home » Registration of legal entities

Hotel design rules and norms. SNiP - what is it? Building codes: list of documents, basic requirements Design, preparation for building a house

SNiP

Building regulations (SNiP) - a set of regulatory documents in the field of construction, adopted by the executive authorities and containing mandatory requirements. Up to a year of complex normative documents in the field of construction in the USSR was not. After the introduction, they were approved by the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Construction Affairs.

Building codes and regulations consist of 4 parts:

  • general provisions;
  • design standards;
  • rules of production and acceptance of works;
  • estimated norms and rules.

except Building codes and regulations for individual branches of design and construction, there are also various norms, regulations, codes of practice (SP), instructions, departmental building codes (VSN), and other regulatory documents.

In accordance with Federal law on technical regulation until 2010 should be replaced by technical regulations.

Classification

SNiP (Building Norms and Rules)

Section 1. Organization Management Economy

SNiP 1.05.03-87 Standards in progress housing construction taking into account the complex development (text)

SNiP 1.06.04-85 (1998) Regulations on the chief engineer (chief architect) of the project (text)

SNiP 1.06.05-85 Regulations on designer supervision design organizations for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures (text)

Section 2. Design codes

Security

SNiP 2.01.02-85 (1991) Fire safety standards (partially canceled in the introduction of SNiP 21-01-97) (text)

SNiP 2.01.07-85 (as amended. Loads and impacts. 1 1993) (text)

SNiP 2.01.09-91 Buildings and structures in undermined territories and planting soils (text)

SNiP 2.01.14-83 (1985) Determination of calculated hydrological characteristics. (text)

SNiP 2.01.15-90 Engineering protection of buildings and structures from hazardous geological processes Basic design principles (text)

SNiP 2.01.51-90 Civil defense engineering and technical measures (text)

SNiP 2.01.53-84 (1998) Light camouflage of settlements and objects of the national economy

SNiP 2.01.54-84 (1998) Protective structures of civil defense in underground mine workings

SNiP 2.02.01-83 (1995) Foundations of buildings and structures. (text)

SNiP 2.02.02-85 Foundations of hydraulic structures (text)

SNiP 2.02.03-85 (1995) Pile foundations... (text)

SNiP 2.02.04-88 (1990) Bases and foundations on permafrost. (text)

SNiP 2.02.05-87 Foundations of machines with dynamic loads. (text)

Constructions

SNiP 2.03.01-84 (1989, Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. As amended 1988, 1 1989, 2 1992) (text)

SNiP 2.03.02-86 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures made of dense silicate concrete (text)

SNiP 2.03.03-85 Reinforcement cement structures (instead of SN 366-77) (text)

SNiP 2.03.04-84 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures designed to work in conditions of exposure to high and high temperatures. (text)

SNiP 2.03.06-85 Aluminum structures... (text)

SNiP 2.03.09-85 Asbestos-cement structures (text)

SNiP 2.03.11-85 Protection of building structures against corrosion (text)

Engineering networks and systems

SNiP 2.04.01-85 (2000) Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings. (text)

SNiP 2.04.02-84 (with rev. 1 1986, rev. 2000) Water supply. Outdoor networks and structures (text)

SNiP 2.04.03-85 (amended 1986) Sewerage. External networks and facilities. (text)

SNiP 2.04.05-91 (2000) Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (text)

SNiP 2.04.07-86 (2000) Heating networks (text)

SNiP 2.04.08-87 (1999) Gas supply (text)

SNiP 2.04.09-84 (amended 1 1997) Fire automation of buildings and structures (text)

SNiP 2.04.12-86 Strength calculation of steel pipelines (text)

SNiP 2.04.14-88 (1998) Thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines (text)

Transport

SNiP 2.05.02-85 (1997) Car roads(text)

SNiP 2.05.03-84 (1991) Bridges and pipes. (text)

SNiP 2.05.06-85 (2000) Trunk pipelines (text)

SNiP 2.05.07-91 (1996, with amendment 1 1996) Industrial transport (text)

