Technology as the basis for space-planning solutions for industrial buildings. Space-planning solutions of industrial buildings Space-planning parameters of one-story industrial buildings

In domestic and foreign construction practice, single-storey industrial buildings are prevalent. They represent a historically developed type of building, significantly different from the most common types of residential and public buildings. This type of buildings was determined by the specific conditions for the development of industrial technology. In the early periods of industrial development, buildings of small width (15 - 25 m) were used with side lighting, an attic, a gable roof and external gutters. However, the need for large areas of industrial premises led to an increase in the length and complication of the operation of buildings.

More compact development and an increase in the width of the building up to 40 m ensured the use of basilica-type buildings with illumination of the middle part through the windows located in the difference in the heights of the spans. The unlimited increase in the width of the building and the transition to solid buildings became possible only with the use of skylights or artificial lighting and the removal of atmospheric water using internal drains. At the same time, the buildings acquired multi-slope and flat roofing systems without an attic or with a technical floor within the load-bearing structures.

Specific features of one-story industrial buildings are: placement of equipment for a specific technological process only in one, horizontal plane, which provides the most convenient connections between workshops and allows you to use the most economical horizontal transport (floor, overhead, crane); an independent solution of building structures from technological equipment, the loads from which are transmitted directly to the ground, which allows the use of enlarged grids of columns and it is easy to move and modernize the equipment; the ability to implement natural lighting of the required intensity and uniformity throughout the production area.

The disadvantages of one-storey buildings include: a significant building area, which limits the use of this type of building in a crowded urban area and complex terrain; an increase in the area of ​​external fences, especially roofs, and an increase in operating costs in connection with this; the difficulties of the architectural and compositional solution of the building due to its low height and long length.

Volumetric planning solutions for one-story industrial buildings and their main parameters

One-story industrial buildings, according to the nature of the development of the territory of an industrial enterprise, are subdivided into buildings of continuous and pavilion development.

Solid buildings are large multi-span buildings. Such buildings are either lampless, designed for artificial lighting and ventilation, or with various skylight systems. In solid buildings, natural ventilation, as a rule, does not provide the required microclimate in industrial premises. This problem can be solved only by means of artificial mechanical ventilation. Solid buildings have multi-pitched or flat roofs with internal drainage.

Pavilion buildings have a relatively small number of spans, providing side lighting and natural ventilation with air intake through openings in the walls and exhaust through aeration lights or shafts in the roof. The roof in buildings of pavilion buildings is sometimes arranged with an external drainage system. The advantages of the pavilion buildings include a lower fire hazard of the enterprise as a whole, better sanitary and hygienic conditions (due to the possibility of natural through ventilation), as well as the possibility of greater isolation of workshops with industrial hazards, fire and explosion hazardous workshops.

Pavilion buildings can be combined with each other in the form of comb, U- and W-shaped buildings.

Depending on the location of the internal supports, one-story industrial buildings are divided into span, cell and hall types.

In the practice of industrial construction, the span type of building is very common. The volumetric planning solution for buildings of this type is determined by the mutual arrangement of the spans. In buildings with continuous construction, the recommended arrangement of spans is parallel. With such an arrangement of spans, it is important to observe the grouping of one-dimensional spans and the distribution of groups of spans in the order of their sequential increase. The random alternation of spans of various dimensions complicates the design and operating conditions of the roof of the building, where elevation differences and snow "bags" are formed.

Sometimes transverse spans adjoin a series of parallel spans on one or both sides. Such schemes complicate the constructive solution of the building, but they are necessary for some workshops according to production requirements.

The dimensions of the span are assigned in accordance with the technological process and transport equipment designed in it. For buildings without bridge cranes, spans 6 are used; 9; 12; eighteen; 24; 30 and 36 m, and for buildings equipped with cranes - 18; 24; 30 and 36 m.The column spacing along the extreme rows is usually taken equal to 6 m (except for the use of external wall panels 12 m long), along the middle rows - 6 or 12 m.Increased (more than 12 m) column spacing of the main frame is used for large dimensions of technological equipment, when using some systems of spatial overlapping structures, under unfavorable soil conditions that make it difficult to construct foundations, to increase the flexibility of the building.

The height of one-story frame buildings from the level of the finished floor to the bottom of the overlapping structures on the support is assigned in multiples to the enlarged modules: 6 M (600 mm) - at heights up to 7.2 m; 12 M - (1200 mm) - at heights over 7.2 m.

The presence of differences in the height of the spans requires the use of paired columns, strapping beams to support hanging walls, the installation of additional gutters or cornices. When leveling the heights of the spans, the one-time cost of the building increases due to the increase in the height of the end walls and the length of the columns, as well as the operating costs for heating and ventilation. Therefore, the advisability of leveling the heights of the spans should be confirmed by technical and economic calculations.

Cell-type buildings are characterized by a square or close to this grid of columns and, as a rule, the same height to the bottom of the overlapping structures with the possibility of hanging to them lifting and transport equipment moving in two mutually perpendicular directions. Column grids and the height of cell-type buildings are taken by analogy with the unified parameters of span-type buildings; the most commonly used column grids are 18 × 18 m and 24? 24 m.

Hall-type buildings are characterized by large spans (36 - 100 m, and sometimes more), which necessitate the use of special structures. This type of building is used in cases where a large production area is required without internal supports (for example, for hangars, slipways, etc.). The volumetric-planning and constructive solution of a one-story hall-type building is not widespread, and therefore is not strictly regulated.

The formation of new types of one-story industrial buildings goes in two ways. The main direction is characterized by the improvement of natural and mixed lighting systems, the other direction is the development of lampless hermetic buildings without natural light.

The most progressive natural lighting systems are new types of skylights filled with double-glazed windows, organic glass, and fiberglass. For the southern regions, various forms of shed coverings are rational. It is advisable to design buildings intended for the location of production facilities, which determine the automatic regulation of temperature and humidity of the air or a special regime for the purity of the air in the room, without lanterns, and in some cases without windows.

→ Architecture of industrial buildings

Space-planning solutions for auxiliary buildings and premises

Below are the planning and regulatory data for the premises of auxiliary buildings.

Dressing rooms are designed for storing outdoor, home and special clothing. In the production processes of groups I and II, dressing rooms should be common to all types of clothing. Dressing rooms intended only for street wear, as well as dressing rooms for street and home wear, may be common for all production groups. For the storage of various types of clothing, closets should be provided that are locked or open with equipped compartments. According to SNiP II-92-76, the compartments of the cabinets (in the axes) should be 50 cm deep, 165 cm high, 25 ... 40 cm wide.

Rice. 1. Solutions for the layout and equipment of dressing rooms:
a - general view; b - types and sizes of cabinets, hangers and aisles between them

In dressing rooms (except for premises with production processes of group 1a), benches with a width of 25 cm should be provided, located near the cabinets along the entire length of their rows.

The design standards for dressing rooms are set out in SNiP II-92-76.

Showers should be placed adjacent to walk-in closets. At showers, pre-showers are provided, intended for drying the body and changing clothes, equipped with towel racks and benches. Showers are equipped with open cabins, fenced off on three sides, and in the production processes of groups III and IV6 - with open cabins, fenced on both sides, with walk-throughs. Shower cabins can be closed. Shower cabins are separated from each other by partitions made of moisture-resistant materials 1.8 m high from the floor, not reaching 0.2 m to the floor. It is not allowed to place showers and pre-showers near external walls.

