9 PROJECT DETAILS: BUS STOP

9.1 Detail justification

The motor road and the right of way adjacent to it must be landscaped, i.e. have a view that meets the requirements of aesthetics and landscape architecture. This is necessary so that the movement on the road is convenient and aesthetically satisfying.

It is advisable to build auto pavilions according to individual or standard projects developed taking into account local conditions, traditions of folk architecture and stylistic unity of a certain section of the road.

Small architectural forms include a large number of elements of improvement and equipment of streets, roads, squares, boulevards, courtyards - that is, the entire intermediate zone that is located between the objects of "volumetric" architecture. As a rule, the interpretation of these elements as small architecture is quite broad: their nomenclature includes objects ranging from drinking fountains and benches to entrance arches or pavilions with enclosed spaces.

All these elements, forming part of the "intermediate zone", serve strictly utilitarian purposes and, at the same time, are compositional details of the environment, constituting a "connecting element" in a large-scale comparison of man and buildings. In the road environment, the objects of small architectural forms are: equipment of recreation areas; bus stop equipment; free-standing small architectural forms. Bus stops can be equipped with: benches, sheds, pavilions for waiting for vehicles of various types and capacities, garbage bins, toilets. Small forms can also be arranged on the stretches of roads in the form of separate objects that play a compositional role. Unlike urban small architectural forms in the road environment are not an intermediate link between a person and buildings. Here, as a rule, they are located in a natural landscape situation. The problem is to ensure that the functional requirements are met in the best possible way, to link these objects with the landscape, to give them a "landscape" character. This can be achieved by constructive and planning solutions, using natural building materials. In general, considering small architectural forms near the roads as a kind of architectural genre, two stylistic trends can be distinguished. One direction is the use of rich folklore national traditions in their architecture. As a rule, constructive and artistic methods of rural architecture are used. Such elements easily fit into the surrounding landscape, are made from local materials and are warmly received by those passing along the road. The disadvantage of "folklore objects" is the need for their individual production using traditional building techniques. The use of modern building materials (reinforced concrete, steel, aluminum, plastic) and the design principles of prefabrication require an appropriate artistic interpretation. A very special stylistic design solution arises, which leaves its mark on the surroundings of the highway. Interestingly, such objects fit better into an urbanized or semi-urbanized environment. The architecture of bus pavilions presents a particular challenge. This small building is very important in the architectural appearance of the road. Firstly, this structure, as a rule, is not visually isolated from the road. On the contrary, arranged on the widening of the carriageway, it by its very appearance informs about the presence bus stop. Secondly, there are dozens of pavilions even along the medium-length road. This is where quantity becomes quality. Repeated visual accents of bus pavilions create an aesthetic atmosphere of the road. Thirdly, for a small village near the road, the bus pavilion itself is an important architectural object that affects the "internal" environment of the village. A small architectural object, built thousands of times on our roads, is, of course, an aesthetic problem in its own right. Bus pavilions are differentiated by capacity and layout. There are types according to capacity: 5-10 people. (small capacity); 10-20 people (medium capacity); over 20 people (large capacity).

Pavilions are subdivided according to their layout features: open type (without enclosing walls); semi-closed type (with walls, without enclosed space); closed view with a cash desk and (closed room - class); closed type with a cash desk and a waiting room. Closed pavilion with a cash desk and a waiting room with a capacity of over 20 people. It can be considered as a bus station. The need for such differentiation is caused by the different need for pavilions, depending on the number of passengers served at the same time. To establish this number, calculations are made of the daily number of passengers using this bus stop, the average number of buses passing per day and the average number of passengers per flight. In practice, the capacity of the pavilions will largely determine the choice of options for their layout. For bus stops with a minimum number of passengers, the pavilion can generally be replaced by a light canopy with a bench. A large number of passengers require the construction of a semi-closed pavilion, and, if necessary, a cash room. The general approach to the selection of sites for the construction of bus pavilions should be based on the requirements of the motor transport service, as well as on landscape design principles. The pavilion is an active visual accent in the road environment, so it is necessary to consciously reveal its architecture while driving along the road. The standards recommend a minimum distance from the edge of the stopping area to the nearest edge of the pavilion of 3 m. A greater distance (5-10 m) is preferable, which creates an additional depth of perspective and facilitates the perception of the spatial form. In practice, various structural materials are used in the construction of bus pavilions.