SNiP 2.05.09-90 Tram and trolleybus lines (text)

SNiP 2.05.11-83 (1984) On-farm highways in collective farms, state farms and other agricultural enterprises and organizations. (text)

SNiP 2.05.13-90 Oil product pipelines laid on the territory of cities and other settlements (text)

Hydraulic structures

SNiP 2.06.01-86 (with amendment 1 1988) Hydraulic structures. Basic principles of design (text)

SNiP 2.06.03-85 Reclamation systems and structures. (text)

SNiP 2.06.04-82 (1989, rev. 2 1995) Loads and impacts on hydraulic structures (wave, ice and from ships). (text)

SNiP 2.06.05-84 (1990) Dams from soil materials. (text)

SNiP 2.06.06-85 (rev. 1 1987) Concrete and reinforced concrete dams. (text)

SNiP 2.06.07-87 (1989) Retaining walls, shipping locks, fish passages and fish protection structures. (text)

SNiP 2.06.08-87 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic structures. (text)

SNiP 2.06.09-84 Hydraulic tunnels (instead of SN 238-73) (text)

SNiP 2.06.14-85 (revised 1 1989) Protection of mine workings from ground and surface waters (text)

SNiP 2.06.15-85 Engineering protection of the territory against flooding and flooding (text)

Urban planning

SNiP 2.07.01-89 (2000) Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements (instead of SNiP II-60-75) (text)

SNiP 2.08.01-89 (1999) Residential buildings (text)

SNiP 2.08.02-89 (1999) Public buildings and structures (text)

SNiP 2.09.02-85 (1991, rev. 3 1994) Industrial buildings (text)

SNiP 2.09.03-85 Buildings of industrial enterprises. (text)

SNiP 2.09.04-87 (2000) Administrative and domestic buildings (text)

SNiP 2.10.02-84 (amended 1 2000) Buildings and premises for processing and storage of agricultural products (text)

SNiP 2.10.03-84 (amended 1 2000) Livestock poultry and fur farming buildings and premises (text)

SNiP 2.10.04-85 (amended 1 2000) Greenhouses and hotbeds (text)

SNiP 2.10.05-85 (1988, with amendment 1 2000) Enterprises, buildings and structures for the storage and processing of raw materials. (text)

SNiP 2.11.01-85 (1991) Warehouse buildings (text)

SNiP 2.11.02-87 (as amended 1 2000) Refrigerators (text)

SNiP 2.11.03-93 Warehouses of oil and oil products. Fire regulations (text)

SNiP 2.11.06-91 Warehouses of timber materials. Fire safety design standards (instead of SN 473-75) (text)

SNiP II-3-79 (1998) Construction heat engineering. (text)

SNiP II-7-81 (1995, rev. 4 1997) Construction in seismic areas (text)

SNiP II-11-77 (1985) Protective structures of civil defense (text)

SNiP II-22-81 (1995) Stone and reinforced masonry structures (text)

SNiP II-23-81 (1990) Steel structures (text)

SNiP II-25-80 (1988) Wooden structures (text)

Section 3. Organization of production and acceptance of works

SNiP 3.01.01-85 (as amended 1 1987, 2 1995) Organization construction production(text)

SNiP 3.01.03-84 Geodetic works in construction (text)

SNiP 3.01.04-87 Acceptance of completed construction projects into operation (text)

SNiP 3.01.09-84 Acceptance of completed construction of protective structures and their maintenance in peacetime (instead of SN 464-74) (text)

SNiP 3.02.01-87 Earthworks, foundations and foundations (text)

SNiP 3.02.03-84 Underground mine workings (text)

SNiP 3.03.01-87 Bearing and enclosing structures (text)

SNiP 3.04.01-87 Insulating and finishing coatings (text)

SNiP 3.04.03-85 Protection of building structures and structures from corrosion (text)

SNiP 3.05.01-85 (1988, with amendment 1 2000) Internal sanitary-technical systems (text)