The dimensions (in plan) of open shower cabins should be 0.9 x 0.9 m, and closed ones - 1.8 × 0.9 m, while the dimensions of the changing areas should be taken as 0.6 × 0.9 m. equipped, as a rule, with individual mixers of cold and hot water with control valves located at the entrance to the cab. The floors of shower rooms should have trays for draining water from showers. The width of the tray is taken at least 200 mm, the depth of the tray at the beginning of the slope is at least 20 mm, the slope of the tray is at least 1%. The number of shower nets is determined by the estimated number of people per shower mesh working in the most numerous shift.

Washbasins are usually located adjacent to the dressing rooms of special clothing or general dressing rooms.

Rice. 2. An example of a solution for the planning and equipment of a shower room:
a - hall system; 6 - sectional cabins; c - a fragment of the room; d - dimensions of cabins and passages between them

Depending on the nature of production, up to 40% of the estimated number of washbasins may be placed in production facilities near workplaces. Washbasins can be single or group. The distance between the axes of the washbasin taps in some cases is taken at least 0.65 m. The width of the aisles between the rows of washbasins should be equal to 2 m with the number of washbasins in a row of 5 or more; 1.8 m - with a quantity of less than 5. The number of taps in washbasins should be taken according to the number of workers in the most numerous shift according to SNiP II-92-76.

Walk-in closets, showers and washbasins can be combined into wardrobe units. Based on the conditions for the versatility of the wardrobe block solution for various groups production processes and ease of movement in the block, the best options are the hall scheme.

Toilets in multi-storey industrial buildings should be on every floor. It is allowed to place them across one floor only if the number of employees on two adjacent floors does not exceed 30 people, and they should be located on a floor with a large number of employees. The distance from workplaces to latrines in buildings should not exceed 75 m, and to latrines on the territory of enterprises - 150 m. Entrances to latrines should be arranged through vestibules (locks) with self-closing doors.

Toilets are usually equipped with floor bowls or toilets without seats; in men's restrooms, urinals are also provided. The number of sanitary appliances in women's and men's latrines should be taken depending on the number of people using the latrine in the most numerous shift, at the rate of 15 people per one sanitary device. Floor bowls and toilets are placed in separate booths with outward opening doors. The cabins are separated by 1.8 m high partitions that do not reach the floor by 0.2 m.The dimensions (in plan) of the cab or the toilet for one floor bowl or toilet are 1.2 × 0.9 m.In case of installation in the cabins of heating devices or other equipment, the size of the cabin should be increased accordingly.

Rice. 3. Examples of planning solutions for washrooms and their equipment:
a - with straight-sided sinks with dimensions 6 × 6 and 6 × 3 m: b - the same, with group round; c - overall dimensions of washbasins and aisles between them

Rice. 4. Variant of the layout of the wardrobe block of the hall system,
a - 24 m wide; b - the same, 36 m

Urinals are used individually, wall-mounted or floor-standing. Urinal trays should be lined with glazed tiles and equipped with continuous flushing devices. The width of the trays must be at least 300 mm, the slope to the ladders must be at least 1%. The depth of the tray at the beginning of the slope is taken equal to 50 mm. The distance between the axes of wall-mounted urinals should be taken as 0.7 m.

Premises for women's personal hygiene. With the number of women working in the most numerous shift, from 15 to 100, a room for a hygienic shower with a size of 2.4x1.2 m should be provided, located in the women's restroom, with an entrance to it from the vestibule of the restroom. If there are more than 100 women, this room should be located adjacent to the women's restrooms. The number of treatment rooms is one for 100 women. The dimensions of the cabins are 1.8 × 1.2 m.

In places for undressing, benches are provided, above which there should be two hooks. The number of places for undressing is determined at the rate of three places per one cabin, and the area - at the rate of 0.7 m2 per one place.

In order to improve the organization of the internal space of administrative and utility rooms, to achieve the best working and rest conditions, as well as the appropriate level of the interior, it is recommended: to use a flexible layout of standard floors with the division of working rooms by collapsible partitions; separate premises, similar in their functional purpose, to combine into large premises of the so-called hall type; strive for the interconnection of the interiors of individual rooms and the internal space of the premises with the outside.

Smoking rooms should be provided in cases where, according to the conditions of production or fire safety, smoking in production facilities or on the territory of enterprises is not allowed, as well as when the volume of production facilities per worker is less than 50 m3. They should be located adjacent to latrines or recreational areas. The distance from workplaces to smoking rooms in the building should not exceed 75 m, and to smoking rooms on the territory of enterprises - 150 m. The area of ​​smoking rooms is determined based on one worker per shift - 0.03 m2 for men and 0.01 m2 for women, but overall at least 9 m2.

Rice. 4. Planning solutions for restrooms:
a, b - options; в - standard dimensions of cabins and aisles

The area of ​​the recreation premises is taken at the rate of 0.2 m2 per worker in the most numerous shift, but not less than 18 m.The distance from workplaces to recreation premises is taken to be no more than 75 m.

When developing planning elements for office premises and design bureaus, one of the main requirements is the best arrangement of workplaces and their natural lighting (Fig. 5, a, b). The composition and areas of these premises should be established in the design assignments; they should be taken according to SNiP II-2-76. In fig. 6 shows an example of a planning solution for household and office premises.

Rice. 5. Examples of planning solutions for administrative, utility and design premises at a depth of 12 and 18 m

Rice. 6. An example of the layout of utility rooms:
a, b - first and second floors; 1 - lobby; 2- buffet; 3- baby feeding rooms; 4 - pantry; 5 - waiting room; 6 - automatic telephone exchange; 7 - workshop; 8 - boiler room; 9 - room of the Komsomol committee; 10 - party committee; 11-weaving factory; 12 - rest rooms; 13 - duty officer and 14 - head of the personnel department; 15 - service grade; 16 - checkpoint; 17-ventilation chamber; 18 - rooms for dedusting clothes; 19 - dirty and 20 - clean linen; 21 - photoarius; 22 - change point; 23.24 - women's wardrobe of work and home clothes; 25-room for the personnel on duty; 26 - hair drying room; c - a variant of the layout with a grid of columns 6 × 9 m with a width of 36 m; 1 - a place for drying hair and ironing clothes; 2 - men's wardrobe for home and work clothes for 1540 wardrobes; 3.4 - foot baths and electric towels; 5 - 55 ventilated cabinets

Rice. 7. Examples of dining room layouts:
a, b - plan of the second and first floors of the dining room for 250 seats; 1- the chef's room; 2- precooking room: 3 - kitchen; 4 - sinks; 5 - dining room; 6 - offices and staff rooms; 7 - pantry; 8 - ventilation chamber; 9 - cooling chamber; 10 - doctor's office; 11 - dietary; 12 - lobby

Rice. 8. Layout of the first floor of the household premises of the blacksmith shop of a car factory:
1 - blacksmith shop; 2 - ventilation chamber; design premises

Public catering premises. At enterprises with the number of workers in the most numerous shift of 200 people or more, canteens should be provided, as a rule, preparatory ones. If the number of people working in a shift is less than 200 people, they provide canteens (buffets) with hot meals delivered from canteens. The distance from workplaces to canteens should not exceed 300 m.

