compiled on an accrual basis from the beginning of the reporting year. While other provisions of this article recognize the need for the first reporting year for newly created organizations to consider the period from the date of state registration to December 31 of the corresponding year, and for organizations created after October 1 - to December 31 of the next year. In other cases, for all organizations, the reporting year is the calendar year - from January 1 to December 31 inclusive.

International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 1 "Presentation of Financial Statements" also recognizes one year as a regular recurring reporting period. At the same time, the deadline during which the statements will be useful to their respective users after the reporting date is set at six months. However, the standard also recognizes the national regulations of countries that have more specific deadlines.

Compliance with this assumption is one of the priorities in the organization of accounting, since it regulates the obligation of the directors of the enterprise to report periodically to the owners, and therefore increases the responsibility for the effective use of their property.

Thus, the content of the principle of periodicity of generalization of economic events is based on the principle of the reporting period, which provides for the presentation of the relevant accounting information in the form of separate indicators in the appropriate reporting forms for certain periods of time - a month, a quarter, half a year, 9 months and for a year.

The considered basic accounting principles in terms of assumptions give reason to conclude that only their full observance makes it possible to implement the tasks of managing property and obligations that are presented to accounting information. Recently, two basic principles have been distinguished:

The principle of a business unit (property isolation)

The principle of monetary measurement

All others relate to the quality of financial accounting information and are recognized as procedural.

Among the stated principles, there is no principle of the initial (historical) record, which is widely used in countries with developed market relations. The content of this principle means that the initial record is recognized as reliable in the accounting if it is documented and correct and otherwise is not agreed by the participants of the parties or is not proven in court. This is the legal evidence of a perfect business transaction. Inflationary processes in the economy of recent times have shaken the principle of monetary measurement due to the decline in the purchasing power of money and the resulting inaccuracy in reflecting the value of property. However, this did not change the content of the basic requirements for accounting. These requirements include:

Documentary registration of economic events

Comparability of accounting indicators with planned

Completeness

Timeliness

Precedence of content over form

· Accuracy

Materiality

Consistency

Clarity and accessibility

Economy and rationality

Documentation of economic events means that every fact of economic activity must be recorded in writing. The absence of a document means that the economic event did not take place. And only if it is established that an event took place but was not reflected in the accounting, then this should be considered as the result of deliberate or unintentional distortion of accounting data or the inability of accounting to influence individual events (for example, the occurrence of loss of inventory due to natural loss).

The comparability of accounting indicators with planned ones implements one of the important functions of accounting - the control function.

The accounting indicators should be comparable with the indicators of the business plan, since, on the one hand, the latter at the stage of forecasting the economic activity of the enterprise was developed on the basis of accounting indicators, and, on the other hand, it is impossible to obtain information on the progress of the planned indicators without accounting data.

Completeness presupposes the formation of accounting information in a volume that meets the needs of management within those boundaries that are determined by the monetary meter.

The guarantee of the completeness of accounting information is the unconditional reflection in the accounting of all business transactions for the reporting period, confirmed by the materials of the inventory of the assets and liabilities of the organization.

Timeliness provides for the provision of the management apparatus and external users "immediately, on time."

Accuracy is inherent in accounting, since it follows from its distinctive qualities - documentary registration and continuous registration of economic events by persons, according to the status of those responsible for their execution

The requirement of its significance is directly dependent on the requirements for the accuracy of accounting information.

Before the transition to a market economy, this approach was not declared in domestic accounting. It is now recognized and taken into account if the magnitude of significance may fall within a boundary that has a significant impact on the decision-making of the respective users. it does not matter whether there has been an intentional or unintentional distortion of the financial statements. The main thing is its size, which had a decisive influence on a qualified user who made erroneous conclusions on the basis of such reports or made erroneous decisions.

The starting point for making such erroneous conclusions can be either too much or too little credential.

It is possible to reduce the error threshold in determining materiality by developing various options using computer technology and then comparing them in the process of making specific decisions.

The requirement of materiality of accounting information, its significance is declared in clause 4 of article 13 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On accounting": estimates and significant items of financial statements. "Materiality in domestic accounting in the form relative indicator(at least 5 percent) in relation to the total of the relevant data, previously declared in the Instructions on the procedure for filling out the forms of annual financial statements (clause 4.31 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 12.11.96, No. 97 as amended by subsequent amendments and additions), with the abolition of the latter have not lost their significance. Materiality requirements are specified in PBU 4/99 "Financial statements of the organization". Its disclosure in the financial statements should be made separately in the form of an indication of the indicator on individual assets, liabilities, income, expenses and business transactions, provided that without knowledge of interested users it is impossible to correctly assess the correct position of the organization or the financial results of its activities.