SNiP 3.05.02-88 (1994) Gas supply (text)

SNiP 3.05.04-85 (1990) External networks and structures of water supply and sewerage (text)

SNiP 3.05.05-84 Process equipment and process pipelines (text)

SNiP 3.05.06-85 Electrical devices (instead of SNiP III-33-76, SN 85-74, SN 102-76) (text)

SNiP 3.05.07-85 (amended 1 1990) Automation systems (text)

SNiP 3.06.03-85 Highways (text)

SNiP 3.06.07-86 Bridges and pipes Rules for inspections and tests (text)

SNiP 3.07.01-85 River hydraulic structures (text)

SNiP 3.07.02-87 Hydraulic sea and river transport facilities (text)

SNiP 3.07.03-85 (with amendment 1 1991) Reclamation systems and structures (text)

SNiP 3.09.01-85 (rev. 1 1988, 2 1994) Production of precast concrete structures and products (text)

SNiP III-4-80 (2000) Safety in construction (sections 1-7 canceled with the introduction of SNiP 12-03-99)

SNiP III-10-75 Land improvement (text)

SNiP III-18-75 (revised 1978, 1985, 1995) Metal structures (text)

SNiP III-24-75 Industrial furnaces and brick pipes (text)

SNiP III-41-76 Contact networks of electrified transport (text)

SNiP III-42-80 (revised 1983, 1987, 1997) Trunk pipelines (text)

SNiP III-44-77 (as amended in 1981) Railway, road and hydraulic tunnels. Subways (text)

Section 4. Estimated norms

SNiP 4.07-91 Collection of estimate norms additional costs during construction and installation work in winter (text)

SNiP 4.09-91 Collection of estimated cost norms for the construction of temporary buildings and structures (text)

Section 5. Rates of expenditure of material and labor resources

SNiP 5.01.01-82 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost construction and installation works. Communal construction... Consumer services for the population (text)

SNiP 5.01.02-83 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. the estimated cost of construction and installation work. Microbiological industry. Medical industry. Geology and exploration of mineral resources. Film industry (instead of SN 501-77, SN 520-79, SN 526-80) (text)

SNiP 5.01.03-85 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. the estimated cost of construction and installation work on objects gas industry(instead of SN 505-78, SN 526-80 in terms of pipe flow) (text)

SNiP 5.01.04-84 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. the estimated cost of construction and installation work. Chemical industry. Petrochemical industry (instead of SN 424-78, SN 526-80) (text)

SNiP 5.01.05-85 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. estimated cost of construction and installation work on water management facilities (text)

SNiP 5.01.06-86 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. the estimated cost of construction and installation work on electric power facilities (text)

SNiP 5.01.07-84 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. the estimated cost of construction and installation work on the objects of the oil production, oil refining industry and the transport of oil and oil products (instead of SN 504-78, SN-505-78, SN 526-80) (text)

SNiP 5.01.08-84 Consumption rates of materials, products and pipes per 1 million rubles. the estimated cost of construction and installation work. Building materials industry, construction, building structures and parts industry (

- 09.11.2017

The hotel is being built according to a project that reveals all aspects of design and technological solutions. To pass the examination, the project must comply with the current design rules and regulations.

In this material we will tell you about the design features of hotels (hotels), the basic rules for the design of a hotel building and the current design standards for hotel complexes (SNiP, SP, GOST, SanPiN) .

I. Features of the design of hotels and hotels

In general, the methods and basic concepts of design have not changed much over the past decades, but there have been modern technologies, with which a number of old norms have lost their relevance. The use of new materials and equipment increases the reliability of the complex, saves space and resources. Therefore, one of the tasks of the designer is to maximize the benefits from the use of suitable technologies and at the same time obtain a positive expert opinion. Requirements for the project are governed by the current codes of practice (SP) , which are developed and approved by the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Health of Russia. They are constantly updated, refined and changed, and there are situations when one document refers to another that is no longer valid or does not yet exist. We have to refer to both new and old regulations, as well as take into account local urban planning norms.