The number of dining places in canteens should be taken at the rate of one place for four people working in the most numerous shift. The area of ​​the premises for eating should be determined at the rate of 1 m2 for each visitor, but not less than 12 m2. Utility rooms are equipped with boilers, sinks and electric stoves.

Rice. 9. A variant of the solution of a four-story administrative building of an automobile plant:
a, b, c and d - floor plans

In canteens and canteens, washbasins with hot and cold water supply are provided, as well as toilets (with washbasins in sluices) at the rate of one floor bowl or one toilet bowl for 100 seats in the dining room.

Let us consider specific examples of planning solutions for household premises when placing them in annexes and detached auxiliary buildings. In fig. 8 shows a variant of the solution of the household premises of the forging shop of the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, developed by Promstroyproekt with a grid of columns 6 × 9 m with a building width of 18 m.

The breading of the administrative building of the Moscow Small Car Plant with dimensions in the plan of 42 x 42 m with a grid of 6 × 6 m columns is shown in Fig. 9.

The larger dimensions of the body, accepted in practice, increase the planning flexibility of the solution.

In the development of architectural and planning and compositional solutions for auxiliary buildings and premises, it is important to fulfill the evacuation requirements: determining the number and location of entrances, staircases, lobbies and all communication rooms. There must be at least two evacuation exits from auxiliary buildings and premises, regardless of their location. If, in the adopted planning and volumetric solutions, the staircase faces the rear facade, then it must have its own exit. In this case, the total number of exits must necessarily exceed the number of staircases.

Rice. 10. Options for the location of staircases, depending on the planning solution of buildings:
1 - lobby; 2 - wardrobe blocks; 3 - premises for various purposes

The buildings under construction must fully meet their purpose and meet the following requirements:

1.functional feasibility, i.e. the building must be convenient for work, recreation or other process for which it is intended;

2. technical feasibility, i.e. the building must reliably protect people from harmful atmospheric influences; to be durable, i.e. withstand external influences and sustainable, i.e. do not lose their performance over time;

3. architectural and artistic expressiveness, i.e. the building should be attractive in terms of external (exterior) and internal (interior) appearance;

4. economic feasibility (provides for a decrease in labor costs, materials and a reduction in construction time).

4 Space-planning parameters of the building

The volumetric planning parameters include: step, span, floor height.

Step (b)- the distance between the transverse coordination axes.

Span (l)- the distance between the longitudinal coordination axes.

Floor height (H this ) - the vertical distance from the floor level below the located floor to the floor level above the located floor ( N this= 2.8; 3.0; 3.3m)

5 Types of dimensions of structural elements

Modular Dimensional Coordination in Construction (MCRS) is a single right to link and coordinate the dimensions of all parts and elements of a building. The MKRS is based on the principle of multiplicity of all dimensions to the module M = 100mm.

When choosing dimensions for the length or width of prefabricated structures, they use enlarged modules (6000, 3000, 1500, 1200 mm) and, accordingly, denote them 60M, 30M, 15M, 12M.

When assigning the dimensions of the section of prefabricated structures, fractional modules (50, 20, 10, 5 mm) are used and, accordingly, we denote by them 1 / 2M, 1 / 5M, 1 / 10M, 1 / 20M.

MKRS is based on 3 types of structural dimensions:

1.Coordination- the size between the coordination axes of the structure, taking into account parts of the seams and gaps. This size is a multiple of the modulus.

2.Constructive- the size between the actual edges of the structure, excluding parts of the seams and gaps.

3.Natural- the actual size, obtained in the process of manufacturing the structure, differs from the constructive one by the amount of tolerance established by GOST.

6 The concept of unification, typification, standardization

In the mass production of prefabricated structures, their uniformity is important, which is achieved due to unification, typification and standardization.

Unification- the limiting limitation of the types of sizes of prefabricated structures and parts (the technology of prefabrication is simplified and the production of installation work is accelerated).

Typing- selection from a number of unified most economical structures and parts suitable for repeated use.

Standardization- the final stage of unification and typification, standard designs that have been tested in operation and are widely used in construction are approved as samples.

Industrial enterprises are classified by industry. Manufacturing industry - component branches of the national economy, which include industry, Agriculture, transport, construction, etc.

The classification of branches of production in industry is established according to various criteria, for example, according to the homogeneity of the economic purpose of products (industrial or consumer), the type of processed raw materials, the nature of the technological process, etc. mechanical engineering, metalworking, etc.).

Large industries, in turn, are divided into smaller ones according to the purpose of products or the origin of raw materials, according to the homogeneity of technological processes, etc. There are more than 160 such smaller industries. For example, in mechanical engineering, as in large industry industry, includes the automotive industry, tractor construction, machine tool construction, etc.

Based on the industrial classification of production, it was built and classification of industrial buildings... Regardless of the industry sector, they are divided into four main groups: production, energy, transport and storage buildings and auxiliary buildings or premises.

TO production include buildings in which workshops are located that produce finished products or semi-finished products. According to their purpose, industrial buildings are divided into many types according to the branches of production. These can be metalworking, mechanical assembly, thermal, forging and stamping, open-hearth workshops, workshops for the production of reinforced concrete structures, weaving workshops, food processing workshops, workshops for auxiliary production, for example, tool, repair, etc.

TO energy include buildings of CHPs (combined heat and power plants), supplying industrial enterprises to substations, compressor stations supplying electricity and heat, boiler houses, electrical and transformer substations, etc.

Building transport and storage facilities include garages, parking lots for industrial vehicles, warehouses finished products, semi-finished products and raw materials, fire stations, etc.

TO subsidiary include buildings for the placement of administrative offices, premises of public organizations, household premises and devices (showers, dressing rooms, etc.), food points and medical centers. Auxiliary premises, depending on the type of production, can be located directly in production buildings.

The dimensions and arrangement of premises, the geometric shape, number of storeys and the type of buildings directly depend on their functional purpose, the spatial organization of the production processes taking place in them, the location and dimensions of technological equipment, the size of the manufactured products, as well as the mode of operation in the premises. However, this dependence can be more or less severe.

In a number of industries (heavy machine building, etc.), rigid schemes of production flows: heavy equipment, large dimensions of products, horizontal movement of them - predetermine their placement in one-story buildings. Other industries require a vertical solution of technological processes (for example, a mill) and, accordingly, placement in tall buildings. In a number of industries (for example, in the chemical industry), open or located in workshop units, technological equipment directly determines their shape and location.

However, in many types of industries, there is no such strict relationship between technology and the type of buildings. The relatively small weight and dimensions of equipment and products, the possibility of a multivariate organization of production flows allow for a freer choice of the type of buildings and their number of storeys - from single-storey to multi-storey, of various shapes in terms of plan and volumetric solution.

To date, industrial architecture has developed a wide typology of industrial buildings by purpose, space-planning and structural solutions.

On a functional basis, they are divided into production, auxiliary production (energy, storage, repair, transport, etc.), serving production and auxiliary buildings (administrative, sanitary, public catering, etc.), serving workers. According to the space-planning solution they are subdivided:

• on one-story(pavilion, continuous building, spans, cell, hall);
  
• two-story(span, cell, hall, with and without a technical floor);
  
• multi-storey(narrow, up to 60 m wide, span, cell, hall, with technical floors);
  
• multi-storey(mixed number of storeys, cascade type, etc.).
  