The use of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures is an industrial trend that allows building a large number of small architectural forms in a limited time. The most important task in the construction of bus pavilions from prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with a limited range of constituent elements is to create objects that are different in their planning solutions. Of great importance are such qualities of prefabricated elements as geometric accuracy, purity of finish, uniformity of texture, which are especially acutely perceived in small architectural forms. Monolithic reinforced concrete is very labor intensive; it is used when it is necessary to build individual objects. The most expedient is the construction of bus pavilions from thin-walled structures such as "shells", which allow for great compositional possibilities. However, this type of construction is most acceptable in the southern, dry regions of our country.

Bus pavilions made of metal structures can be relatively inexpensive. They are a steel frame with enclosing structures made of corrugated aluminum and corrugated fiberglass coverings. The lightness and simplicity of these structures, modern architectural forms turned out to be very acceptable, especially for an urbanized road environment.

Wooden structures are especially recommended for local roads in areas with available timber. At a low cost (1.5 - 2.5 thousand rubles), bus pavilions made of wood fit well into the natural landscape. The disadvantage is the relative fragility without careful processing of wood: impregnation with antiseptics, coating with a protective layer, etc. In practice, pavilions are built in different parts of our country from various materials: brick, wood, metal, reinforced concrete, rubble stone, shell rock, etc. both in terms of typical and individual projects(Fig. 4.28). It is possible to give some general practical recommendations for the layout of this structure, which, however, may vary depending on the specific architectural solution. The mark of the bottom of the ceiling (roof), as a rule, is set at a height of 2.5 to 3 m, which ensures internal comfort and maintains the scale of the entire structure. Windproof walls in semi-closed pavilions are made with a minimum height of 2.2 m. It is also necessary to take into account the conditions for the structure to be blown through.

Hence the need to place walls on three sides of the pavilion. At the same time, it must be remembered that it is desirable to provide a visual overview from inside the pavilion towards the bus entrance. The compositional solution of the pavilion should be concise and clear. The general features of the compositional constructions of three-dimensional architecture near the roads extend to the architecture of bus pavilions. An abundance of decorative and artistic elements is undesirable: mosaics, embossing, forged elements, etc. Such elements should not be independent monumental forms, but rather have the character of architectural details. Practice shows that the pretentious use of the walls of this structure under "monumental" forms reduces the aesthetic impact of both the pavilion and the artistic element. Pavilions are equipped with benches and urns. In practice, for small structures without closed waiting rooms, there is no need to differentiate between interior and exterior wall finishes. At the same time, individual elements can emphasize the interior character of the room (even half-closed), creating the necessary comfort. Benches with backs and headrests, showcases of bus timetables fixed on the walls, architectural and decorative details can become a natural part of the interior. A single style solution for the architecture of bus pavilions should apply to the entire route of the highway. At the same time, layout options are desirable, which will vary depending on the landscape situation and capacity. In many ways, the architecture of bus pavilions is influenced by the national and local traditions of architecture of the republics, territories, regions. Pavilions, as part of the natural landscape, a village or a suburb, should be akin to this region, its unique cultural and historical traditions, local building techniques and materials. An important role is also played by the general planning decision of bus stops, their improvement and landscaping. In fact, a kind of rest and waiting area is also being formed at the bus stop, designed not for drivers, but for passengers. Above is the general nomenclature of the object of improvement of stops. In addition to them, landscaping may include different kinds paving, retaining walls, flower beds. Landscaping is decided by small groups of trees and shrubs. Landscape compositions with the use of natural or artificial height differences, the creation of a microrelief can have a positive value.

Along the highway at the reconstructed section of km 80-90, the project provides for the construction of one auto pavilion, which ensures the normal performance of the road and improves the working conditions of drivers, traffic service units and traffic police.

Car pavilions are designed to shelter people from the wind, rain and sun while waiting for public transport. The project adopted a reinforced concrete auto pavilion.

At landing sites for passengers, pavement is provided from a single-layer asphalt concrete 40 mm thick on a crushed stone base 150 mm thick.

Project detail. (Fencing of the work site)

Road signs

Temporary road signs used at roadwork sites, as well as on detours, are installed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 23457-79

"Technical means of organizing traffic. Rules of application".