There are also international norms and rules for the design of hotel complexes, hotels and hotels. (International Building Code (IBC)) .

    The main stages of hotel and hotel design:

  1. Defining project requirements

    Concept (stage of business planning), draft design or pre-project proposal. If necessary, make financial model, Feasibility study (feasibility study of the feasibility of designing and building a hotel) or feasibility study (feasibility study).

  2. Stage "P" (project)

    a) Preparation of drawings and documents reflecting the selected solutions, an approximate estimate.
    b) Expertise at the Main Directorate of State Expertise of Russia or another certified organization. Obtaining a positive opinion.

  3. Stage "RD" (working documentation)

    Completion of detailed development of all sections, creation of final drawings and text documents that will be sent to the construction site, detailed estimates.

Architectural and construction company "Fantalis" - more than 15 years of successful work in the design and construction of hotels and recreation centers. The design of hotel facilities is carried out in compliance with all norms and requirements of SNiPs, SP, GOST, SanPiN. Architectural and construction company "Fantalis" - more than 15 years of successful work in the design and construction of hotels and recreation centers. The design of hotel facilities is carried out in compliance with all norms and requirements of SNiPs, SP, GOST, SanPiN.

II. Features of the design of hotels (hotels) of various categories

On March 24, 2017, a bill was adopted on a mandatory system of assigning "stars" to hotels, according to which upper class- this is five, and the lowest is called "no stars." The process takes place in three stages, depending on the number of rooms:

  1. from 50 since 2018
  2. from 15 from 2019
  3. the rest from 2020

For hotels hosting the 2018 FIFA World Cup, classification is mandatory now.

At the moment, the standardizing document is Order No. 1215, which describes the requirements for hotels of all sizes, aparthotels, and boarding houses and similar accommodation. The list is long: from the size of the parking lot or conference room to the availability of highchairs for children and the opening hours of the restaurant - and for all the establishment points are awarded, a certain amount of which must be collected.

All over the country we design and build hotels in compliance with all norms and requirements of SNiPs, SP, GOST, SanPiN.

You can get acquainted with the most interesting objects in the section "Our projects".

For subsequent construction, in accordance with SP 11-110-99, they resort to designer supervision, which prevents violations and ensures that the result is consistent with the project.

Of course, these are not the only conditions for the rooms, the presence of many things is also taken into account: an alarm clock, various lamps, a mini-bar, a safe, carpets, a decanter, newspapers, cabinets, a hair dryer, mirrors, a trash can, and more.

A competent designer not only provides "stars" to the hotel, but also plans everything so that later these conditions can be serviced at no extra cost.

IV. Current norms and rules for the design of hotels, hotels and hotel complexes (SP, SNiP, GOST, SanPiN)

ESKD ( one system design documentation) SPDS (system of design documentation for construction) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 N 87 (as amended on 09/08/2017) "On the composition of sections of design documentation and requirements for their content."

There is a special SP-257.1325800.2016 “Buildings of hotels. Design rules ".

There are others that affect not only hotel buildings. For example, the height of the premises is designed according to SP 118.13330.2012, dedicated to public buildings, ventilation of hotels - according to SP 60.13330.2012 (OViK).

In addition to the basic standards, you need to comply with specific ones, suitable for those specific solutions that have been chosen for the hotel.

    Among the numerous regulations in force, the following groups can be distinguished:

  1. Urban planning
  2. Functional and technological
  3. Sanitary and Epidemiological
  4. Fire safety
  5. Constructive
  6. Engineering

For each decision taken, changes in regulations must be checked and monitored.

