Formula of the load on the retaining wall from transport. Recommendations for the design of retaining walls and basement walls

CENTRAL RESEARCH

AND DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES (TSNIIpromzdanija) GOSSTROY USSR

REFERENCE GUIDE

Retaining wall design

and basement walls

Developed for "Construction of industrial enterprises". Contains the basic provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete. Examples of calculation are given.

For engineering and technical workers of design and construction organizations.

FOREWORD

The manual is compiled for "Buildings of industrial enterprises" and contains the basic provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic, precast concrete and reinforced concrete with examples of calculation and the necessary tabular values of coefficients that facilitate the calculation.

In the process of preparing the Manual, certain design prerequisites were clarified, including taking into account the adhesion forces of the soil, determining the inclination of the sliding plane of the collapse prism, which are supposed to be reflected in addition to the specified SNiP.

The manual was developed by the Central Scientific Research Institute of Industrial Buildings of the USSR State Construction Committee (Candidates of Engineering Sciences A. M. Tugolukov, B. G. Kormer, engineers I. D. Zaleshchansky, Yu. V. Frolov, S. V. Tretyakova, O. JI. Kuzina) with the participation of NIIOSP them. N.M. Gersevanova of the USSR State Construction Committee (Doctor of Technical Sciences E.A. Sorochan, Candidates of Technical Sciences A.V. Vronsky, A.S. Snarsky), Fundamentproekt (engineers V.K.Demidov, M.L. Morgulis, I. S. Rabinovich), Kiev Promstroyproekt (engineers V. A. Kozlov, A. N. Sytnik ?? N. I. Solovyova).

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.1. This Manual has been drawn up to "Constructions of industrial enterprises" and applies to the design of:

retaining walls erected on a natural foundation and located on the territories of industrial enterprises, cities, towns, access and intra-site iron and highways;

basements for industrial purposes, both free-standing and built-in.

1.2. The manual does not apply to the design of retaining walls of main roads, hydraulic structures, retaining walls for special purposes (anti-landslide, anti-landslide, etc.), as well as the design of retaining walls intended for construction in special conditions (on permafrost, swelling, subsiding soils, on undermined territories, etc.).

1.3. The design of retaining walls and basement walls should be based on:

drawings master plan(horizontal and vertical layout);

geotechnical survey report;

a technological task containing data on loads and, if necessary, special requirements for the designed structure, for example, requirements for limiting deformations, etc.

1.4. The design of retaining walls and basements should be established on the basis of a comparison of options, based on the technical and economic feasibility of their use in specific construction conditions, taking into account the maximum reduction in material consumption, labor intensity and construction costs, as well as taking into account the operating conditions of the structures.

1.5. Retaining walls erected in settlements should be designed taking into account the architectural features of these points.

1.6. When designing retaining walls and basements, structural schemes should be adopted that provide the necessary strength, stability and spatial invariability of the structure as a whole, as well as its individual elements at all stages of construction and operation.

1.7. Elements of prefabricated structures must meet the conditions of their industrial production at specialized enterprises.

It is advisable to enlarge the elements of prefabricated structures, as far as the carrying capacity of the assembly mechanisms, as well as the conditions of manufacture and transportation, allow.

1.8. For monolithic reinforced concrete structures, unified formwork and overall dimensions should be provided, allowing the use of standard reinforcement products and inventory formwork.

1.9. In prefabricated structures of retaining walls and basements, the structures of units and the connection of elements must ensure reliable transfer of forces, the strength of the elements themselves in the joint zone, as well as the connection of additionally laid concrete at the joint with the concrete of the structure.

1.10. The design of retaining walls and basements in the presence of an aggressive environment should be carried out taking into account the additional requirements of SNiP 3.04.03-85 “Protection of building structures and structures from corrosion”.

1.11. The design of measures to protect reinforced concrete structures from electrocorrosion should be carried out taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents.

1.12. When designing retaining walls and basements, as a rule, unified standard structures should be used.

The design of individual structures of retaining walls and basements is allowed in cases where the values of the parameters and loads for their design do not correspond to the values adopted for standard structures, or when the use of standard structures is impossible, based on local conditions implementation of construction.

1.13. This Guide deals with retaining walls and basement walls covered with homogeneous soil.

2. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

2.1. Depending on the adopted constructive solution, retaining walls can be built of reinforced concrete, concrete, rubble concrete and masonry.

2.2. The choice of a structural material is determined by technical and economic considerations, durability requirements, work conditions, the availability of local building materials and mechanization equipment.