The shape, color, symbols and dimensions of temporary road signs are accepted in accordance with GOST 10807-78 "Road signs. General specifications".

Road signs located on the right in the direction of travel must be duplicated on the left side of the road, on the median strip or on the carriageway, if traffic conditions are such that the sign may not be noticed by the driver.

Road signs installed earlier on the operated road in the places of road works should be removed if their information contradicts the information of temporary road signs.

Temporary road signs are usually installed on portable supports. Installation of signs on protecting boards or barriers is possible. In this case, the lower crane of the sign must be at a height of at least 10 cm from the ground or road surface. The plane of road signs mounted on portable supports must make an angle of at least 70° with the pavement surface.

In the plan, road signs should be placed so that from the edge of the carriageway to the edge of the sign closest to it is at least 0.5 m.

The dimensions of portable supports must correspond to the dimensions of the road signs used. Support elements should not protrude beyond the side edges of the sign by more than 20 cm.

The conditions for the use of road signs, the most frequently used in the production of road works, are set out in paragraphs 4.8-4.24 of this Instruction.

Road signs or groups of signs must be located at a distance of at least 50 m from each other. Sign 1.23 must be installed first in the direction of travel.

"Road works” must be repeated at least 50 m before the start of the work site. In populated areas and in cramped conditions, the repeated sign 1.23 "Area of operation" can be installed directly at the beginning of the work site.

Sign 1 .1 5 "Slippery road" is used when increased slipperiness of the carriageway is possible compared to the previous section, caused by ongoing work (for example, as a result of priming the repaired coating with liquid bitumen or tar, removal of clay and dirt from adjacent roads, along which a route detour is arranged).

Sign 1.17 "Emission of gravel" is installed during the installation or repair of gravel and crushed stone coatings, during surface treatment of the coating and in cases where it is possible to eject gravel, crushed stone from under the wheels of the car. The sign must be installed for the duration of the work until the coating is completely formed.

Signs 1.18.1-1.18.3 "Narrowing of the road" serve to warn drivers about the narrowing of the carriageway or roadbed, regardless of the reasons that caused this narrowing.

Sign 1.19 "Two-way traffic" warns drivers about the section where two-way traffic is temporarily organized as a result of road works.

Sign 1.30 "Other hazards" is used to warn drivers of the presence of a hazard not covered by other warning signs, such as air compressor hoses laid across the roadway, welding cables, etc.

Signs 1.31.1-1.31.3 "Direction of turn" are installed in places of a sharp change in direction by the movement of vehicles. In this case, the signs can be placed on shields or barriers.

In cases where traffic occurs along the repaired section, indication of the direction of avoiding various kinds of obstacles located on the carriageway is carried out using signs 4.2.1-4.2.3 "Obstacle avoidance". It is allowed to use signs 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 to indicate deviations of the trajectory of vehicles from an obstacle, which must be formed by at least five signs, while the slope of the line formed by these signs to the axis of the road must be at least 1: 10, 1: 20 and 1: 50 at an allowable speed, respectively 40 , 60 and more than 60 km/h.

When the movement of vehicles is organized along a specially arranged bypass, signs 5.32.1-5.32.3 must be installed before the start of the detour.

"Direction of detour". If it is necessary to organize traffic on the adjacent road network, to indicate the route of traffic, before the start of the detour, sign 5.31 "Detour scheme" should be installed, and at all intersections on the route of the detour, signs 5.32.1-5.32.3 "Direction of detour".

The speed limit in front of the repaired section using the sign 3.21 "Maximum speed limit" should be in the case when vehicles are rebuilding at the beginning of the section or it is possible for road workers to enter the carriageway.

Prohibition of overtaking using the sign 3.20 "Overtaking is prohibited" should be introduced on two and three lane roads when work is carried out on the carriageway or roadsides.

On multi-lane roads, overtaking is prohibited for the direction in which, due to ongoing work, traffic is carried out on a smaller number of lanes.

Sign 2.6 “Preference for oncoming traffic” is usually installed from the side of the lane on which roadwork is being carried out. In this case, sign 2.7 “Priority over oncoming traffic” should be installed on the opposite side.