    Urban planning standards:

  1. Urban Development Code Russian Federation(priority)
  2. SP 42.13330.2011 “Urban planning. planning and development of urban and rural settlements "
  3. Water Code of the Russian Federation

    Functional and technological standards:

  1. SP 118.13330.2012 "Public buildings and structures"
  2. SP 257.1325800.2016 “Buildings of hotels. Design rules "
  3. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation No. 1215 "On approval of the procedure for the classification of objects of the tourism industry, including hotels and other accommodation facilities, ski slopes and beaches, carried out by accredited organizations"
  4. GOST 30389-2013 “Public catering establishments. Classification and General requirements»
  5. SP 113.13330.2016 "Parking lots"
  6. SP 59.13330.2016 "Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility"

    Sanitary and Epidemiological Standards:

  1. SP 131.13330.2012 "Construction climatology"
  2. SP 52.13330.2016 "Natural and artificial lighting"
  3. SanPiN 2.2.12.1.1.1278-03 "Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings"
  4. SP 51.13330.2011 "Protection against noise"
  5. SP 2.3.6.1079-01 "Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Public Catering Organizations, Production and Circulation of Food Products and Food Raw Materials in them"
  6. SanPiN 2.4.4.3155-13 "Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for the Design, Maintenance and Organization of Work of Stationary Recreation and Recreation Organizations for Children"
  7. SanPiN 2.1.2.2646-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, equipment, maintenance and operation of laundries"

    Fire safety standards:

  1. SP 4.13130.2013 "Restricting the spread of fire at protected objects"
  2. SP 2.13130.2012 "Ensuring fire resistance of objects of protection"
  3. SP 1.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Evacuation routes and exits "
  4. SP 8.13130.2009 "Sources of external fire-fighting water supply"
  5. SP 10.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Internal fire-fighting water supply "

    Standards governing design solutions:

  1. SP 14.13330.2014 "Construction in seismic regions"
  2. SP 20.13330.2011 SNiP 2.01.07-85 Loads and impacts
  3. SP 22.13330.2011 "SNiP 2.02.01-83 Foundations of buildings and structures"
  4. SP 24.13330.2011 "SNiP 2.02.03-85 Pile foundations"
  5. SP 63.13330.2012 SNiP 52-01-2003 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures
  6. SP 15.13330.2012 "SNiP II-22-81 Stone and reinforced masonry structures"
  7. SP 64.13330.2011 SNiP II-25-80 Wooden structures

    Regulations governing engineering solutions:

  1. SP 31.13330.2012 SNiP 2.04.02-84 Water supply. External networks and facilities "
  2. SP 32.13330.2012 SNiP 2.04.03-85 Sewerage. External networks and facilities "
  3. SP 30.13330.2012 "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings"
  4. SP 124.13330.2012 SNiP 41-02-2003 Heating networks
  5. SP 62.13330.2011 "Gas distribution systems"
  6. SP 89.13330.2012 "Boiler plants"
  7. SP 41-104-2000 "Designing Autonomous Heat Supply Sources"
  8. SP 60.13330.2012 "SNiP 41-01-2003 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"
  9. SP 76.13330.2016 "SNiP 3.05.06-85 Electrical devices"

    Electrical Installation Rules (PUE):

  1. SP 134.13330.2012 “Telecommunication systems of buildings and structures. Basic principles of design "
  2. SP 265.1325800.2016 “Communication collectors. Design and construction rules "

    Accessibility for the disabled

    Provided according to SP 59.13330.2016 ("Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility (MGN)"). Key points:

  1. Availability of parking spaces for MGN shares of 10%, among them 5% are specialized
  2. Accessibility of premises (by means of ramps, elevators, etc.)
  3. Adapted toilets in common areas
  4. With the number of rooms above twenty, the layout is 5% suitable for the disabled
  5. Lifts suitable for wheelchair users with an attendant
The construction of a private house, as well as its design, carried out in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory normative and technical documentation, is the largest resource for saving costs!

Because, firstly, by observing the standards and technical regulations, you reduce to a minimum the possibility of making construction mistakes, the correction of which always amounts to many thousands of rubles. Secondly, a lot of defects committed during the construction of a house can only be detected during its operation. Alterations of building structures during residence, deliver the greatest inconvenience and force you to bear impressive unplanned costs. For example: a damp wall, a leaking roof, overheating electrical wiring, an ice floor, etc.