2.3. For concrete and reinforced concrete structures, it is recommended to use concrete with a compressive strength of at least class B 15.

2.4. For structures subjected to alternate freezing and thawing, the project must specify the grade of concrete for frost resistance and water resistance. The design grade of concrete is set depending on the temperature regime that occurs during the operation of the structure and the values of the estimated winter temperatures of the outside air in the construction area and is adopted in accordance with table. 1.

Table 1

	Estimated	Concrete grade, not lower
constructions	temperature	frost resistance	on water resistance
freezing when	air, ?? C	Building class
alternating freezing and thawing
In water-saturated
condition (for example, structures located in the seasonally thawing layer						Not standardized
soil in permafrost regions)	Below -5 to -20 inclusive				Not standardized
				Not standardized
In conditions of intermittent water saturation (for example, aboveground structures constantly exposed to						Not standardized
weathering)	Below -20 to -40 inclusive				W2 Not standardized
	Below -5 to -20			Not standardized
	inclusive
In conditions of an air-humidity state in the absence of episodic water saturation, for example,						Not standardized
structures permanently (exposed to ambient air, but protected from atmospheric precipitation)	Below -20 to -40 inclusive			Not standardized
	Below -5 to -20 inclusive

* For heavy and fine-grained concrete, frost resistance grades are not standardized;

** For heavy, fine-grained and light concrete, frost resistance grades are not standardized.

Note. The estimated winter temperature of the outside air is taken as the average air temperature of the coldest five-day period in the construction area.

2.5. Prestressed reinforced concrete structures should be designed primarily from class B 20 concrete; At 25; B 30 and B 35. For concrete preparation, concrete of class B 3.5 and B5 should be used.

2.6. Strength and frost resistance requirements for rubble concrete are the same as for concrete and reinforced concrete structures.

2.7. For the reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures made without prestressing, hot-rolled bar reinforcing steel with a periodic profile should be used class A-I II and A-II. For assembly (distribution) fittings, it is allowed to use class A-I hot-rolled fittings or ordinary class B-I smooth reinforcing wire.

At a design winter temperature below minus 30 ° C, reinforcing steel of class A-II, grade ВСт5ДС2, is not allowed for use.

2.8. As prestressing reinforcement of prestressed reinforced concrete elements, thermally hardened reinforcement of the Аt-VI and Аt-V classes should be mainly used.

It is also allowed to use hot-rolled rebar. class A-V, A-VI and thermally hardened fittings of class AT-IV.

At a design winter temperature below minus 30 ° C, reinforcing steel class A-I V grade 80C does not apply.

2.9. Anchor rods and embedded elements should be taken from rolled strip steel of class C-38/23 (GOST 380-88) grade ВСт3кп2 at a design winter temperature up to minus 30 ° С inclusively and grade ВСт3psb at design temperatures from minus 30 ° С to minus 40 ° WITH. For anchor rods, it is also recommended to use steel S-52/40 grade 10G2S1 at the design winter temperature, up to minus 40 ° C inclusive. The thickness of the strip steel must be at least 6 mm.

It is also possible to use A-III class reinforcing steel for anchor rods.

2.10. In prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete structural elements, mounting (lifting) loops should be made of class A-I reinforcing steel of grade VSt3sp2 and VSt3ps2 or of grade Ac-II steel of grade 10GT.

At a design winter temperature below minus 40 ° C, the use of steel VSt3ps2 for hinges is not allowed.

3. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

3.1. By design, retaining walls are subdivided into massive and thin-walled.

In massive retaining walls, their resistance to shear and overturning under the influence of horizontal soil pressure is provided mainly by the wall's own weight.

In thin-walled retaining walls, their stability is ensured by the wall's own weight and the weight of the soil involved in the work of the wall structure.

As a rule, massive retaining walls are more material-intensive and more labor-intensive during construction than thin-walled ones, and can be used with an appropriate feasibility study (for example, when they were built from local materials, the absence of precast concrete, etc.).

3.2. Massive retaining walls differ from each other in the shape of the transverse profile and material (concrete, rubble concrete, etc.) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Massive retaining walls

a - c - monolithic; d - f - block

Rice. 2. Thin-walled retaining walls

a - corner console; b - corner anchor;

c - buttress

Rice. 3. Coupling of prefabricated face and foundation slabs

a - using a slotted groove; b - using a looped joint;

1 - front plate; 2 - foundation slab; 3 - cement-sand mortars; 4 - embedment concrete

Rice. 4. Retaining wall construction using universal wall panel

1 - universal wall panel (UPS); 2 - monolithic part of the sole

3.3. In industrial and civil engineering, as a rule, thin-walled retaining walls of the corner type, shown in Fig. 2.

Note. Other types of retaining walls (cellular, sheet piling, shell, etc.) are not considered in this Manual.

