The second cycle - the construction of the above-ground part of the house - includes: the construction of the above-ground part with related work; general construction works; special (sanitary, electrical, etc.). The leading process of this cycle is the installation of structures of the above-ground part of the box.
Installation of the box in terms of divided into grips. Related works (welding, sealing and sealing of joints) are carried out simultaneously with installation in different areas. Vertically, the box is divided into tiers equal to one floor.
Construction work, combined with the installation of structures, is carried out simultaneously at two sites, but at different stages and sites.
Prior to the start of concreting, formwork and reinforcement of the foundation are carried out and accepted according to the act in an amount sufficient for uninterrupted concreting for 1–2 shifts, and all devices for supplying and compacting concrete were tested.
Prior to the installation of a monolithic reinforced concrete wall, the following work must be performed:
· the ways of movement of mechanisms, places of storage, enlargement of formwork elements are indicated, mounting equipment and fixtures are prepared;
· Reinforcing meshes, frames and formwork kits have been delivered in quantities that ensure uninterrupted operation for at least two shifts;
Prepared acceptance certificates in accordance with the requirements normative documents;
measures are provided to ensure the preservation of reinforcing outlets from the grillage from corrosion and deformation;
· a geodetic breakdown of the axes and marking of the position of the walls was carried out in accordance with the project; on the surface of the grillage, paint marks are applied, fixing the position of the working plane of the formwork panels.
Unloading, sorting, laying out reinforcing meshes, reinforcement cages, formwork elements, installation of reinforcement cages, meshes and enlarged formwork panels, hanging platforms, as well as dismantling the formwork is carried out using a crawler crane type MKGS-32 or a truck crane similar in terms of cargo parameters.
Reinforcing mesh and reinforcement cages are assembled at the construction site.
The use of a tower crane should be planned from the installation of the 1st floor.
When drawing up a schedule, in addition to purely installation work, it is necessary to provide for the supply of various component materials and parts to the floor - prefabricated elements of ventilation ducts and garbage chutes, electrical panels, heating appliances.
Roofing works are carried out by a complex team, the number of shifts is determined depending on the scope of work.
Roofing works are carried out at air temperature from plus 30 to minus 20 °C. Works in rain and wind, snowfall and ice without special shelters are not performed. Roofing works using water-based compositions without antifreeze additives are carried out at a temperature not lower than 5 °C.
Before installing the roof, the following work should be done:
Seal the seams between prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs with a cement-sand mortar grade M 100 or a concrete mixture of a class not lower than B 7.5;
Mount embedded parts, arrange temperature-shrinkage joints, plaster adjacent vertical surfaces of stone structures, level concrete surfaces to the height of the roof (roofing carpet) adjoining;
Arrange the screeds provided for by the project (from cement-sand mortars of grade M 50);
Free the base from debris and dust (in winter - from frost and snow), as well as check the humidity of the base for rolled and mastic roofs (should not exceed 5%);
Arrange, when using rolled materials in the junctions of the roof to the vertical elements of the building, transitional inclined sides at an angle of 45 ° (at least 100 mm high) with their roundings;
Check the quality of the insulation.
The device of each next element of the roof is performed after checking the quality of the previous element with drawing up an act of examination of hidden works.
Facade decoration begins upon completion of the roofing device.
It is necessary to use a construction hoist to carry out work on finishing facades with hinged panels.
The design of the production of special works - sanitary and electrical - is carried out in conjunction with general construction and finishing. Special works are carried out in parallel with each other in two floors:
Stage I - before plastering works with a lag of one or two floors from installation. The works are planned according to the grips with a step equal to the rhythm of the installation of the floor.
Stage II - according to the cycles of readiness for painting work (does not match for sanitary and electrical work).
Completion of all special works must comply with the completion deadlines. The work of this stage is carried out, outside the flow - without dividing into grips.
I stage of sanitary works includes installation internal systems cold and hot water supply, heating. In winter, additional work should be provided for the installation of temporary systems for heating the finished floors.
Stage II of sanitary works begins after the first cycle of painting works, when preparations for the last painting are completed in the sanitary units, which opens the front for the installation of sanitary equipment. All plumbing work is carried out by one team, which does not exclude internal specialization (a link for assembling sewer cast-iron pipelines, a link for welding steel pipes).