New types of industrial buildings include shell buildings, terraced buildings, closed (without skylights) monoblocks.

A special type of industrial buildings includes multifunctional (production + service), universal (with an unchangeable or flexible layout), developing (growing) buildings.

A wide range of space-planning types of buildings allows, when designing, to make the necessary choice of the optimal type based on the characteristics of production and the spatial organization of production flows (horizontal, vertical or mixed), characteristics of machinery and products (dimensions, weight, floor loads) and the required microclimate ( lighting, temperature and humidity conditions, air exchange, etc.).

One-story industrial buildings are used in the fields of heavy engineering, transport, construction, energy, chemical, food, textile and many other industries with horizontal technological processes. Two-story buildings find application for various industries of light industry (clothing, knitwear, haberdashery, etc.), precision engineering, instrument making, Food Industry and etc.

Multi-storey are increasingly used in light industry, instrument making and electronics, precision mechanics, some types of food, chemical and other industries, where a horizontal-vertical scheme of production processes is possible. They can also accommodate auxiliary premises: administrative and amenity, engineering, research, etc.

The buildings intended for the placement of industries in them are called industrial.

Industrial buildings are classified according to their purpose:

• production main, intended for the placement of workshops that manufacture products (mechanical assembly, foundry, blacksmith, etc.);
  
• production auxiliary that serve the main production (repair-mechanical, instrumental, etc.);
  
• energetic(CHP, boiler houses, transformer, etc.);
  
• transport(garages, depots, etc.);
  
• warehouse intended for storage of finished products, raw materials, materials;
  
• auxiliary (administrative), intended for the placement of plant management, laboratories, canteens, clinics, household premises, etc.).
  

The choice of ODA and structural design of the building is influenced by the technological process that will take place in the building.

Technological process is a set of technological, transport and warehouse operations that are repeated many times and cyclically in a certain sequence.

Industrial buildings must meet the following common requirements:

• functional, which ensures the rational placement of technological equipment;
  
• technical, which provide strength, stability, durability;
  
• fire-fighting, which provide a sufficient degree of fire resistance;
  
• architectural and artistic, which contribute to the creation of an expressive appearance of an industrial building;
  
• economic, which include minimum costs labor, money and time;
  
• industrialism;
  

as well as special requirements:

• heat resistance and fire resistance;
  
• acid resistance and chemical resistance;
  
• explosion safety
  

To carry out lifting and transport operations inside the workshop, it is necessary to use various handling equipment.
TO outdoor trackless equipment include forklifts, autocars. TO floor rail equipment include gantry cranes, all types of rail transport. TO continuous equipment include conveyors, elevators.

Floor equipment of industrial buildings: a - forklift; b - autocar; в - belt conveyor; g - gantry crane; d - carriage; e - roller conveyor

Electric hoists are used for mobile lifting and transport equipment for lifting and transporting cargo in a suspended state.

Electric hoist: 1 - cargo winch; 2 - monorail; 3 - suspension; 4 - control panel

Overhead and overhead cranes are mobile supporting lifting and transport equipment.

Hoisting and transport equipment of industrial buildings: a - overhead crane; b - overhead crane; 1 - cargo winch; 2 - monorail; 3 - control panel; 4 - I-beam bearing beam; 5 - movement mechanism; 6 - control cabin; 7 - crane bridge; 8 - trolley with a lifting mechanism; 9 - crane runway

Overhead crane or Cathead with a lifting capacity of up to 5 tons serves the entire span area. The crane consists of an I-beam with an electric hoist, which, with the help of rollers, moves along monorails suspended from the supporting structures of the covering. The crane is controlled from the workshop floor.

Suspended crane: 1 - electric hoist; 2 - I-beam suspended from the covering; 3 - push-button switches; 4 - I-beam driving beam; 5 - braces; 6 - the axis of the suspension beam

Overhead crane with a lifting capacity from 5 tons to 600 tons, it serves the entire span. These cranes provide longitudinal, transverse and vertical movement of the load. The crane consists of a bridge formed by four parallel trusses (total width 5.5 m), which moves on rails laid on crane girders. A trolley with a lifting mechanism moves along the top of the crane bridge. The crane is operated from the cab suspended from the crane bridge.

Overhead crane 1 - crane operator's cabin; 2 - crane girder; 3 - trolley wires; 4 - crane trolley with winches; 5 - steel trusses of the bridge; 6 - hook; 7 - bridge runners; 8 - links between farms
Ladder with landing platform: 1 - overhead crane cabin; 2 - landing site; 3 - stairs

The main space-planning parameters of the building are:

• step, those. the distance between the alignment axes of the transverse rows of columns or walls is marked with numbers and is equal to 6, 9 and 12 m.
  
• span, those. the distance between the alignment axes of the longitudinal rows of columns or walls is marked with letters and is equal to 9, 12, 18, 24, 30.36 m, etc.
  
• height, those. the distance from the level of the finished floor to the bottom of the main element of the coating and can be 3.6; 4.2; 4.8; 5.4; 6; 6.6; 7.2; 8.4; 9.6; 10.8; 12; 12.6; 13.2; 14.4; 16.2; 18 m.
  
• column grid, i.e. the set of distances between the columns in the longitudinal and transverse directions 6 x 6, 6 x 9 m.
  

The famous triad of Vitruvius defines architecture as usefulness, strength and beauty. Industrial buildings are no exception.

The concept of benefit in their design can be translated as the influence of technological factors, namely production technology, technological equipment and Vehicle... It is these three factors that put forward their own, sometimes quite stringent requirements, open the list of everything that determines the space-planning organization of a production building.

Taking into account the existence of two systems in production facilities - a machine and a person, the primary importance of these three factors becomes clear and understandable. Indeed, many buildings for different processes are initially predetermined to be multi-storey, such as elevators, where the entire technology is deployed vertically and the force of gravity is used to move grain. The elevator tower has well-defined parameters and today its height reaches 60 m. The same vertical development is observed in the buildings of concentration plants, where the mined rock, by independent movement along inclined links, passes successively through different operations, and as a result, the percentage of necessary raw materials in it increases. ...

At the same time, assembly buildings in the automotive industry, where a conveyor is used, are located in flat extended volumes. It is simply impossible to imagine them multi-storey, with a predominance of vertical dimensions over horizontal ones. Hydroelectric power plants also have horizontal development, the spatial structure of which is also rigidly determined by the technological process.

The influence of these three factors can be unequal. Sometimes the main thing for the shaping of a building is the production technology. A blast furnace is a convincing example of how technical structure metallurgical plant. Its shape and size are largely determined by the metal smelting process.

Otherwise, the technological equipment used comes to the fore. For example, in the production of rolled metal such bulky machines (rolling mills) are used that it is simply impossible not to reckon with them when developing the architectural and planning solution of the hull. The milk drying workshop in the city of Uglich, Russia, has an interesting shape of two cylinders of different sizes stacked on top of each other. This decision was dictated both by the influence of milk evaporation technology and the size of the equipment used in this process.

Sometimes vehicles used to move a product or raw material inside a building have a decisive influence on the choice of its planning parameters. These can be all kinds of mechanized devices (conveyors, elevators) or devices for transferring material by "gravity": ramps, pipelines, etc. Vividly illustrate the influence of vehicles on the space-planning structure of a building, various options for multi-level parking garages.