If necessary, when, according to the conditions of road work, the passage of vehicles must be limited by weight or size, road signs 3.11 "Weight limit", 3.13 "Height limit", 3.14 "Width limit" should be installed.

Outside the roadworks section, signs 3.21 "End of the overtaking prohibition zone", 3.25 "End of the maximum speed limit zone" or 3.31 "End of the zone of all restrictions" are installed in the alignment of the last fencing device in the direction of travel.

Plate 7.1.1 "Distance to the object" should be used with warning signs if the distance from the sign to the beginning of the dangerous section outside the settlements is less than 50 m or more than 100 m.

Tablets 7.1.3 and 7.1.4 "Distance to the object" should be used with the sign 1.23 at the places of turning towards dangerous sections of the road.

Plate 7.2.1 "Scope" should be used with the repeated warning sign 1.23 "Road works" to indicate the extent of the dangerous section. Enclosing and guiding devices, other technical means.

plot road earthen

Fencing means (portable barriers, inventory boards, racks, milestones, cones, signal flags), auxiliary equipment (cords with colored flags, signal lights, portable traffic lights) are essential elements of organizing traffic on roadwork sites.

Portable fencing devices must be strong, transportable and stable.

When arranging underground passages, laying communications and performing other road works related to the excavation of the subgrade, inventory boards can be used as fencing devices.

Protective barriers of a portable type with crossbars are installed mainly across the carriageway to block traffic across the entire width or on one side of the carriageway, 5-10 m in front of the border of the place of work on both sides. If it is necessary to pass intra-construction transport, barriers are installed at the entry points for cars.

The fence barrier consists of racks, crosses and crates. The upper and lower parts of the barrier are painted red, the middle one white or yellow.

The guide pole consists of a shield and a metal support, the shield is painted on both sides with white and red stripes 200 mm wide at an angle of 45 °.

The wooden piles consist of a conical lath, painted with alternating stripes of red and white, and a cross.

The guide cones can be made of sheet steel, rubber or other materials, they must be easily moved when cars run over them, they must be resistant to overturning by the air flow created by passing vehicles. vehicles. The cones are painted with alternating horizontal stripes of red and white 150 mm wide.

The signal flag consists of a metal shield and a support. A black strip 150 mm wide at an angle of 45 ° is applied to the shield on both sides, on which a red retroreflective element measuring 40? 100 mm.

Racks, milestones and guide cones are used to protect work sites and as a means of ensuring a smooth change in direction of movement when bypassing work sites, as well as when transferring traffic from one lane to another.

To create a good visibility of the guide line, at least eight cones or five milestones should be installed on it. It is better to use cones and milestones to mark guide lines on the roadway, to protect the place of work - along the road from the traffic side with a distance between them of 10-15 m. , was located at a distance of no more than 0.5 m from it.

Signal cords used for fencing work sites are attached to installed picket fences, milestones or cones. The height of the cord suspension above the road surface must be at least 80 cm.

For long periods of work, along with other means of organizing traffic, it is recommended to use temporary road markings. At the same time, permanent marking, if it contradicts the goals of the organization of traffic, and for the period of repair should be eliminated or painted over with gray paint, or should be. Detail of the project is presented on sheet No. 4

» Department of "Survey and design of roads" | Guidelines to the diploma

Department "Surveys and design of roads" | Methodological instructions for the diploma

Recommendations for the implementation of the graduation project at the department "Survey and design of roads"

The implementation of the diploma project consists in the design of a highway or its section, as well as in the detailed development of one of the complex elements of a road or an artificial structure.

Directions of diploma design

Automotive design roads I-V categories;
Design of the reconstruction of the highway I I-V categories
Design of an access road of categories I-V to a settlement, station, production facility etc.
Design of an on-farm (industrial) highway;
Designing a quarry road;
Urban highway design
Designing the reconstruction of a city highway
Design of autodromes, testing grounds, etc.;
Bridge crossing design with approaches.

Explanatory note to the graduation project

Explanatory note It is drawn up on sheets of A4 format and presented in a bound form. It should contain the rationale for all the technical decisions made, the calculations and technical economic indicators object. The explanatory note is accompanied by a list of references compiled in accordance with the requirements for a bibliographic description.