Stage I of electrical installation work includes: marking routes, punching and drilling nests, grooves and furrows, laying risers, pipes and sleeves for hidden wiring, laying out wires with partial embedding in walls and in preparation for floors, installing junction boxes, floor cabinets and shields and etc.
Stage II of electrical and low-current work begins after painting the ceilings and ends after pasting (painting) the walls. Work at this stage is carried out outside the flow without dividing into grips.
After painting - "opening" the ceilings in the rooms, the suspension of cartridges and lamps is performed. After pasting or painting the walls, switches, sockets, and ceiling lamps are installed. Upon completion of the finishing work, low-current wiring of the radio broadcasting network, dispatch communications, and fire alarms are carried out. High-current and low-current work is carried out by specialized organizations.
Finishing work
The third cycle is the production of finishing works in the building. Plastering works are carried out by complex teams. Depending on the established deadlines and the availability of labor, plasterers immediately occupy the entire front of the work or perform work by the in-line method, taking the floor as a capture and moving with a step equal to the installation of the floor. Tiled works are carried out in one cycle with plastering.
Finishing work in the room is carried out at a temperature of air and surfaces to be finished not lower than plus 10 ° C and air humidity not more than 70%. Such an environment in the room must be maintained around the clock, at least 2 days before the start and within 12 days after the end of work measured near the outer walls at a height of not more than 0.5 m from the floor.
Coatings based on polyester and epoxy resins, rubbers, polymer concrete, polymer cement and other synthetic materials are applied at ambient air and protected surfaces temperatures not lower than plus 15 °C.
Prior to the start of finishing work, the previous construction work must be completed, including the following:
Thermal insulation and grouting of window and balcony blocks;
Seal of furrows in the walls and installation of embedded parts;
Sealing voids inside the seams of brick (stone) masonry.
Before finishing the facades, the following should be additionally arranged:
External waterproofing of the building, roof drains, cornice overhangs, funnels and drainpipes;
Communication inputs;
Fences, leveling screeds, waterproofing and balcony floors.
Before finishing the interiors, the following must be done:
Glazing of light openings;
Installation of window sills;
Waterproofing of walls (internal), ceilings and screeds;
Heating systems, water supply systems (with pressure testing), sewerage systems (with flushing).
Installation sites must be pre-plastered;
Electrical installation work that may require the installation of grooves and holes;
Ventilation ducts (with checking their operation);
Preparation for plastering of underground channels, foundations for equipment;
Floors of the technical underground;
Built-in wardrobes (without hanging door panels), stair railings, fixtures and hooks (for hanging chandeliers).
Finishing work is carried out after the expiration of the period, which excludes the possibility of settlement of structures and damage to coatings. The load on the walls should be at least 65% of the design for internal and 80% for external cladding of their surface.
In winter, interior finishing works are carried out with permanent heating and ventilation systems in operation. If it is necessary to use temporary heating systems, heater-type systems are used.
Painting work is carried out on all floors simultaneously with a breakdown into two stages. At the 1st stage, puttying and painting of ceilings, preparation for wallpapering and painting of walls and joinery is carried out. The laying of parquet and linoleum with the sewing of skirting boards can be started after the last wet process - “opening the ceilings” and, like painting work, can be performed outside the flow.
As these works are completed, the front is opened for the second stage of painting work.
At the II stage of painting works, wallpapering, painting of walls and joinery is carried out.
The combination of plastering and tiling, painting and parquet, painting and special works is achieved by dividing the work front within the section, floor. Performing painting works, especially those related to stage II, broken down into sections by stages - sections, is not advisable. Stage II painting work should be carried out immediately throughout the facility, in a short time, before putting it into operation.
Commissioning works begin after the installation of all or part of the complete equipment, technological pipelines, supply of energy resources.
Final period. Improvement and preparation of the object for delivery
In the final period, works on the improvement of the construction site are being carried out.
The landscaping of the territory involves a number of works that must be performed for the normal operation of the site in the future:
The device of road coverings;
Organization of landscaping
Organization of a blind area around the building;
Organization of car parking;
Arrangement of sites for household waste disposal;
Organization of a recreation area;
Organization of a playground;
Organization of a site for physical education;
Arrangement of small architectural forms;
The road surfaces of driveways at ground level are provided for non-rigid ones - made of asphalt concrete, on the stylobate - made of artificial stones.
Sidewalks - from paving slabs.