Regardless of the size of the significance of accounting information, the implementation of this requirement is possible only if its source has feedback from the relevant users.

Consistency is based on the assumption that current accounting data in the context of individual types of property and sources of formation should always correspond to turnovers and balances - an economically homogeneous accounting object that unites them on the first day of each month.

Clarity and accessibility presupposes the possibility of direct use of accounting information for management purposes, and, if necessary, for carrying out a certain grouping of it.

Efficiency and rationality are an indispensable requirement for the implementation of management functions. The cost of obtaining information should be less than the cost of the results expected from using that information. Otherwise, such a situation should be considered as a sign that the accounting apparatus is not coping with the functions assigned to it. At the same time, the simplification of accounting, as one of the areas of its rationality and efficiency, should not be carried out at the expense of compliance with the mandatory requirements of the current regulatory documents.

The considered principles, requirements and methods of accounting form its methodological base, which is applied in relation to the relevant objects, which is based on the developed provisions (standards), other regulations and methodological guidelines.

2.1 The main tasks of accounting

From the point of view of accounting, a business transaction is a moment of documentary confirmation of a perfect fact of economic life or an economic event, clearly defined in time and space.

The objectives of accounting are:

· Formation of reliable, complete and timely information on completed business transactions for the acquisition and use of property by an economic entity, its obligations

Prevention and neutralization of unproductive losses at all stages of the circuit household funds regardless of the reasons for their occurrence

Providing users with the necessary information that meets the requirements of the current legislation on all areas of activity of an economic entity

Timely and complete presentation of high-quality reporting to internal and external users of accounting information on the financial results of an economic entity and its financial position, as well as its position in the relevant market for goods, works or services

The results of the activity of an economic entity are expressed in the sum of its income and expenses, and its financial position - in the form of placement of assets, liabilities, as well as equity and debt capital.

3. Reforming accounting in Russia

Before the transition to a market economy, an accounting system was created that meets the requirements planned economy... The main consumer of information generated in accounting was the state represented by sectoral ministries and departments, planning, statistical and financial authorities.

Changes in the system of public relations, users of information, civil law environment, as well as the need to bring the domestic accounting system in line with international financial reporting standards necessitated a corresponding transformation of the accounting system in Russia.

The development and implementation of the 1991 Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 1, 1991 N 56, should be considered the beginning of the accounting reform in Russia. In accordance with this Chart of Accounts, new accounting objects have been introduced into accounting practice ( intangible assets, financial investments, loans, lease relations, etc.). The accounting methodology for many accounting objects - fixed assets, capital investments, profit and loss, etc.

The following documents made a significant contribution to the reform of accounting in Russia:

Regulation on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 20, 1992 N 10);

Regulation on accounting "Accounting policy of the enterprise" (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 28, 1994 N 100).

In accordance with these provisions, enterprises were given the right to choose options for assessing and accounting for the relevant accounting objects, responsibility for the implementation of accounting in organizations was assigned to their leaders; organizations received the right to entrust accounting and reporting to third-party enterprises and individuals, bypassing the accounting department; small businesses are allowed to combine the functions of an accountant and a cashier.

The composition, content, timing and addresses of financial statements submission have been significantly changed, the reporting forms largely correspond to international practice, it became public and available to any third-party users.

At present, the reform of accounting in Russia is carried out on the basis of the Program for the reform of accounting in accordance with international financial reporting standards, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 N 283.

The main goal of accounting reform is to bring national system accounting in accordance with international financial reporting standards and the requirements of a market economy. In accordance with this goal, the main tasks of the reform have been identified:

Formation of a system of national accounting and reporting standards that ensure the usefulness of information for external users;

Ensuring alignment of accounting reform in Russia with major trends;

Harmonization of standards at the international level;

Providing methodological assistance to organizations in the understanding and implementation of management accounting.

The main areas of accounting reform are:

Legislative and normative regulation (at the level of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation);

Formation regulatory framework(standards);

Methodological support (instructions, guidelines, comments);

Staffing (formation of the accounting profession, training and advanced training of accounting specialists);

The international cooperation.