The volume of the explanatory note must be at least 60 sheets of typewritten text. It is allowed to submit in the form of a legibly written manuscript with a volume of at least 80 sheets. Information is placed only on one (right) side of the sheet. The text can be applied in black, blue or purple colors.

When stitching an explanatory note, the first page is the title page, followed by the assignment for the graduation project, then the table of contents. The title page and table of contents are not included in the page numbering.

The title page must be signed:

graduate student;
all consultants;
chief consultant;
decision on admission to the defense of the head of the department or his deputy.

All drawings and statements attached to the explanatory note must be circled in ink (gel pen) and folded to A4 format.

	Introduction
	natural - climatic conditions design area
	Characteristics of the existing highway (when designing the reconstruction of the road)3.

	Technical standards and transport - operational indicators
	Route plan design
	Design and calculation of pavement
	Technical and economic comparison of pavement design options
	Road - building materials
	Calculation of small culverts
	Design of longitudinal profiles
	Design of transverse profiles
	Calculation of the volume of earthworks
	Calculation of movement speeds
	Traffic safety assessment
	Comparison of route options
	Project Detail
	16.1 General
	16.2 Variants and scope
	16.3 Designs and comparison of variants
	16.4 How it works
	16.5 Settlement part
	16.6 Required volumes
	Construction organization project
	Life safety and environmental protection
	Estimate - financial calculation
	Payment economic efficiency capital investments
	References

Graphic material

The graphic material is posters made on A1 and A0 Whatman paper. Posters can be made using a computer or manually. When making posters by hand, they must be drawn up with ink (gel pen). The design of longitudinal profiles is allowed on millimetric paper, followed by a stroke with the appropriate colors.

The volume of graphic material should be at least 10 sheets of A1 format.

The presented posters contain all the necessary drawings, inscriptions and figures.

Demonstration posters should have a heading that reflects their content. A stamp of the established sample is placed in the lower right corner. The design of drawings within the framework of one graduation project should be of the same type.

Posters should be designed in such a way that they are clearly visible from a distance of 3-4 m to the members of the commission.

Route plan.

The design of the route plan is carried out on a map at a scale of 1:10000 or 1:25000. In the first case, the length of the route should be 6-7 km, in the second - 12-14 km. Map scale 1:10000 allows you to design the route in more detail and clearly, with a scale of 1:25000 it is possible to use tracing capabilities to a greater extent

When designing a new highway, the number of route options must be at least 2. When designing a reconstruction, 1 option with sub-options is allowed. Also, as part of the reconstruction, it is recommended to consider a new construction site for some distance (bypassing a small settlement, significant straightening, etc.).

The designed route must have a logical beginning and end. This may be an adjunction to existing roads, an entrance to a settlement or an industrial enterprise, etc. It is recommended to consider a section of a new or reconstructed highway within the framework of the development of a given direction.

The drawing of the route plan must be correctly formatted. It indicates:

start and end of the route;
the length of each option;
vertices of rotation angles;
stationing value of the beginning and end of each curve;
pickets;
kilometer markers;
artificial structures (culverts, bridges, overpasses, road junctions, installation sites for retaining walls, noise barriers, etc.).

The design of a city highway is carried out on a map at a scale of 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000 and 1:5000. The length of the route can be 2-6 km.

The length of the kilometer indicator is assumed to be about 3 cm. The diameter of the circle is 1 cm. The height of the text must be at least 7 mm.

The accepted (best) version of the route is drawn in red.

Culverts

For each route option, one culvert and one small bridge are calculated. It is recommended to choose facilities with minimum and maximum costs. Structural drawings are attached to the calculation of structures in an explanatory note or on posters with reference to this structure to specific conditions. Other sizes artificial structures accepted constructively.

road clothes

In the graduation project, at least 3 options for the design of non-rigid pavement should be calculated. During the implementation of the reconstruction project, the strengthening of the existing pavement is calculated. Also, as part of the reconstruction, it is necessary to calculate the structures in the areas of widening the pavement and changing the plan of the route (straightening, detours, etc.). Each option is calculated manually for all indicators and criteria. On a category I highway, in addition to non-rigid structures, it is necessary to design rigid pavement.