Children's, sports grounds and a recreation area for adults are provided with a stuffed surface.
Lawns and sidewalks are separated from the roadway by a side stone BR100.30.15 15 cm high.
In areas provided for landscaping, it is planned to add fertile soil in accordance with the norm of landscaping and vertical layout. Planting material for landscaping work must be purchased from specialized nurseries, must have a varietal and quarantine certificate and be labeled.
The platform for garbage containers has a hard surface and is provided with the necessary number of containers.
Small forms on the territory are represented in the project by urns and benches. Children's playgrounds provide for the arrangement of children's play equipment, according to the age category and observing the safety zones for each individual component of the playground. Sports equipment is provided on the sports grounds. Benches with tables, ballot boxes and tennis tables have been designed at recreation areas for the adult population.
Dismantling of mobile buildings and other temporary structures, site reclamation.
Organizational and technological schemes for the sequence of work not presented in this section are developed as part of the WEP.
1.5 Choosing a tower crane
a) The maximum mass of the mounted element, including the mass of slings and grips: Q m \u003d R e + R str
where R e - the mass of the heaviest structural element, in this project - a bucket with concrete, R e \u003d 3t;
Р str - weight of the equipment installed on the element, Р str = 0.174t.
Q m \u003d 3 + 0.174 \u003d 3.174t
b) Required hook height:
H cr \u003d h o + h s + h e + h s
where h o is the height of the building;
h h - gap between the mounted element and the upper edge of the wall of the last floor (at least 0.5 m);
h e - the height of the element in the mounting position;
h with - the height of the lines.
H cr =33+0.5+3.0+3.0=65 m;
c) Required reach
L str \u003d a / 2 + b + c
where: a is the width of the crane track, a = 6m;
b is the distance of the crane track to the projection of the most protruding part of the building wall, b = 2.0 m;
c is the distance from the center of gravity of the element most distant from the crane to the protruding part of the building from the side of the crane, c = 39.5 m.
L str \u003d 6.0 / 2 + 2.0 + 50 \u003d 55m.
According to the required technical characteristics, we accept the tower attached crane "Liebherr 180 (200) EC-H10".
with H kr = 82m and load capacity Q m = 3.3 t at L p = 55.0 m.
Crane specifications:
base width - 6m
Crane base height - 4m.
Basic methods of building construction.
Leading technological process erection of one-story industrial buildings is the installation of prefabricated structures. Depending on the number of spans and dimensions of the building, several specialized flows are planned, interconnected in space and time.
The building is divided into a number of assembly sections and grips, selection of assembly cranes and technical means, providing the creation of rhythmic and multi-rhythmic flows.
Installation methods are divided according to a number of factors.
According to the degree of enlargement on the:
Element-by-element installation, performed from individual elements attached to previously mounted ones;
Installation with flat enlarged structures, when small-sized elements are assembled into large-sized flat ones before lifting (composite columns, beams, trusses, etc.);
Mounting by spatial blocks assembled on the site from flat elements (coverings, frames).
According to the degree of accuracy of the installation of elements distinguish:
Free installation (element by element method of building structures in a vertical position);
Semi-forced, when the freedom of movement of the element is limited as a result of the use of conductors, manipulators, etc.;
Forced, when the freedom of movement of elements is limited throughout the entire editing cycle as a result of the use of remote controls.
One-story industrial buildings, depending on the size of the span, the pitch and height of the columns, are divided into types: easy(type) – span 6…18m, height 5…12m; middle– span 18…30, height 8…25m; heavy– span 24…36m, height 18…30m.
Buildings of light type are mounted by a separate method, heavy type - by a complex one, but the main method of installation is a mixed method.
Technology for the construction of the underground part.
Depending on the space-planning decisions of buildings and the sequence of installation of technological equipment, there are three technological schemes for the production of work:
- open way . Initially, all work on the construction of the underground part is carried out and further work is carried out on the planned site;
- closed way . At each installation site, earthworks and foundations for the building frame are first performed. After the installation of the frame, inside the building, earthworks are developed for the foundations of the equipment and subsequent work is underway;
- combined method . A common pit is being developed for the foundations of load-bearing structures, equipment and network engineering. The execution of foundations for equipment is combined with the installation of the building frame and the scope of work for the installation of equipment is being prepared.
Can be used if necessary combined a method that combines the features of the above methods.