If you want to achieve a maximum of savings, then you need to competently monitor the progress of construction work. To do this, you need to know the key control points and quality assessment criteria. This section contains a short selection of the main regulatory documents required for the design and construction of a private house.

1. Design, preparation for building a house

1.1. Architectural, general construction standards.

First, you should familiarize yourself with the Code of Design Rules for SP 11-III-99. After reading this document, you will definitely know what papers are required to start construction on your individual site. During the construction of a residential building and various outbuildings, there are norms for their location on the site, according to following documents:
- "Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation" dated December 29, 2004 N 190-FZ;
- "Planning and development of gardening associations of citizens, buildings and structures" SNiP 30-02-97;
- "Residential buildings" SNiP 2.08.01-89 * and SP II 106-97;
- "Single-family residential houses" SNiP 31-02-2001;
- “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements "SNiP 2.07.01-89;


This is the approximate layout of buildings on the site according to RSN 70-88.

Having carefully studied RSN 70-88 (republican building codes), SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 2.08.01-89 (Building Norms and Rules), you will find out what are the restrictions on the areas and heights of the premises of a residential building.

There are minimum restrictions on the height of the floors (SNiP 2.08.01-89). The house may be declared unfit for permanent residence if the height of the residential floors is lower than 2.5 m from floor to ceiling. In the attic floor, the height norm is from 2.3 m. The number of storeys of a house is usually determined by the above-ground floors, which includes the attic floor. It is not allowed to place living rooms in the basement or basement floor. Ground floor can be equated to above-ground floors, if the top of its floor is at least 2 meters above the ground level. If it is decided to place utility rooms in the basement or basement floor, then the height from floor to ceiling should be at least 2 meters.

The area of ​​a residential building is defined as the sum of the areas of all premises of the floors. Balconies and loggias are also included in total area... The area of ​​the stairwells at the level of the given floor is considered.

If you plan to build a house on the territory of a gardening partnership, then it is imperative to take into account the requirements of SNiP 30-02-97 "Planning and development of gardening associations of citizens, buildings and structures" in the 2011 edition.

1.2. Concrete structures.

1.3. Heat engineering standards. Resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures.

1.4. Engineering Communication.



Electric wires from the street pole to the entrance to the residential building must run at a height of at least 2.75 m from the ground. If the diversion is carried out on the other side of the street along which vehicles are moving, then the permitted height is 6m. The length of the branch from the main line to the residential building should not exceed 25m, if more is obtained, an additional support is installed. All places where the cable touches the surface of the building, and passes through the walls, must be fireproof and reliably insulated, and at the points of entry, the outer end of the insulating pipe must look down to avoid atmospheric precipitation.

If the rules for installing sewer networks are violated, the developer is threatened with their regular clogging. It is doomed to frequent cleaning of pipes clogged with drains. According to the standards, the daily sewage costs per person are about 200 liters. The smallest diameter of the external sewer pipe should be 100 mm, with a slope to the general collector of at least 8%. The smallest depth of pipe laying in the ground is 0.3 meters. If there is no centralized street sewerage, then it is allowed to build filter wells and trenches with the obligatory installation of a septic tank in front of them (industrial purification device). The base of artificial filters should be 1 meter above the water table.

With the appropriate knowledge and experience, it is allowed to independently carry out the installation engineering networks, with the exception of gas communications. There are very stringent requirements for the acceptance of a gas supply system. Only a specialized organization has the right to install a gas pipeline and connect gas appliances.

Gas pipes can be introduced into a residential building only from the side of the furnace or kitchen. If the house is old and has a heating stove, then it is allowed to enter communications into the living room, provided that a disconnecting device is placed outside the building. Under no circumstances should the gas pipe be introduced into the house through or under the foundation. If the pipe is laid along the outer wall of the house, then its nominal diameter should not exceed 50 mm. It is not allowed to arrange detachable pipeline connections under window openings and balconies. In general, all connections must be welded, threaded connections - only in the places where valves and gas appliances are installed. If, according to the project, the gas pipe passes over footpaths, then it should be fixed at a height of at least 2.2 meters from the ground.