The pavement posters show all the considered structures with the display of structural and technological layers and thicknesses. You must specify the cost of 1 m 2 of each option. In the explanatory note and on the drawings, it is necessary to draw the structure of the pavement on the side of the road (strengthening the side). Also on the posters are the calculated characteristics of the used road - building materials. The section "Road clothes" is agreed with the consultant in the department "Road - building materials".

Longitudinal profile

The longitudinal profile is drawn in the following scales: horizontal 1:5000, vertical 1:500, geological (vertical) 1:100. When designing a route plan on a scale of 1:10000, longitudinal profiles are drawn in full for each option. If the scale of the plan is 1:25000, then longitudinal profiles are drawn for characteristic sections with a length of at least 6-7 km each. When performing a longitudinal profile, the requirements for building a design line and drawing up a drawing must be taken into account.

It is necessary to fill in all columns of the drawing of the longitudinal profile (including the design of cuvettes, types of transverse profile, etc.).

Cross profiles

Cross profiles are drawn with reference to a specific stationing with indication of the working mark. The scale of the transverse profile should be at least 1:100. The drawings should indicate the dimensions and parameters of all elements:

lane width;
the width of the reinforced roadside;
shoulder reinforcement width;
total shoulder width;
the width of the carriageway;
subgrade width;
transverse slopes;
laying the slopes of the subgrade;
laying of external slopes;
the thickness of the vegetation layer on the slopes;
dimensions of ditches and upland ditches.

On a motor road of category I, the width and design of the dividing strip, the width of the reinforced strip are also indicated.

When installing a metal barrier road fence, you must specify its brand.

Project Detail

The subject and object of detailed design are assigned by the head. Details of the project must be presented on at least three sheets of A1 format. The scale of the drawings is set by the graduate student in agreement with the supervisor. It is recommended to display the calculation scheme, the calculation method, the adopted design and its elements on the posters.

Technology and organization of construction

On a separate poster, it is necessary to provide a technological scheme for the construction of any element of the road (for example, the construction of the base or pavement pavement, the construction of a subgrade, the installation of a road fence, etc.). For the given technological scheme, it is necessary to calculate the need for machines, mechanisms, the length of the grip, etc.

Separate posters should show the organization of construction and a calendar schedule reflecting all operations for the construction (reconstruction) of the highway.

Economic part

The economic part should be presented on the final poster, on which the student gives a summary budget calculation and efficiency of capital investments.

Admission to the defense of the graduation project

To be admitted to the defense of the graduation project, the student must successfully pass all the checks organized by the department. After completing the graduation project, the student signs it. The Consultants shall review and sign the relevant parts of the project. Further, the drawings prepared and executed for defense and the explanatory note are signed by the head. After the final approval and signing of the graduation project by the head, the project is submitted to the head of the department or his deputy for preliminary defense. During its implementation, the inspector has the right to indicate the need for amendments and adjustments to the graduation project. In addition to this, the student must correctly answer all questions asked by the inspectors. When fulfilling all the requirements of the head of the department or his deputy, he signs the graduation project. If the requirements of the verifier are not met, the student is not allowed to defend the graduation project.

Graduation project defense

In the process of defense, the student tells and clearly demonstrates the purpose and sequence of the project, the main technical solutions and features of the project, the details of the project, the technology and organization of construction, the economic part. Particular attention should be paid to the most original, interesting moments that required creative and engineering work.

The duration of the report should not exceed 15 minutes.

After his report, the student must correctly answer all the questions asked by the members of the commission.

The assessment of the graduation project consists of the following main, most significant points:

Compliance of the diploma project with the given task;
Correctness and depth of development of design solutions;
Preparation of an explanatory note and posters;
Content of the report and its story;
Correctness, accuracy and depth of answers to the questions posed.

Questions for the entrance exam to the master's program in the discipline "Survey and design of roads" in 2016

Regulations on the procedure for checking final qualification works for the amount of borrowing and their placement in electronic library departments « Surveys and design of roads »

The methodology for the implementation of this part of the course project is studied by students independently in the relevant literature. When developing an individual task, it should, if possible, be tied to the projected section of the road.

ANNEX 1

Mesh (table) longitudinal profile

Notes.

1. All inscriptions and numbers on the longitudinal profile must be neatly executed, have the same height, equal to 2.5 m.