During the construction of the underground part, the following private flows are distinguished:
Development of pits and trenches;
Construction of foundations, including for technological equipment;
The device of inputs of engineering communications and underground channels;
backfilling sinuses and layout under the floors;
Concrete preparation for floors and blind areas.
Foundations weighing up to 10 tons are made in a prefabricated version, over 10 - in a monolithic one. With a column spacing of up to 6 m, the development of individual pits is irrational, therefore, the installation of foundations is carried out with Vehicle into the trench. With a column spacing of more than 6m, installation can be organized both with a preliminary layout of the foundations, and “from the wheels”.
After backfilling the sinuses and layer-by-layer compaction of the soil, concrete preparation for the floors is carried out.
The construction of the above ground part.
The structure of works on the construction of the above-ground part of the building includes:
Installation of prefabricated load-bearing and enclosing structures;
Roof device;
Production of special and finishing works.
The determining factor in the selection of technology for the production of installation work is the choice of the method of installation of prefabricated load-bearing and enclosing structures.
Depending on the sequence of installation of individual structural elements of the underground part, three installation methods are used: differentiated (separate), complex (combined) and combined (mixed).
At differentiated In this method, the mounted elements of each cell, span or the entire building are installed in turn: columns, crane beams, roof trusses or beams, slabs, wall panels. This method provides higher productivity, since the installation of the same type of elements does not require reconfiguration of equipment, but a large number of crane penetrations are required.
At comprehensive In this method, the mounted elements are installed one by one within each cell of the building. This allows you to get finished assembly products (framework), but leads to a decrease in labor productivity, as it requires a significant readjustment of assembly equipment due to the large difference in the mass of different structures. This method cannot be used when embedding columns in foundation cups with a concrete mixture, since according to technological standards, the strength of the joint concrete is required to be at least 70% of the design strength. When using welded and bolted joints, this method remains the preferred one.
At combined method, part of the prefabricated elements (columns, crane beams, truss trusses, external wall fencing) can be installed using a differentiated method in separate private flows within one span, and the other part (roof beams, truss trusses, roof slabs) - within each cell of the building complex method in a single stream.
The combined method is the main one during installation one-story buildings in precast concrete.
One of the most important issues in the production of installation work is the choice of the direction of movement of the installation cranes and their parking places. Reducing the number of parking lots, especially for cranes with outriggers, leads to a reduction in installation time.
Depending on the adopted scheme of movement of erection cranes, longitudinal, transverse or combined penetrations are used.
At longitudinal During the passage of the crane, the assembly of the building is carried out by separate spans, which makes it possible to combine the processes of installation of building structures and the installation of technological equipment.
transverse Crane penetration is used in cases when the object is taken into operation by separate sections, including all spans of the building. Such a movement scheme is possible in cases where the column pitch ensures normal progress and operation of the assembly crane. This type of penetration is usually used in the construction of craneless buildings and in the installation of large-sized pavement slabs of large mass.
Combined penetration is used in cases where, in addition to the installation of load-bearing structures, it is required to install elements of embedded systems. A special case of combined penetration is - zigzag penetration used for large spans between rows of columns (to reduce the reach of the crane boom).
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Longitudinal axial penetration
Transverse axial penetration
Longitudinal penetration with transverse movement
Zigzag driving
Fig.7.2. Penetration schemes
The number of crane penetrations during the installation of the supporting frame and wall fencing depends on the design features of the building. In the presence of sub-rafter structures, four private flows are recommended:
Installation of columns;
Installation of crane beams and truss structures;
Installation of roof structures and floor slabs;
In the absence of truss structures, it is recommended to install crane beams in a single stream with the installation of roofing elements and perform a set of works in three streams:
Installation of columns;
Installation of crane beams, roof trusses and floor slabs;
Wall fencing installation.
Installation of columns.
Depending on the size of the span, dimensions and weight - the columns are mounted with axial or offset penetrations of the crane. Truck-mounted cranes in combination with special vehicles are used for laying out the elements.
Installation of columns is carried out by the method of free or limited-but-free installation. In the first case, various systems of wedges and inventory wedge inserts are used for temporary fastening and alignment, in the second - single conductors. With a column height of > 8 m and a mass exceeding 5 tons, temporary fastening means are used in the form of braces attached to special anchors (for the outermost columns). After temporary fixing and alignment, the joints of the columns are monolithic with fine-grained concrete. The concrete mixture is supplied manually or with the use of pneumatic blowers.