To accomplish tasks in each area, it is planned to carry out the following measures:

1) prepare the necessary amendments and additions to the Federal Law "On Accounting", Civil Code Of the Russian Federation and other federal regulations;

2) develop and approve about 20 new provisions (standards) on accounting and revise existing ones based on international accounting standards, as well as new charts of accounts for business and budgetary organizations;

3) develop:

revise:

Accounting registers for commercial and budgetary organizations, credit institutions and professional participants market valuable papers, management companies and investment funds;

Primary accounting documentation, taking into account the requirements of a market economy and international standards;

4) to improve staffing, revise training programs for specialists of different levels:

Initial (accountant - bookkeeper);

Medium (accountant - technician);

Higher (accountant - economist);

Professional accountants (chief accountants, financial managers, auditors).

In addition, retraining programs for employees of accounting services should be constantly reviewed, educational and methodological literature should be developed, certification of professional accountants should be carried out, and standards of professional ethics should be developed;

5) in the field of international cooperation, it is planned to join the Committee on International Accounting Standards of Financial Reporting, interaction with international and national specialized organizations, including the Coordination Council on accounting methodology of the CIS countries. The International Center for Accounting Reform, established in December 1997, plays an important role in improving international cooperation.

The Institute of Professional Accountants (IPA) of Russia will take an active part in work in all areas of accounting reform.

Conclusion

Cash settlements, and therefore settlement transactions, - the most important factor in ensuring the circulation of funds. Their correct and timely implementation serves necessary condition the production process. The effectiveness of settlement operations depends on the state of accounting at the enterprise. Thus, the accounting department of an enterprise must adhere to certain accounting principles and the existing legal framework and regulations.

Equally important is the issue of control over the correctness and legality of settlement operations. Rational organization of control over the state of settlements contributes to the improvement financial condition enterprises.

Unfortunately, the existing legislative framework, after considering it in this term paper seemed to us rather confusing and imperfect due to the existence of a huge number of documents and the constant introduction of corrections to them by various state bodies (the State Tax Service, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, etc.).

Bibliography

1. "Legal support Russian economy"/ Ed. N. G. Markalova, M., BEK, 2002.

2. "Business Law" / Ed. Gubina E.P., Lakhno P.G, M., Yurist, 2001

3. Stukov LS "Reforming the accounting system and international standards financial statements "," Audit statements ", No. 3, 2003

4. Pyatenko S. V. "The choice of an auditor and a consultant". - M .: FBK-PRESS, 1998.

5. Bakaev AS, Bezrukikh PS, Vrublevsky ND et al. "Accounting", M., "Accounting", 2002

6. Bakaev A. S. "Accounting terms and definitions", Library of the journal "Accounting", 2002

7. Bakaev A. S., "Accounting in Russia: the main directions of development", // "Financial newspaper", No. 3, 2001

8. Shats A.A. " Practical guide on accounting ", M., Library of the journal" Accounting ", 2002

9. Astakhov V.P. "Theory of accounting" Rostov-on-Don, 2002

10. Kiryanova Z.V. "Theory of accounting" M., "Financial statistics" 2001

Application

Journal of business transactions for August 2003.

Analytical accounts 10/1 "Raw materials and supplies"

Debit (receipt)	Credit (expense)
Operation number	book value	Deviations	Actual cost	Operation number	book value	Deviations	Actual cost
Balance as of 01.08

August turnover				August turnover

Balance as of 01.09

10/6 "Other materials"

Debit (receipt)	Credit (expense)
Operation number	By book value	Deviations	Actual cost	Operation number	By book value	Deviations	Actual cost
Balance as of 01.08

August turnover				August turnover
Total with the balance at the beginning of the month
Balance as of 01.09

20-1 " Production of products A "


Operation number	Amount, thousand rubles	Operation number	Amount, thousand rubles
WIP as of 01.08.2003.






August turnover		August turnover
WIP as of 01.09.2003

20-2 " Production of products B "


Operation number	Amount, thousand rubles	Operation number	Amount, thousand rubles
WIP as of 01.08.2003.






August turnover		August turnover
WIP as of 01.09.2003

43-1 "Product A"

Debit (receipt)	Credit (expense)
Operation number	Number of pcs.	Unit cost, rub.	Amount, thousand R.	Operation number	Number of pcs.	Unit cost, rub.	Amount, thousand rubles
Balance on

August turnover				August turnover
Total with the balance at the beginning of the month
Balance as of 01.09

43-2 "Product B"

Debit (receipt)	Credit (expense)
Operation number	Quantity pcs.	Unit cost, rub.	Amount, thousand rubles	Operation number	Quantity pcs.	Unit cost, rub.	Amount, thousand rubles
Balance on

August turnover				August turnover
Total with the balance at the beginning of the month
Balance as of 01.09