2. Columns 3-11 and 14 are drawn in red ink and filled in with data in red ink.

3. Columns 12 and 13 are drawn in black ink and filled in with black ink.

4. The points of zero work and the levels of water backwater in front of the pipes are shown in blue ink, the rest - in black.

APPENDIX 2

Conditional graphic images on the longitudinal profile of the road

Annex 3

APPENDIX 4

Examples of the design of the transverse profile of the subgrade construction of the highway

APPENDIX 5

An example of the design of a longitudinal profile of a highway common use

LITERATURE

1. Enterprise standard. STP VII 2.13.85: Organization of course design. Vologda: VOPI, 1989.-11 p.

2. Enterprise standard. STP VPI 2.7-87: Diploma and course projects. General requirements and rules for drawing up a settlement and explanatory note. - Vologda: VoPI, 1987.-31 p.

3. GOST 21 1701-97. Rules for the implementation of working documentation highways.- Enter. For the first time 01.06 97.-M.: Publishing House of Standards, 1997.-30s.

4. GOST 21204-93 Symbols and images of elements master plans and transport facilities. - Instead of GOST 21.108-78: Introduced. 01.09.94.-M: Publishing House of Standards, 1994.-38 p.

5. GOST R 21. 120 7-97. Conditional graphic images on the drawings of highways. - Input. For the first time 21.02.97.-M.: Publishing House of Standards.1997.-26 p.

6. building codes Rules: SNiP 2.05.02-85. Highways. Introduction 01.01 87,-M.: Stroyizdat, 1986.-56 p.

7. Regional norms for the design and construction of highways in the non-chernozem zone of the RSFSR. RSN-88.-M.: Mintransstroy, 1988.-306 p.

8. Building codes and regulations: SNiP 23-01-99. Building climatology.-

9. Reference book on the climate of the USSR. Issue. 1 - 34. Part 1 - 5. L .: Gidromatizdat, 1965-68.

10. Great Soviet Encyclopedia / Ed. A.M. Prokhorova- In 30 t.-M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.

11. Designing roads: Handbook of a road engineer / Ed. G.A. Fedotov. - M.: Transport, 1989.-437 p.

12. Babkov V.F., Andreev O.V. Road design: Proc. for universities. - M.: Transport. 1987.- Part 1 - 368 p. - Part 2 - 415 p.

13 Highways: Design examples: Uchebn. manual for universities / Ed. V.S. Porozhnyakov. - M.: Transport, 1983.-303 p.

14Design of roads: Calculation of technical standards: Method. instructions for course and diploma design / Composition . I.A. Rakhimova. - Vologda: VoPI, 1990.-19s.

15. Ganshin V.N., Khrenov L.S.: Tables for breakdown of circular and transition curves. - Kiev: Budevelnik, 1974. -432s .

16. Mitin N.A. Tables for laying out horizontal and vertical circular curves and roundings with transition curves on highways. - M.: Nedra, 1978-469 p.

17. Design and breakdown of vertical curves on highways: (Description and tables) / N.M. Antonov, N.A. Borovkov, N.Ya. Bychkov and others - M .: Transport, 1968.-200 p.

18 Mitin N.A. Tables for calculating the volume of subgrade roads. - M.: Transport, 1977 - 544 p.

19 Lavrinenko L.A. Survey and design of roads:

Proc. for technical schools. - M.: Transport, 1991.-286 p.

20. Album-type design solutions 503-0-48.87: Roadbed of public roads. - Input. 08.87-M: Soyuzdorproekt, 1987.-53 p.

21. Album of standard design solutions for highways in the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR.-M: Mintransstroy, 1989.-170 p.

22. Design of roads. Basics of design; Method. instructions in course and diploma design: Part 1 / Comp. I.A. Rakhimov. - Vologda; VoPI, 1998.-26 p.

In the graduation project, the detail adopted is the temporary organization of traffic for the period of overhaul on the highway R-88 Zhitkovichi - David Gorodok - the border of Ukraine (Upper Terebezhov) km 5.3 - km 9.0.