Installation of crane beams.
Crane beams are made of reinforced concrete or metal in two standard sizes - for a column spacing of 6 and 12m. Preference should be given to metal ones, as they have a lower mass, are more durable, they are more convenient to install, align and straighten.
Before installation, the beams are laid out near the installation sites on inventory racks for technological processing of ends, fasteners, and other elements.
Crane beams are installed using the non-alignment method or with subsequent alignment. Before installing the beam on the console of the column, expansion joints are laid between the anchor bolts in the form of metal spacers 6 ... 10 mm thick. A set of these spacers allows you to align the beams to the design position. Preliminarily, attached or hinged ladders-platforms are attached to the columns, on which the installers are located. Guys are used to guide the beams to a position close to the design one. After checking the correct position, relative to the control marks, the beams are fixed with anchor bolts, or by welding.
The crane can be moved alternately to one or the other side of the span, which ensures the necessary sequence of installation.
Installation of coatings
Installation of a coating made of slabs along rafters, truss trusses or roof beams is carried out in a complex manner, using longitudinal or transverse schemes of installation crane penetrations. The sequence of work is as follows:
Unloading and laying out beams, trusses and slabs in the area of the assembly crane;
Installation of roofing elements with self-propelled jib cranes with their preliminary arrangement with hinged cradles and temporary fences, safety ropes and braces.
Transverse penetration of the crane should not be used when installing prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of lanternless craneless buildings with a column spacing of 12m and cover slab dimensions of 3x12m. In other cases, a longitudinal installation scheme with axial or zigzag penetration should be adopted. Structures are mounted both from vehicles and with their preliminary layout in the area of the crane.
Main construction period
The main construction period is divided into three stages:
1. The device of the underground part of the building.
2. The device of the above-ground part of the building.
3. Finishing work.
The device of the underground part of the building
Earthworks can be started only after laying out pits, trenches, earthworks, tying axes and elevations on the existing geodetic basis and fixing the necessary markers.
Separation of communication trenches is carried out with an EO-3323 excavator with a bucket capacity of 0.4 m3.
When constructing foundations, it is necessary to control the depth of their laying, their size and location in the plan, the arrangement of holes and niches, the performance of waterproofing and the quality of the materials and structures used.
Foundation work on bored piles they lead according to technological maps with grips along two rows of pile bushes. If the bush consists of two piles, the outer sides of the rows are drilled first, and then the inner ones. During the drilling of one side of the row in the adjacent row, the drilled wells must be concreted. Such a sequence was adopted in order not to disturb the wall of a previously drilled well when drilling an adjacent one.
When performing work on the installation of bases and foundations for buildings and structures of all types, one should be guided by SNiP III-4-80, SNiP III-3.02.01.-87, SNiP III-3.03.01.-87.
The construction of the above-ground part of the building
The installation of the building is carried out by the extension method. For the installation of building structures, it is planned to use standard mounting equipment that allows lifting, temporary fastening and alignment of elements.
After erecting the box of the building, you can proceed to the device of the roof. The roof is pitched on wooden trusses. The roof covering is made of galvanized roofing steel. Along with the roof, window and door blocks can be installed. When all the work on the installation of the roof truss is completed, finishing work can begin. Finishing work is divided into the following cycles.
The structure of works on the construction of the above-ground part of the building includes:
Installation of prefabricated load-bearing and enclosing structures;
Roof device;
Production of special and finishing works.
The determining factor in the selection of technology for the production of installation work is the choice of the method of installation of prefabricated load-bearing and enclosing structures.
Depending on the sequence of installation of individual structural elements of the underground part, three installation methods are used: differentiated (separate), complex (combined) and combined (mixed).
At differentiated In this method, the mounted elements of each cell, span or the entire building are installed in turn: columns, crane beams, roof trusses or beams, slabs, wall panels. This method provides higher productivity, since the installation of the same type of elements does not require reconfiguration of equipment, but a large number of crane penetrations are required.
At comprehensive In this method, the mounted elements are installed one by one within each cell of the building. This allows you to get finished assembly products (framework), but leads to a decrease in labor productivity, as it requires a significant readjustment of assembly equipment due to the large difference in the mass of different structures. This method cannot be used when embedding columns in foundation cups with a concrete mixture, since according to technological standards, the strength of the joint concrete is required to be at least 70% of the design strength. When using welded and bolted joints, this method remains the preferred one.