3.4. According to the manufacturing method, thin-walled retaining walls can be monolithic, prefabricated and prefabricated monolithic.

3.5. Thin-walled corner-type cantilever walls consist of front and foundation slabs, rigidly connected to each other.

"Design of retaining walls and basement walls".

Developed for SNiP 2.09.03-85 "Construction of industrial enterprises". Contains the basic provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete. Examples of calculation are given.
For engineering and technical workers of design and construction organizations.

FOREWORD

The manual is compiled to SNiP 2.09.03-85 "Structures of industrial enterprises" and contains the basic provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic, precast concrete and reinforced concrete with examples of calculation and the necessary tabular values of coefficients that facilitate the calculation.

In the process of preparing the Manual, certain design prerequisites for SNiP 2.09.03-85 were clarified, including taking into account the adhesion forces of the soil, determining the inclination of the sliding plane of the collapse prism, which are supposed to be reflected in addition to the specified SNiP.

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.1. This Manual is compiled to SNiP 2.09.03-85 "Structures of industrial enterprises" and applies to the design of:
retaining walls erected on a natural foundation and located on the territories of industrial enterprises, cities, towns, access and intra-site railways and highways;
basements for industrial purposes, both free-standing and built-in.

1.3. The design of retaining walls and basement walls should be based on:
master plan drawings (horizontal and vertical planning);
geotechnical survey report;
a technological task containing data on loads and, if necessary, special requirements for the designed structure, for example, requirements for limiting deformations, etc.

1.5. Retaining walls erected in settlements should be designed taking into account the architectural features of these points.

1.7. Elements of prefabricated structures must meet the conditions of their industrial production at specialized enterprises.
It is advisable to enlarge the elements of prefabricated structures, as far as the carrying capacity of the assembly mechanisms, as well as the conditions of manufacture and transportation, allow.

1.8. For monolithic reinforced concrete structures, unified formwork and overall dimensions should be provided, allowing the use of standard reinforcement products and inventory formwork.

1.10. The design of the structures of retaining walls and basements in the presence of an aggressive environment should be carried out taking into account the additional requirements of SNiP 3.04.03-85 "Protection of building structures and structures from corrosion".

1.11. The design of measures to protect reinforced concrete structures from electrocorrosion should be carried out taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents.

1.12. When designing retaining walls and basements, as a rule, unified standard structures should be used.
The design of individual structures of retaining walls and basements is allowed in cases where the values of the parameters and loads for their design do not correspond to the values adopted for standard structures, or when the use of standard structures is impossible, based on the local conditions of construction.

1.13. This Guide deals with retaining walls and basement walls covered with homogeneous soil.

2. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

2.1. Depending on the adopted constructive solution, retaining walls can be built of reinforced concrete, concrete, rubble concrete and masonry.

2.3. For concrete and reinforced concrete structures, it is recommended to use concrete with a compressive strength of at least class B 15.

Compiled to the chapters of SNiP 11-15-74 and 11-91-77 and contain the basic provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls made of monolithic and precast reinforced concrete using the calculation and the necessary tabular values of the coefficients that facilitate the calculation, as well as recommendations for calculating the walls of industrial basements and civil buildings.

For engineering and technical workers of design and construction organizations.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The guidelines apply to the design of gravity retaining walls for industrial and civil construction erected on natural foundations, as well as the design of basement walls in industrial and civil buildings.

1.2. The guidance does not apply to the design of retaining walls of main roads, hydraulic structures, retaining walls for special purposes (anti-landslide, anti-landslide, etc.), as well as the design of retaining walls intended for construction in special conditions (permafrost swelling, subsiding soils, in undermined areas and etc.).

1.3. The design of retaining walls and basement walls should be based on:

master plan drawings (horizontal and vertical layout);

geotechnical survey report;

a technological task containing data on loads, if necessary, special requirements for the designed structure, for example, requirements for limiting deformations, etc.

1.4. The design of retaining walls and basement walls should be established according to the comparison of options, based on the technical and economic feasibility of their use in specific construction conditions, taking into account the maximum reduction in material consumption, labor intensity and construction costs, as well as taking into account the operating conditions of the structures.

1.5. Retaining walls erected in settlements should be designed taking into account the architectural features of these points.