Design solutions provide safe conditions for traffic throughout the repaired section of the road, the main ones are as follows:

Elements of the plan and longitudinal profile provide the calculated visibility of the road, the optimal driving mode and reduce driver fatigue;

For the information of drivers, it is planned to install road signs, signal posts and road markings;

In the upper layer of the coating, asphalt concrete is used, prepared on crushed stone of durable rocks and stone screenings, which provides the required roughness of the coating;

For the period of performance, work sites are fenced in accordance with TKP 172-2009, according to the attached schemes (sheet No. 10), which include:

a) speed limit and warn about ongoing road works with the installation of signs 1.18.5, 1.18.6, 1.23, 3.20.2, 3.24.2;

b) regulation by signs 2.6.2, 2.7 of the right of way;

c) organization of movement on a free from repair work a strip with a width of at least 4.5 m with the installation of guide cones, panel-rack barriers at the approaches with signs 4.2.2, 4.2.1.

The fencing of work sites and the placement of road signs must be carried out in accordance with TKP 172-2009 "Arrangement of work sites during the construction, reconstruction and repair of highways, streets and roads in populated areas." Schemes for the arrangement of road work sites are developed before the start of road work, which must be agreed with the services of the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus and interested organizations and approved by the head of the road construction organization. Schemes agreed upon and approved by the head of the road construction organization serve as a permit for the performance of the planned work. Schemes for the arrangement of road work sites are drawn up in four copies: for the owner of the road, the territorial division of the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, the contractor and for permanent residence with the official responsible for road work. It is forbidden for workers to be in places where there is traffic without special signal vests. When assigning the size of a temporary construction camp, a safe width of driveways and working aisles, a rational arrangement of transport routes, power supply networks, storage areas and auxiliary facilities are provided. Among the priority measures is the fencing of the territory of the town with a fence and the device for diverting surface water. At the entrance to the site, warning and speed limiting signs are installed.

The entire section of the road on which a complex of road works is being carried out is fenced off with road signs 1.23, 3.20.2, 3.24.2 on wooden posts, which are not dismantled until the completion of the full range of repair work and are also valid at night and weekends. The scope of work includes:

Milling of the existing coating, leveling layer device;

Asphalt concrete pavement;

Strengthening of roadsides;

Applying markup.

To perform a certain type of work, according to the production project, the length of the grip is set, which is approximately taken as 150 m - when installing an asphalt concrete pavement and 500 m - when performing work on a roadside and slope. Temporary road signs are hung on inventory structures, which are removed after the end of the shift.

The movement of transit transport is carried out alternately along the lanes free from repair.

First of all, sign 1.23 "Roadworks" with a sign 7.2.1 indicating the length of the dangerous section is applied. A temporary scheme of movement in a dangerous area is also established. Signs (3 standard sizes) are installed before the production of works and are not removed until the complete completion of the repair work complex.

When constructing roadsides and slopes, work is carried out only during daylight hours. At the end of the work, road construction equipment is removed from the subgrade. In the dark, it is not allowed to store materials within the subgrade. For the entire period of elimination of roadside defects (lowered or not compacted), guide poles are installed along the edge every 50 m.

When repairing asphalt concrete pavement, work should also be carried out during daylight hours. Remove temporary signs at night and on weekends. Upon completion of the work, the transverse joints of the laid coating are smoothed; road construction equipment is removed from the subgrade. Before the production of work on the second lane, the signs are transferred to the opposite side by analogy. In addition to the standard 1.23 "Roadworks", temporary road signs are installed: 3.20.2 "No overtaking", 3.24.2 "Maximum speed limit", 1.18.5-1.18.6 "Narrowing of the road", 2.6.2 "Advantage of oncoming traffic" and 2.7 "Advantage over oncoming traffic", 4.2.2 "Obstacle avoidance on the left" and 4.2.1 "Obstacle avoidance on the right", etc. Guide poles are installed along the edge of the site every 50 m.

Similar temporary road signs are used when marking the carriageway. Work is carried out only during daylight hours. To highlight the work area, cone guides with a reflective film every 10 m are used. A cover car moving behind the marking machine is also used.

The fencing schemes given in the project are specified by the contractor construction organization after drawing up a project for the production of works, they are agreed with the GAI ATC of the Gomel Regional Executive Committee and approved by the head of the road construction organization. Agreed and approved schemes serve as a permit for the production of work.

Upon completion of the repair work, temporary disassembly is carried out. technical means traffic organization.

Schemes of temporary organization of traffic are presented on sheet No. 10.