At combined method, part of the prefabricated elements (columns, crane beams, truss trusses, external wall fencing) can be installed by a differentiated method in separate private flows within one span, and the other part (roof beams, truss trusses, roof slabs) - within each cell of the building using an integrated method in a single stream.
The combined method is the main one in the installation of one-story buildings in precast concrete.
One of the most important issues in the production of installation work is the choice of the direction of movement of the installation cranes and their parking places. Reducing the number of parking lots, especially for cranes with outriggers, leads to a reduction in installation time.
Depending on the adopted scheme of movement of erection cranes, longitudinal, transverse or combined penetrations are used.
At longitudinal During the passage of the crane, the assembly of the building is carried out by separate spans, which makes it possible to combine the processes of installation of building structures and the installation of technological equipment.
transverse Crane penetration is used in cases when the object is taken into operation by separate sections, including all spans of the building. Such a movement scheme is possible in cases where the column pitch ensures normal progress and operation of the assembly crane. This type of penetration is usually used in the construction of craneless buildings and in the installation of large-sized pavement slabs of large mass.
Combined penetration is used in cases where, in addition to the installation of load-bearing structures, it is required to install elements of embedded systems. A special case of combined penetration is - zigzag penetration used for large spans between rows of columns (to reduce the reach of the crane boom).
The number of crane penetrations during the installation of the supporting frame and wall fencing depends on the design features of the building. In the presence of sub-rafter structures, four private flows are recommended:
Installation of columns;
Installation of crane beams and truss structures;
Installation of roof structures and floor slabs;
In the absence of truss structures, it is recommended to install crane beams in a single stream with the installation of roofing elements and perform a set of works in three streams:
Installation of columns;
Installation of crane beams, roof trusses and floor slabs;
Wall fencing installation.
Features of installation of one-story industrial buildings with metal
frame different types
Over 70% of industrial buildings are designed and built in a one-story design. There is a widespread use of metal structures for covering large spans, especially in buildings of a large area.
The complexity of manufacturing and installation of coatings of such buildings is 50 ... 75% of the total labor intensity of building construction, therefore, from the duration of installation
depends on the completion date of construction.
The widespread use of structural and large-block coatings generally excludes element-by-element installation, since the coatings are completely assembled on the ground and can lift
to design marks in the form of finished blocks.
Block assembly became a reality with the introduction of galvanized steel decking and effective insulation, which made it possible to assemble roofing blocks with a higher construction readiness and a weight corresponding to the lifting capacity of individual construction cranes.
The constructive solution of blocks in metal makes it possible to abandon heavy reinforced concrete trusses and floor slabs. For comparison, a 12x24 m block in metal weighs up to 40 tons, and the mass of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures for the same cell is 80...120 tons, or 2...3 times more.
Installation of light buildings. These one-story industrial buildings have limited geometric parameters (span and height) and often lack overhead cranes. In such buildings, light roof structures are often used: from closed bent-welded profiles of rectangular section, with pipe trusses, from wide-shelf tees and I-beams, from frame structures of frames, structural structures of coatings. All structural elements of light buildings have a small mass, which does not exceed 8 tons.
Depending on the area of the building, its design solution and the volume of structures associated with it, element-by-element or block installation of coatings, with the assembly of blocks on racks, stands and on conveyor lines. Frame structures are mounted element by element, and structural ones - only in enlarged blocks.
Element-by-element installation is carried out by self-propelled cranes - caterpillar, pneumatic-wheeled and automobile - with a lifting capacity of 10 ... 20 tons. Pre-assembly of structures, if it is provided for in the PPR, should be carried out in a warehouse, and not on assembly stands in mounted spans.
During block assembly, assembly cranes with a lifting capacity of 40 ... 50 tons are used.
are located in the working area of the mounting crane, in the mounted or adjacent span of the building.
During the installation of structural structures, the following work production technology is provided. First, the columns are installed, then at the place of rise, the structural block of the coating is enlarged with a size of 30 x 30 m, while the block is displaced relative to the axes of the columns so that the installed columns seem to penetrate the enlarged block, while not touching the elements of the structure. Raise the block to the design position with two cranes.