The next group of factors affecting the space-planning structure of an industrial building include the climatic and urban conditions considered in the development of the project. Features of the construction site: relief, temperature and humidity conditions, prevailing winds, etc. - affect the formation of any architectural volume. It is these conditions that determine the traditional, regional approaches to architectural design and, accordingly, determine the forms, principles and methods of organizing the environment used in this area.

The combined influence of climatic and technological factors on the space-planning structure of individual, specific objects of industrial architecture is interesting.

The possibility of using solar energy, thereby solving energy saving issues, is very relevant precisely in industry, where energy consumption is high. There is even a group of industries that is called energy-intensive enterprises. The combination of solar and sometimes wind energy storage devices with the technology of transferring and using this energy in any production process can provide amazing possibilities for shaping.

To select a space-planning solution for industrial architecture objects, urban planning conditions are as important as for all other buildings, if an enterprise is located in a city or village. And today about 87% of industrial buildings, according to their sanitary and hygienic characteristics, can and are located within the boundaries of residential settlements.

The "exit" of the industrial building to the main or secondary streets of the city, the shape of the area occupied, the orientation of the main entrances to transport highways, to the stops of passenger transport, the presence of a pre-plant area from the side of the main approaches to the enterprise, etc. - all this is taken into account when developing architectural and planning solution. Many industrial buildings have become an integral part of the development of city streets and squares, a kind of landmark.

The large scale of industrial buildings makes them noticeable in the surrounding buildings of a different functional purpose, but, based on urban planning conditions, they can be visually reduced. The city has its own requirements for architectural objects, and industrial buildings are no exception.

Working conditions and organization of production constitute a separate group of factors. Working conditions include concepts such as temperature and humidity indicators of the internal environment, the illumination of the workplace, the location of equipment, the provision of sanitary facilities, the state of the internal air environment in terms of the presence of toxic substances. The latter circumstance becomes very important for foundry, chemical production, and certain types of food industry. It leads to the appearance of special rooms for mechanisms and devices for air purification, decontamination and sanitization of work clothes, expansion of the composition of the premises, consumer services for workers.

The last group of factors includes building materials, construction time and operating time, the influence of which on shaping is more noticeable in industrial buildings. The utilitarian orientation of such objects determines the absence of functionally unclaimed details in industrial architecture, including decor. Much depends on the proportions, surface texture, and the shape of the structures used.

Since building materials and structures made from them have always influenced the size of the span, the height of the used roof truss, arch, frame, they participated in the formation of the space-planning structure of the entire building.

Today at industrial construction different materials are used. The most widespread reinforced concrete is being supplanted by the metal that is being mastered as if anew, from which not only the bearing, but also the enclosing elements are made. This use of metal turns out to be much more economical than using it in reinforced concrete elements. This is explained by the possibility of metal recycling during the reconstruction of the enterprise, its remelting and reuse, which cannot be done with reinforced concrete structures. In the domestic architectural practice, the widespread use of light metal structures began in the 1970s, when, in combination with an effective insulation, they began to produce wall panels of the "sandwich" type. Possessing lightness and a certain grace, such panels, allowing any "cutting" of openings for windows, doors, gates, gave new means of interpreting facades, new plastic and division.

The issue of construction and operation time is closely related to building materials. production facility... There are a number of buildings and structures, the service life of which may end before their physical deterioration occurs. These are objects of the extractive industry, a number of processing industries. Until recently, such buildings were designed as temporary and, accordingly, their collapsibility influenced the architectural and planning structure.

So, space-planning solution of an industrial building depends, first of all, on the technological process that takes place in it. The technological process, in turn, is determined by the production and technological scheme. The technological part of the project is being developed by technologists. The construction design assignment should contain the following basic materials:

• a diagram that defines the sequence of production operations;
  
• a plan for the arrangement of technological equipment, tied to a unified grid of columns, indicating the dimensions of equipment, walkways and driveways, technological sites, storage areas, as well as underground structures;
  
• height parameters of the building: the height from the floor level to the bottom of the main supporting structures of the roof for craneless buildings and from the floor level to the mark of the crane rail head for workshops equipped with cranes; floor height for multi-storey buildings. In addition, the marks of working and technological platforms and whatnots should be indicated;
  
• data on the means of intrashop lifting and transport equipment;
  
• data on industrial hazardous wastes that can be emitted (gases, smoke, dust, etc.), and their sources, as well as on the required temperature and humidity conditions in individual rooms;
  
• the nature of the work in terms of their sanitary characteristics and the degree of accuracy;
  
• the number of workers and administrative and managerial personnel for each shift (men and women) and, separately, according to the sanitary characteristics of the work performed;
  
• category of production according to the degree of fire hazard;
  
• data on the area and site of construction;
  
• topographic plan of the construction site;
  
• materials of hydrogeological research and soil testing;
  
• special conditions (seismicity, permafrost, the presence of mine workings, etc.).
  

The presence of this data makes it possible to start building design, the main tasks of which are:

• development and selection of the most rational space-planning and constructive solution of the building as a whole and its individual elements, taking into account the implementation of construction by industrial methods. At the same time, unified standard sections (UTS) and unified standard spans (UTP) are widely used, they carry out calculations and justification of all products and parts, taking into account the area of ​​construction and the class of the building;
  
• ensuring the required fire safety in accordance with the established degree of fire resistance of the building;
  
• creation of the most favorable working conditions (organization of workplaces, temperature and humidity conditions in the premises, safety and hygiene conditions, illumination);
  
• calculation and design of administrative and household premises;
  
• solution of issues of technology and organization of construction, its estimated cost and safety and environmental issues.
  

Industrial buildings should have a simple configuration in terms of plan, while it is advisable to avoid extensions to the building, which in the future may complicate the expansion and reconstruction of the production. Modern practice shows that it is advisable to block production with the same type, and sometimes different technological processes in one building.

Such an association should not contradict sanitary and hygienic requirements, fire and explosion safety. Modern methods typification is based on the use of a single modular system and end-to-end unification of all building parameters of buildings and structures. The development of complex standard projects, standard design solutions, drawings of standard structures and products, standard assembly and architectural details make it possible to limit the implementation of specific projects to compiling wiring diagrams with reference to the corresponding working drawings of typical structures, products and parts. For each area of ​​industry, on this basis, the optimal block sizes have been determined, from which it is possible to assemble industrial buildings of the required dimensions.

• in plan dimensions 144x72 and 72x72 m with a grid of columns 24x12 and 18x12 m;
• the height of the spans of craneless and suspended vehicles with a carrying capacity of up to 5 tons, inclusive, 6 and 7.2 m;
• spans with bridge cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 30 tons, inclusive, 10.8 and 12.6 m.

Additional sections have also been adopted. TCS of multi-storey buildings are designed for buildings with 2, 3, 4, 5 floors, a grid of columns of 6x6 and 6x9 m should be taken. The floor height can be a multiple of 1.2 m, depending on technological conditions and equipment dimensions, 3.6 is chosen; 4.8; 6.0 m. No more than two heights are allowed within one building. One of the important issues in the design of industrial buildings is the organization of human and cargo flows and the evacuation of people from the building. The workshop must be designed so that people can move along the shortest, most convenient and safe routes. Workplaces must have free access. Crossings in the same plane of intense cargo and human flows should not be allowed. In places of unavoidable intersections, tunnels, crossings and walkways are provided. For the transition of workers to the other side of conveyors, conveyors, roller tables and other moving devices, transition bridges are provided.