1.6. When designing retaining walls and basement walls, structural schemes should be adopted that ensure the necessary strength, stability and spatial invariability of the structure as a whole, as well as its individual elements at all stages of construction and operation.

1.7. Elements of prefabricated structures must meet the conditions of their industrial production at specialized enterprises.

It is advisable to enlarge the elements of prefabricated structures, as far as the carrying capacity of the assembly mechanisms, as well as the conditions of manufacture and transportation, allow.

1.8. For monolithic reinforced concrete structures, unified formwork and overall dimensions should be provided, allowing the use of standard reinforcement products and inventory formwork.

1.9. In controversial structures of retaining walls and basement walls, the structures of the catch and connections of elements must ensure reliable transfer of forces, the strength of the elements themselves in the joint zone, as well as the connection of additionally laid concrete at the joint with the concrete of the structure.

1.10. The design of the structures of retaining walls and basement walls in the presence of an aggressive environment should be carried out taking into account the additional requirements imposed by the chapter of SNiP II1-23-78.

1.11. The design of measures to protect reinforced concrete structures from electrocorrosion should be carried out taking into account the requirements of SN 65-76 "Instructions for the protection of reinforced concrete structures from corrosion caused by stray currents."

1.12. When designing retaining walls and basement walls, as a rule, unified standard structures should be used.

The design of individual structures of retaining walls and basement walls is allowed in cases where the parameters and loading for their design exceed the parameters and loads for standard structures, or when the use of standard structures is impossible based on the local conditions of construction.

1.13. The Guide deals with retaining walls and basement walls when backfilled with homogeneous soil.

2. MATERIALS FOR RETAINING WALLS

2.1. Depending on the adopted design solution, retaining walls can be built of reinforced concrete, concrete, rubble concrete and masonry.

2.2. The choice of material for retaining walls is determined by technical and economic considerations, durability requirements, working conditions, the availability of local building materials and mechanization equipment.

2.3. Reinforced concrete and concrete retaining walls are recommended to be designed from concrete of the design grade for compressive strength:

for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures - M 200, M 300, M 400;

for monolithic reinforced concrete and concrete structures - M 150, M 200,

Prestressed reinforced concrete structures should be predominantly designed from concrete of the MZOO, M 400. M 500, M 600 brands. For concrete preparation, concrete of the M 50 and M 100 brands should be used.

2.4. For brick retaining walls, a well-fired red brick of a grade of at least M 200 should be used for a mortar mark of at least M 25, and for very wet soils - at least M 50. The use of silicate bricks is not allowed.

2.5. Rubble and rubble concrete masonry for retaining walls should be made of stone of grade not lower than 150-200 on Portland cement mortar grade not lower than 50.

2.6. For structures exposed to alternate freezing and thawing, the project must specify the concrete grade for frost resistance. The design grade of concrete for frost resistance for reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is assigned depending on the temperature regime of their operation in accordance with table. 1. The operating temperature is set based on the value of the estimated winter temperature of the outside air in the construction area.

Frost resistance requirements for rubble concrete and masonry are the same as for concrete and reinforced concrete structures.

2.7. For the reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures made without prestressing, hot-rolled reinforcing steel of the periodic profile of classes A-III and A-P in accordance with GOST 5781-75 should be used. For assembly (distribution) fittings, it is allowed to use hot-rolled fittings of class A-I in accordance with GOST 5781-75 or ordinary smooth reinforcing wire of class B-I in accordance with GOST 6727-53 *.

At a design winter temperature below minus 30 ° С Reinforcing steel class A-P VSt5ps2 grade is not allowed for use.

2.8. As prestressing reinforcement of prestressed reinforced concrete elements, predominantly heat-strengthened reinforcement of At-VI and At-V classes should be used; GOST 10884-78.

It is also allowed to use hot-rolled reinforcement of classes AV, A-IV in accordance with GOST 5781-75 and thermally hardened reinforcement of class At-IV in accordance with GOST 10884-81) At a design winter temperature below minus 30 ° C, reinforcing steel of class A-IV of grade 80C is not used allowed.

2.9. Anchor rods and embedded elements should be taken from rolled strip steel of class C 38/23 (GOST 380-71 *) grade ВСтЗкп2 at design winter temperatures up to minus 30 ° С inclusively and grade ВСтЗспб at design temperature from minus 30 ° С to minus 40 ° WITH. For anchor rods, steel 1 ^ C 52/40 grade 10G2S1 is also recommended at a design winter temperature up to minus HOX inclusive. The thickness of the strip steel should be taken at least 6 mm. It is also possible to use A-III class reinforcing steel for anchor rods.