Installation of medium-sized buildings. Such buildings include rolling mills, bloomings and slabs, billet warehouses, etc. There are two methods of construction and installation work - open and closed. The choice of method depends on many factors: the structure of the building frame, the availability of the necessary mounting mechanisms and the amount of work on the installation of foundations and the installation of technological equipment on them.
Installation of heavy buildings. Such buildings include workshops of heavy engineering plants. Heavy-duty buildings have complex structural solutions, mounting elements of large mass, often exceeding 100 tons, a thorough study of the design and construction work is required to select the most rational technology for the production of construction work.
Installation of such buildings, which have large volumes of work (20...30 thousand tons of steel structures), often in cramped conditions requires the use of particularly powerful installation equipment, special fixtures and rigging.
Installation of precast concrete structures
Prior to the start of the above-ground cycle work, it is necessary to complete the zero cycle work, including backfilling of the pit sinuses; laying of all communications; deliver the necessary machines and mechanisms to the site; start and store necessary materials and building structures at the rate of 2-day output and create the necessary stock of materials, the delivery of which is difficult in winter.
The installation of the building frame is carried out by the extension method, i.e. elements are mounted in the building structure sequentially, starting from ground level and ending top building.
The construction of the above-ground part is carried out with a self-propelled jib crane on caterpillar tracks. Installation is carried out by whole structural elements.
In the direction of development of the installation flow, the longitudinal method is used, when the structures are sequentially mounted along the span.
Installation of building structures is carried out by a crane from the parking lots (from the construction plan). A crane is used to unload materials from vehicles.
For the installation of building structures, standard mounting equipment is used, which allows lifting, temporary fastening and alignment of elements.
The columns are lifted with slings that ensure their vertical position. The columns are adjusted according to the risks of the axes on the foundation and fixed with concreting. Before concreting, embedded parts are cleaned with a pneumatic hammer.
Installation of beams will be introduced first preparation for lifting, strapping, lifting and installation on supports, alignment and fastening. Beams are fixed with bolts, rivets, welding. Removal of slings is made only after fixing.
Truss installation is carried out by a crane from inside the building.
Installation of wall panels is carried out with two cranes around the building along parking lots, leaving openings for installing window blocks.
Sealing of joints is carried out after checking the structures and performing an anti-corrosion coating of welded joints and areas where the factory coating was violated during installation and welding.
Installation of technological equipment
The installation of foundations for technological equipment is carried out simultaneously with the installation of wall panels.
The development of trenches for equipment foundations is carried out by an excavator with a bucket capacity of 0.65 m 3. soil is transported by road. Backfilling is carried out by a bulldozer and manually with layer-by-layer compaction in layers of no more than 15-20 cm.
Installation of technological equipment and its overlay is carried out after pouring concrete preparation under the floors.
Roofing
Work on the installation of the roof is started after completion of all construction and assembly works, the release of the roof from building parts and debris and the acceptance of the base under the act for hidden work.
Roofing materials are fed to the coatings using lifts. The leveling of the screed is provided with the help of a vibrating screed.
stone work
When performing brickwork, one should be guided by the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures".
The device of internal partitions and the laying of walls at the gate is made of ceramic bricks. Bricks are delivered to the construction site in packages laid on pallets - KRAZZ-222, mortars - by truck mixers to a special site for receiving the mortar. It is not allowed to transport bricks in bulk, as well as unload the mortar on the ground.
Bricks are delivered to the workplace by an assembly crane in pallets, mortar - in metal container boxes. The supply of materials should be enough for 2 hours.
Brickwork external and internal walls and partitions is carried out from the inventory block scaffolding in place. The brick is laid using the "press" method.
Laying of walls in places of mutual intersections or junctions should be carried out simultaneously. Fill the gaps with elastic material.
Finishing work
Finishing works are divided into the following cycles: glass works, plastering works, facing works, painting works, installation of clean floors.
The production of facing works is organized by the flow-dissected method, when each link of the brigade performs several operations, which ensures the most complete use of workers according to their qualifications.
Prior to the start of finishing work, the first stage of special work must be completed (heating, water supply, gas supply are connected, electrical cables are laid). Finishing work is carried out from scaffolds that are installed inside the building. The supply of mortar to the scaffold is carried out by a mortar pump.
Rooms where finishing work is carried out must be ventilated.