It is impossible to install more than two heating devices in one room. It is strictly forbidden to install a water heater in the bathroom, otherwise you may end up with an excellent gas chamber.

The room for the gas boiler and water heater must be at least 2 meters high. When installing one device, the room has a volume of at least 7.5 cubic meters, and with two devices - at least 13.5 cubic meters.

2. Building a house.

2.1. Foundations and concrete structures

2.1.10. The rest of the necessary information for the construction of the foundation can be found in: SNiP 2.02.01-83; SNiP 31-02; SNiP 2.02.03-85; SNiP 2.02.04-88; SNiP 2.02.01.

2.2. The walls of the house.

2.2.18. GOST 24454-80 - Softwood lumber, GOST 9685-61 - Softwood blanks.

In the process of designing and erecting buildings, bridges and roads, architects and builders are guided by a set of rules that are approved at the legislative level, they are called SNiP. What is this abbreviation, what is its role and purpose, it is worth knowing not only those who are engaged in construction, but also all other people. This word is quite common in various articles, documents, and even in news releases.

Realizing even in general outline, which means SNiP (decoding: you can make more productive dialogue with a foreman of a repair or construction team, with a real estate agent.

Subject and structure of the document

In everyday life, the SNiP categories for residential and public buildings are most often mentioned. This is the name of a document that includes a huge number of different nuances characteristic of the construction process. Its points cover almost all areas and stages of design and construction of buildings:

  • Illustrate general provisions.
  • Describe design codes.
  • Contains the rules for the construction and acceptance of the finished object.
  • List the estimated rules and regulations.

SNiP (which we will consider in more detail later) concerns the development of projects for residential and public buildings, laying their foundations, building walls (as well as staircases and cells), the size and location of windows and doors, and many other issues. In addition, the paragraphs of the document describe the requirements for water supply systems, electrical networks, sewerage and heating. Each item is numbered and named.

When developing the rules, the creators tried to formulate all the requirements as accurately and fully as possible in order to eliminate misunderstandings and misinterpretation of SNiP.

Each new building, regardless of its purpose, must be built in accordance with the requirements of SNiP. This is due not only to the word "must", but also to security considerations.

The figures presented in the document are averages, calculated in the process of the most complex calculations. As a result of processing a large amount of statistical data, the optimal location of the bearing walls, the distance between the windows, the size of the flights of stairs, the height of the handrails and steps, the composition and density of concrete, and other characteristics were derived.

As an example, we can consider the most convenient and safe is a staircase with an inclination of 30 to 50 degrees. These steps can be used not only by adults, active men and women, but also by children or the elderly.

When builders adhere to SNiP, the building they have erected turns out to be reliable, safe, comfortable and durable. In cases where building codes and regulations (SNiP) are violated, the following complications may occur:

  • Lack of comfort when using the structure.
  • Falling and injuring people.
  • House shrinkage.
  • Cracks in the walls.
  • Breakdown of the heating system and water supply (as a result of violation of the geometry of the building).
  • Increased risk of fire.
  • Collapse of the ceiling, staircase, roof, or the entire house.

Of course, the latter situation is the worst case scenario, but it should also be taken into account.

Evolution of building rules

The construction of houses, roads and bridges has always been a difficult and responsible business, so it is not surprising that the first norms and standards arose in the distant eleventh century. Of course, over the next centuries, they were supplemented and changed. The norms that we know today represent the evolved Code of Manufacturing Building Standards (late 20s of the twentieth century).

Building codes and regulations (SNiP) were first adopted in 1955 and have been revised several times since then. Interestingly, many of the points are still relevant and useful. The SNiP was rather actively edited in the 90s and 2000s. Over twenty years, a huge number of clarifications and adjustments have been made not only to the text of this document, but also to national standards.