When designing and constructing industrial buildings, it is necessary to provide for the ways of forced (emergency) evacuation of people from the premises. The evacuation time is determined by the norms and depends on the nature of the production. Emergency evacuation of people from buildings usually occurs in conditions of high temperatures, smoke and gas pollution. For a quick and safe evacuation of people, a sufficient number of exits, a certain length and width of escape routes and emergency exits are required. It is taken into account that the evacuation time depends on the flow density, i.e. the number of people (or the sum of the area of ​​their projections, m2) per unit area (m2), as well as the length of the escape route. Escape routes should be as straight as possible and without crossing other streams. Doors on escape routes should open in the direction of the exit from the building.

Usually, a special scheme for the evacuation of people from the building is developed, and all people working in the building are notified in advance of the evacuation procedure in case of possible emergency conditions. When designing industrial buildings, along with technological factors, it is necessary to take into account a number of physical and technical issues that play an extremely important role in the operation of the building. These include the following issues: construction heat engineering, ventilation, including aeration; illumination, fight against excessive insolation; the fight against snow drifts; isolation from aggressive influences; fight against industrial noise and vibration. In case of excessive insolation, when direct and reflected sunlight, getting into the eyes, interferes with work and are the cause of injury, as well as, by heating the irradiated surfaces, cause overheating of appropriately oriented rooms, or buildings as a whole provide for the device of glazed surfaces or apply constructive measures against insolation. An important issue is the protection of structures from aggressive chemical influences through the rational choice of materials, as well as painting with special compounds.

Noises and vibrations that arise from the operation of machines and transport have a harmful effect on the human body, reduce its ability to work and can cause deformations in building structures. The main measures to combat this are:

• installation of equipment on independent supports and foundations isolated from the building structures;
• device under the machines in the thickness of the foundation of elastic gaskets and "screens" of grooved piles or trenches, covered with loose material; reliable isolation of rooms with significant shocks and vibrations from other rooms and their placement on the ground floors or in extreme spans, etc.

As already noted, industrial buildings are designed on the basis of TCB and USP. Typical projects are tied to specific construction conditions. The design of industrial buildings has two stages: design assignment and working drawings. The binding of the main structures of buildings to the coordination axes is done in compliance with the rules set forth below.

The developed project can meet all applicable standards, catalogs and GOSTs, as well as guidelines for the design of industrial buildings.

In industrial buildings, it is advisable to use a prefabricated reinforced concrete frame. If, in accordance with the technological process, it is necessary to increase the height, then the frame structures are made of metal.

One-story buildings can have simple and complex forms in plan. Single-storey industrial buildings are intended for industries with horizontal process flow diagrams (for example, heavy engineering). Basically, a rectangular shape prevails, and complex shapes are typical for industries with significant heat and gas emissions, if you need to organize the inflow and removal of air.

One-story buildings are today the most common type of industrial buildings both in our country and abroad. Approximately 70% of the buildings built for production in the former USSR were of this type. In countries Western Europe 80% of the annually commissioned industrial buildings are now single-storey.

Almost all technological processes can be accommodated in such a building. Moreover, some of the processes cannot be placed in any other type of industrial building other than a one-story building. These are processes with heavy equipment, large loads of which must be transferred directly to the ground. The advantages of such a production building include the ability to place heavy equipment. Placing the equipment in one plane provides simple and reliable technological connections.

Economically, such connections are the most profitable, since horizontal transport (floor, overhead, crane) is one of the cheapest. The undoubted advantage of a one-story building is also the possibility of its upper natural illumination through the roof lights, which gives a uniform level of illumination of the indoor environment. The main disadvantage of this type of building is the difficulties of the architectural and artistic plan. The volumes are flat, long, low in height and large in plan dimensions, and do not easily fit into the urban environment; compositional issues are not easy to solve, the achievement of expressiveness of the appearance, its individuality. The difficulties of construction and operation are added to the disadvantages of the architectural and artistic plan. Large one-story buildings require flat, practically without slope sites (up to 3%), which are difficult to find in a settlement and even in its suburbs. Large exterior wall surfaces and coverings result in heat loss and increased heating costs. However, the disadvantages of a one-story building can be eliminated by the skill of the architect and the use of additional sources and energy saving means.

By the nature of the development, one-story buildings are divided into two subtypes: pavilion and solid development. The first is characterized by the fact that the building appears to be one, slightly dissected object.

Second, pavilion, the building is characterized by a rugged plan. The building consists, as it were, of separate parts (pavilions) connected by passages. Such buildings are used for industries whose technological process is heterogeneous in terms of microclimatic, sanitary and hygienic, fire, explosive or other conditions (for example, in the chemical, microbiological industry, where greater isolation of individual workshops is required).

Industrial building with an internal cargo yard: a - transit freight traffic; b - dead-end freight traffic; 1 - industrial premises; 2 - administrative premises; 3- sanitary facilities; 4 - laboratories; 5 - utility rooms; 6 - checkpoint; 7 - human streams; 8 - reception hall; 9 - cargo flow; 10 - landing stage expedition	Industrial building with an internal cargo yard: 1 - industrial premises; 2 - administrative premises; 3 - sanitary facilities; 4 - laboratories; 5 - utility rooms; 6 - checkpoint; 7 - human streams; 8 - reception hall; 9 - cargo flow; 10 - landing stage expedition
An industrial building with an internal cargo yard and an integrated checkpoint: 1 - industrial premises; 2 - administrative premises; 3 - sanitary facilities; 4 - laboratories; 5 - utility rooms; 6 - checkpoint; 7 - human streams; 8 - reception hall; 9 - cargo flow; 10 - expedition landing stage; 11 - green fences	An industrial building with an external cargo yard and a separate checkpoint: 1 - industrial premises; 2 - administrative premises; 3 - sanitary facilities; 4 - laboratories; 5 - utility rooms; 6 - checkpoint; 7 - human streams; 8 - reception hall; 9 - cargo flow; 10 - landing stage expedition

U- and W-shaped or comb buildings are used for forging workshops, T-shaped ones for foundries (they are also referred to as pavilions). The presence of this form is explained by the need to isolate technological operations that lead to significant noise, vibration and heat emissions, as well as gas contamination of the environment.

In pavilion buildings, natural lighting is often limited to side window openings, which are not only more economical and easier to operate than roof lights, but also provide a visual connection with the environment, which is required to form an environment that is psychophysiologically normal for workers. The pavilion building has advantages in terms of architecture and composition. Large spread volume in in this case it is divided into separate components, sometimes of different heights, the perception of which, taking into account the unequal proximity of the parts, forms a more interesting, plastic whole.

As a result, the choice of one or another subtype of a one-story building (solid or pavilion development) depends on a number of technological, technical, natural and climatic factors, and is also assessed based on considerations of the economy of construction and operation. The most common pavilion buildings for enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industries and for individual buildings of metallurgical and engineering plants.

	Solution of roof structures for a one-story industrial building with overhead lighting: a - with a square grid of columns; b - with a checkerboard grid of columns
The main types of one-story industrial buildings: a - one-span, lampless; b - multi-span with lanterns; c - the same with a flat coating; d - general view of the building

Depending on the nature of the technological process, one-story buildings, according to the space-planning solution, can be span, hall, cell and combined type.