2.10. In prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete elements, the mounting (lifting) loops must be made of class A-I reinforcing steel (grades VStZsp2 and VStZps2) or from steel of class A-P 1 (grade YUGT). At a design winter temperature below -40 ° C, the use of steel VStZps2 for hinges is not allowed.

3. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

3.1. Retaining walls are subdivided into massive and thin-walled according to their constructive solution.

In massive retaining walls, their shear stability under the influence of horizontal soil pressure is provided mainly by the wall's own weight.

In thin-walled retaining walls, their stability is ensured by the wall's own weight and the weight of the soil involved in the work of the wall structure.

As a rule, massive retaining walls are more material-intensive and more labor-intensive in construction than thin-walled ones, and can be used with an appropriate feasibility study (for example, when erecting them from local materials, the absence of precast concrete, etc.).

3.2. Massive walls can be built from monolithic concrete, precast concrete blocks, rubble concrete and masonry. In cross-sectional shape, massive walls can be:

with two vertical edges (Fig. 1, a);

vertical front and oblique back face (Fig. 1.6),

with an inclined front and vertical back face (Fig. 1, c),

with two edges inclined towards the backfill (Fig. 1, d),

with a stepped back edge,

with a broken back edge.

3.3. Walls with inclined edges (variable cross-section, thinning upward) are less material intensive than walls with two parallel edges.

In the presence of a back face inclined to the side of the backfill, the mass of the soil located above this face is included in the work of the retaining wall. In walls with two sides inclined towards the backfill, the intensity of the horizontal soil pressure decreases, but the construction of walls of such a section is more difficult. Walls with a stepped rear edge are mainly used in the construction of massive walls from precast concrete blocks.

3.4. In industrial and civil construction, as a rule, thin-walled retaining walls of the corner type are used:

console (Fig. 2, a),

with anchor rods (Fig. 2, b),

buttress (Fig. 2, b).

Note. Other types of retaining walls (cellular, sheet piling, shell, etc.) are not considered in this Guide.

3.5. According to the manufacturing method, thin-walled retaining walls can be monolithic, prefabricated and prefabricated monolithic.

3.6. Thin-walled corner-type cantilever walls consist of front and foundation slabs, rigidly connected to each other. In precast walls, face and foundation slabs are made from pre-fabricated elements. In precast-monolithic - the front slab is prefabricated, and the foundation is monolithic.

In monolithic retaining walls, the rigidity of the nodal conjugation of the front and foundation slabs is ensured by the appropriate arrangement of the reinforcement.

In prefabricated and precast-monolithic retaining walls, the rigidity of the interface is provided by the device of a slotted groove (Fig. 3, a) or a loop (Fig. 3, b) joint.

3.7. In prefabricated monolithic thin-walled retaining walls, the front slab is prefabricated, and the foundation slab (which does not require scaffolds and complex formwork) is monolithic.

Precast monolithic retaining walls are made when the dimensions of the precast foundation slab are insufficient, and an additional monolithic anchor plate is attached to it (Fig. 4).

3.8. Thin-walled retaining walls with anchor rods consist of face and foundation slabs connected by flexible steel sulfur rods (ties), which create additional supports in the slabs to facilitate their work. The interface of the front and foundation slabs can be hinged or rigid.

3.9. Thin-walled buttress retaining walls consist of three elements: a face plate, a rigid buttress and a foundation slab. In this case, the load from the front plate is partially or completely transferred to the buttress.

...

CENTRAL RESEARCH

AND DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES (TSNIIpromzdanija) GOSSTROY USSR

REFERENCE GUIDE

to SNiP 2.09.03-85

Retaining wall design

and basement walls

Developed for SNiP 2.09.03-85 “Construction of industrial enterprises”. Contains the basic provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete. Examples of calculation are given.

For engineering and technical workers of design and construction organizations.

FOREWORD

The manual is compiled to SNiP 2.09.03-85 “Buildings of industrial enterprises” and contains the basic provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic, precast concrete and reinforced concrete with examples of calculation and the necessary tabular values of coefficients that facilitate the calculation.

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.1. This Manual is drawn up to SNiP 2.09.03-85 "Structures of industrial enterprises" and applies to the design of:

retaining walls erected on a natural foundation and located on the territories of industrial enterprises, cities, towns, access and intra-site railways and highways;

basements for industrial purposes, both free-standing and built-in.

1.3. The design of retaining walls and basement walls should be based on:

master plan drawings (horizontal and vertical planning);