SNiP: definition of the term and types of rules

The document is divided into five sections:


Features of the construction of foundations

When the construction of a building is planned, increased attention is paid to the pouring or construction of the foundation. At this stage, the provisions of SNiP cannot be ignored. Foundations are the pillars of all houses, they bear a colossal load, and if this part of the building is flawed, the quality of the rest of the work will decrease significantly.

To build a solid foundation, engineers take into account all the geological features of the area and the experience of those who have already successfully completed such a task. In cases where a house needs to be built on soil with difficult geological conditions, specialized enterprises are engaged in the development of the project.

How the foundation is planned

After a careful study of all the circumstances, the following parameters are determined:

  1. Foundation type. It can be natural or artificial.
  2. Typology of construction.
  3. Bookmark depth.

The future load on the base of the house is calculated in accordance with the requirements of SNiP. Foundations should be designed taking into account the bearing capacity, deformation effects and unfavorable environmental factors.

The load capacity is calculated in cases where serious horizontal loads are foreseen, as well as if the future building is located on a slope or in an area with rocky soil. In cases where the foundation is guaranteed not to move, the bearing capacity can not be calculated.

When the project involves construction immediately after the foundation is poured, the load is monitored in the process.

Foundation and groundwater

With a careful study of SNiP (design of foundations and foundations), you will notice that considerable importance is attached to the type of soil and the specifics of groundwater. This is so important because a wrong forecast can wipe out all construction.

SNiP contains several points describing the factors that should be considered when constructing a natural foundation:

  • The soil must not be frozen. For areas with negative temperatures, the requirements are different: the soil should not be thawed.
  • Loose soil is compacted.
  • If the area is prone to flooding, long-term observations are taken into account.

To find out the main characteristics of the soil, tests are necessarily carried out. At the same time, the possibility of changes in hydrogeological conditions during the period of data verification is allowed (rise of groundwater, the appearance of a top water or seasonal climatic influences). When the foundation has already been erected, it is subjected to strength testing and test loads.

SNiP requirements also determine the depth at which the foundation should be laid. This parameter depends on the purpose and size of the structure.

Relevance of requirements regarding sewerage and water supply

As the others construction works, the design and installation of the sewerage system should be carried out in accordance with the standards and regulations. True, many builders look down on the existing norms, although they know about SNiP. They understand very well what it is and why it is developed, but they consider such standards excessively costly, irrational and inappropriate. As a result, when it comes time to repair or replace any element of the water supply or sewage system, home owners face enormous difficulties. In addition, this system will be inconvenient to use, and even the sanitary situation in the area may deteriorate.

To prevent this from happening, the customer should ask about the standards and control the construction process.

Internal and external sewerage network

Water supply and drainage systems are extremely important for both private houses and multi-apartment buildings. There are external and internal sewer networks:


Factors that a developer takes into account when installing a water supply system

If all the requirements of SNiP are met, the safety of buildings will be ensured. They also increase their comfort and convenience, which is important for the long-term use of residential and industrial buildings.

When designing and laying water and sewer pipes, the following factors are usually taken into account:

  1. The structure, properties and composition of the soil.
  2. Groundwater placement.
  3. The volume of water that will pass through the pipes (inlet and outlet).

They also take into account the remoteness of the pumping station or treatment facility from the future building.

Types of pipes and requirements for them

Pipes can be metal, cast iron, asbestos-cement, concrete or plastic, this is stipulated in the paragraphs of GOST and SNiP. The water supply system is subjected to enormous loads, so the pipes must be as strong as possible throughout. Outside, they are affected by moist soil, changing temperatures and other conditions, and from the inside, pressure is exerted by water. If we are talking about sewage, then it is worth considering the composition of this water: it contains large quantities of active chemical components.

When choosing pipes for a water supply system, craftsmen always pay attention to the marking, since pipes for internal and external systems are strikingly different.

When all the requirements and standards are met, the owner of the house can be calm about the safety of his family, because such a building will serve faithfully for more than a dozen years.