Span buildings designed in cases where technological processes are directed along the span and are serviced by cranes or without them.

The main structural elements of a modern one-story flyover industrial buildings are: columns that transfer loads to foundations; roof structures, which consist of a bearing (beams, trusses, arches) and enclosing (slabs and covering elements) parts; crane beams that are installed on the column console; lanterns that provide the required level of illumination and air exchange in the workshop; vertical enclosing structures (walls, partitions, glazing structures), moreover, the wall structures are based on special foundation and strapping beams; doors and gates for the movement of people and transport; windows that provide the necessary light conditions.

One-story industrial buildings are most often designed in a frame system formed by risers (columns) mounted in the foundation and crossbars (trusses or beams). Special ties (horizontal and vertical) provide the spatial rigidity of the frame.

The dimensions of prefabricated elements for industrial buildings are unified, and, accordingly, the dimensions of structural elements based on the enlarged module are unified. The span of buildings (the transverse distance between the columns) is taken as 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 m, etc.

The height from the floor to the bottom of the supporting structure of the covering is set as a multiple of 0.6 m (3.6 to 6.0 m) module, 1.2 m enlarged module (6.0 to 10.8 m) and 1.8 m module (from 10.8 to 18.0 m).

According to the placement of internal supports, one-story buildings are also divided into spans, cell, hall.

One-story industrial buildings: a - cell; b - halls without intermediate supports; c - halls with a central support
Constructive solutions for the coating of cell one-story industrial buildings: a - with a prismatic roof profile; b - with a curved profile	Structural diagrams of one-story industrial buildings

Hall type buildings they are used when the technological process is associated with the release of large-sized products or the installation of large-sized equipment (hangars, aircraft assembly shops, main buildings of open-hearth and converter shops, etc.). The spans of hall-type buildings can be 100 m or more.

The development and implementation of automation and mechanization of technological processes creates the need for vehicles to move in two mutually perpendicular directions. The need for frequent modernization of the technological process is easily achievable in one-story solid buildings with a square grid of columns. Such a space-planning solution was called a cell, and buildings - flexible, or universal.

V combined type buildings the main features of hall, span or cell type buildings are combined.

Flyby subtype provides good technological connections, but only along the span. The entire technological process is built sequentially, in a chain, from one span to another. Therefore, span buildings are well suited for conveyor production.

The use of an overhead crane that transfers the loads directly to the ground allows you to work here with fairly heavy products. Approximately 35% of all single-storey span buildings are equipped with overhead cranes, 15% with overhead cranes. This subtype is indispensable for the production of heavy engineering, producing turbines, heavy vehicles, large-sized machine tools, etc.

Spans can be located both in one and in different directions, have the same or different width and height. The limitation is the magnitude of the difference in the heights of the spans less than 1.8–2.4 m. With a smaller drop, all spans are leveled to avoid the formation of a snow bag. Spans of different heights and spaced mutually perpendicular are often used when introducing railway transport into a building. Such a span has other linear dimensions and is usually arranged on the edge, not inside the building.

The number of spans is not limited, however, a large number of them leads to an excessive building area, which causes difficulties in construction and operation.

To cover the spans, various structures are used, most often trusses of different shapes. It is also possible to use shed coating. The roof outline can be either flat, simple or more complex. The shape of the covering for a one-story building plays an essential role in shaping its appearance. Often it is the line of the roof, expressive, tense, that can distinguish a rather large and at the same time relatively low industrial building from the surrounding buildings, make it interesting and memorable.

The overhead light in the building is arranged by linear or point skylights located along the span. The skylights are capable of being aerated at the same time, providing natural ventilation of the enclosures. Quite often it is used in workshops with high heat emissions - forging, foundries. The heated air, together with harmful gases, vapors and aerosols, rises naturally and without additional costs removed through light aeration lights.

The dimensions of the spans are chosen depending on the production technology, the manufactured products, the machines and equipment used, and are 12, 18, 24, 36 and more meters. The famous Atommash plant in Russia, which produces turbines for nuclear power plants, has a span of 42 m, equipped with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of 1200 tons.

Cell subtype a one-story building appeared in the 1940s. in connection with the need to complicate the flow movement of the production chain, to switch from unidirectional movement of the technological flow to the movement of the flow in two mutually perpendicular directions. This subtype is characterized by a square or similar grid of columns; The load-bearing structures of the covering are intersecting beams, trusses, box decks, mushroom-shaped monolithic or prefabricated floors (column grid - 12x × 12, 15 × 15, 18 × 18, 24 × 24 m). In short, any combination of structural elements working in two directions is possible.

Bridge cranes are not used here, they are replaced with all kinds of suspension devices, girder cranes, overhead conveyors. The difference between these mechanisms and overhead cranes lies in the transfer of the load to the ground through the floor structure, and not directly, as is the case with an overhead crane. Therefore, the carrying capacity of such devices is much lower.

The ability to move along the technological chain in both directions allows you to have a more flexible production space inside the building, which is easily reconstructed and changed. Therefore, buildings of a cellular structure are used, first of all, for industries, the technological process of which quite often undergoes changes, for example, at enterprises of the electronic industry, instrument making. The benefits of a more flexible interior space also contribute to the widespread adoption of this type of building in industries that do not require large spans and heavy equipment.

Hall building is practically a single-span structure with a very large span. Such a span is covered by trusses, arches, vaults, cables, space-rod structures, or their combinations. The main purpose of using large-span and rather expensive structures is to create a free, unsupported space inside, which is necessary for production with large-sized equipment or manufactured products. Hangars for aircraft, metal rolling shops, assembly buildings of machine-building plants - these are the main areas of application of the hall one-story building. At the same time, you can often find this type of building in small industries, where the volumes are small, the floor structure has a small span (no more than 24–36 m) and therefore is relatively inexpensive. So, the service station, made in the hall version, is distinguished by good conditions for organizing the internal environment, free movement of cars, re-equipment and re-equipment of posts.

The interior space of one-story buildings (span, cell, hall) is zoned vertically and horizontally. Horizontal zoning includes the allocation of zones of main production, provision of production of ventilation and power plants, warehouses and services for workers (household premises). All these zones are located parallel to each other along or across the building (longitudinal or lateral horizontal zoning). The planning zones are separated from each other by passages, which act as passages for people and routes for the movement of floor vehicles. In this regard, their width can reach 3-4.5 m.

Driveways are the main horizontal communications of a one-story building. Their system becomes the main one in the planning organization of the internal space, the location of all workshops and production areas. The driveways are a kind of planning frame of the building, on which the rational arrangement of its internal environment depends. At the same time, the driveways seize the production areas of the building - the areas that ensure the output of products - and, accordingly, economic indicators enterprises - operating cost material assets, their payback, the cost of manufactured products, etc. Therefore, the driveway system must be rational, technologically and technically to ensure the optimal organization of the interior space of the building with a minimum length of the transport path.

Vertical zoning is the use of multiple levels within one floor. The upper level, the overlap zone, is intended to accommodate engineering equipment in the form open installations or as superstructures on the roof; technological and technical communications also take place here. Their laying is carried out in the interfarm space or in channels and cavities of special supporting structures - box decks, hollow box beams, etc.

Inside the building, it is possible to arrange mezzanines designed to accommodate equipment for both the main and auxiliary production processes. Warehouses and utility rooms for workers can also be located here.

The lower level is sometimes represented by a basement, which can house primary emission treatment plants, separate ancillary equipment, warehouses and even utility rooms.

All sites, workshops and related premises are placed in accordance with the production flow chart; it is desirable that each of them faces the driveways on one or more sides. Rooms with explosive processes are located near the outer wall, not inside the building.

Production workshops and other premises in a one-story building are distinguished by partitions, often not reaching the bottom of the cover. The construction of the coating, as a rule, is not hidden by a suspended ceiling. The exception is some food processing and microbiology industries, where a clean surface of the walls and ceiling is required to avoid the settling of dust and other substances harmful to the process or manufactured products. The height of the floor of a one-story building is considered from the level of the finished floor to the bottom of the supporting structures of the coating and can be a multiple of 0.6 m or 1.2 m - 4.2; 4.8; 6 m and more up to 30 m.

A person perceives the space inside a one-story building as a single, whole, and this space is filled with many technical elements moving in different directions, knocking and thundering. The height of this space is much less than its plan dimensions. All this is capable of causing specific mental reactions in a person who is in the room, and even more so in a person employed in production. Therefore, the design of the interiors of workshops and premises requires special attention of the architect. Formation of a comfortable environment is achieved special application colors, the choice of which depends to a large extent on the nature of the technological process - hot or cold shops. Sometimes the architect deliberately overestimates the height of a one-story building so that the people inside do not form the effect of squeezing, the gravity of the overhanging floor.

According to the constructive scheme, one-story buildings are:

• frame with full frame, which represent a system of columns associated with the coating;
  
• frame with an incomplete frame that have external load-bearing walls and internal supports in the form of columns or brick pillars;
  
• frameless, which have external load-bearing walls, reinforced with pilasters;
  

tent, which do not have vertical supports and external walls, and the coverings rest on the foundation.

Constructive types of one-story industrial buildings: a - frame; b - frameless; c - with an incomplete frame; g - hipped roof; 1 - outer wall; 2 - column; 3 - farm; 4 - cover plates; 5 - crane girder; 6 - load-bearing wall; 7 - covering beam; 8 - pilaster; 9 - foundation; 10 - arch; 11 - covering on top of the arch

In the practice of construction, progressive methods of building construction are increasingly being introduced, the factory readiness of building structures is increasing, new materials and lightweight structures are being used, the cost of construction is decreasing, and its quality is improving. All this requires the use of typical design.

Structural schemes of cells of one-story industrial buildings The part of the area of ​​the production building between four adjacent racks is called a cell ( a); one side of the cell is equal to the spacing of the racks, and the other is equal to the span. The cell can be rectangular in plan ( a, b) or square ( v). 1 - foundation; 2 - outer column; 3 - rafter truss; 4 - cover farm; 5 - cover plate; 6 - inner column; 7 - roof truss; 8 - fencing panel; 9 - hard belt of spatial coverage; 10 - spatial coverage

Typical design allows multiple use of proven and cost-effective space-planning and structural solutions of industrial buildings. At the same time, the typification of buildings is inextricably linked with the unification of its structural elements, i.e. with a limited choice and the use of building structures uniform in shape and size, manufactured by industrial methods.

	Techniques for the layout of production areas: a - analogue solution; b - new solution
	Functional zoning of building areas: a - transverse; b - longitudinal; в - combined; 1 - loading ramp; 2 - warehouses; 3 - Technical buildings; 4 - communications; 5 - sanitary facilities; 6 - offices
Variants of placement of light openings on the roof of the OPZ

Typical and standardized parts and designs that have proven themselves in operation are included in the catalogs of typical products and are mandatory for use. There is a "Catalog of typical industrial reinforced concrete and concrete products", which includes the following collections: K-1 "One-story buildings"; К-2 "Multi-storey buildings"; К-3 "Engineering structures".

On the basis of this catalog, the designers have determined the optimal block sizes, from which it is possible to assemble production buildings of the required dimensions for a very specific type of production. For example, the following types of main building sections are adopted for mechanical assembly shops at aircraft engine factories:

1. Plan dimensions - 144 × 72 and 72 × 72 m with a grid of columns 24 × 12 and 18 × 12 m;
   
2. The height of the spans without crane and with suspended transport with a lifting capacity of up to 5 t - 6 m and 7.2 m;
   
3. The height of spans with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 30 t is 10.8 m and 12.6 m.
   

In addition to the main sections of buildings, additional sections for transverse spans have been adopted. In some cases, buildings with a variety of space-planning solutions. In fig. 2.3 as an example, the layout diagrams of buildings from unified typical sections are given.

They are used in light, food, electrical and other industries.

According to the structural scheme, multi-storey industrial buildings can be with an incomplete frame and load-bearing external walls or with a full frame (Figure 12.4). The main elements of the frame are columns, girders, floor slabs and ties. Interfloor floors are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of two types: girder and non-girder.

Prefabricated frames can be solved by frame, frame-tie or tie system. With the frame system of the frame, the spatial rigidity of the building is ensured by the operation of the frame itself, the frames of which perceive both horizontal and vertical loads. With a frame-braced system, vertical loads are taken by the frame frames, and horizontal ones - by frames and vertical braces (diaphragms). In the case of a braced system, vertical loads are perceived by the columns of the frame, and horizontal ones - by vertical ties.

The grid of columns of multi-storey buildings is 6x6 or 6x9 m, recently projects with a grid of 6x12, 6x18 and even 6x24 m have been developed.

The heights of the floors of multi-storey industrial buildings are unified and can be 3.6; 4.8; 6.0 m, for the first floors a height of 7.2 m is allowed (module 12 m).

For vertical transport in multi-storey buildings, freight and passenger elevators are provided, which, together with the stairs, are combined into nodes.

When choosing structural solutions for industrial buildings, it is necessary to bear in mind the economic significance of the cost of individual structural elements in the total estimated cost of the building. For multi-storey buildings, walls, frame, floors and openings have the greatest impact on the cost, in single-storey buildings - frame, roof structures, floors and walls.

Multi-storey industrial buildings are intended for industries with vertical process flow diagrams (light industry).

By designation, multi-storey buildings are subdivided into production, laboratory and administrative buildings.
Most multi-storey buildings are erected with frame.

Constructive types of multi-storey buildings: a - frame; b - with an incomplete frame; c - with load-bearing walls.	Space-planning solutions for multi-storey frame buildings: a - mass type; b - with an upper crane floor; c - with interfarm floors; d - two-story

According to the ODA, multi-storey buildings are distinguished:

• unified type with a grid of columns 6 x 6 m or 6 x 9 m, with a floor height of 3.6; 4.8 m and up to five floors;
  
• with an upper floor equipped with an overhead or bridge crane;
  
• two-story, in which heavy technological equipment is placed on the ground floor, and light equipment on the top.
  

List of used literature

• Kostov K. Typology of industrial buildings / Abbr. lane from bulg. Ts.M. Simeonova: Ed. N.N. Kim. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1987.
  
• Designer handbook. Architecture of industrial enterprises, buildings and structures / Under. ed. Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR K.N. Kartashov. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1975.