The level of state regulation of the industry. State regulation of the economy

Explanatory note to Checkpoint No. 3

Determination of the characteristic features of the market and planned economy in the economic system

(establishing the effective percentage ratio between the market and the plan)

The answer to this question should be reduced to filling in Table 1.

Table 1.

Primary data for determining the characteristics of a market and planned economy in the economic system

Industry	The share of the industry in the economic system,% of GDP	The share of people employed in the industry of the total number of people employed in the economy,%	State regulation of the industry yes / no	Description of the current form of competition in the industry

Agro-industrial complex
Light industry
Fuel and energy complex
Chemical, timber and metallurgical complex
Construction
Machine-building complex
Military-industrial complex
Transport and communications
Other service industries

Industry

The list of industries is formed based on the structure of the national economy of a particular economy. This list may not be complete. In the course of completing the test, you will need to form your list by industry based on the received data about the economy.

The share of the industry in the economic system

In this case, the industry is assessed on the basis of the “GDP by sectors (branches) of the economy”. General logic: data are given on the volume of the country's GDP (we take it as common for all industries) ® each industry produces a certain volume of products (also given in monetary terms) ® then we determine what percentage this part is in the total volume of the country's GDP, that is,% of GDP. This will make it possible to determine exactly what place (in terms of scale) the industry occupies in the country's economy.

Prevailing type of ownership

Since we are talking about assessing the relationship between the market and the plan, that is, how much the system is self-regulating (decentralized) or centralized, then we establish the relationship for two forms of ownership: private and state. ONLY FOR THEM !!! None of the personal, intellectual and even public should not be in the presentation, even if you can identify them in the course of describing the system (just leave them unattended).

How to identify the ratio? It is possible that by industry the percentage of private and state property will be initially given. It is also possible to indicate the percentage of state-owned enterprises (they operate on the basis of state ownership) in the total volume of enterprises in the industry (also taken as an equivalent percentage of state ownership).

Share of people employed in the industry in the total number of people employed in the economy

Most likely, the number of employees will be indicated in absolute numbers (that is, in thousands of people). In this case, the algorithm is as follows: if initially the total number of people employed in the economy is not given, then sum up all the absolute values by industry, that is, 100% of the employed ® calculate what percentage (share) of the total number of people employed in a particular industry ® after filling in the entire table You will be able to understand which sector of the economy this or that industry belongs to, therefore you will be able to find what proportion of the employed are in the private and public sectors ® one of the characteristics for the desired market - plan ratio.

The presence of regulation of the industry by the state

It is important to remember that government regulation can be divided into two types: direct and indirect. When answering this question in the table "yes" in brackets it is necessary to indicate the type of regulation with an explanation. For example, yes (direct, 63% of demand in this industry is generated by government orders).

Direct exposure methods presuppose such regulation by the state, in which the behavior of economic entities is based not on an independent choice, but on clear instructions of the state. They imply direct subordination of enterprises to the state. Direct methods include: state order (if> 25% of state order in the demand system, then the industry is already regulated), targeted programs, nationalization of the economy (expanding the scale of state ownership), state property management and lawmaking.

INDUSTRIES AND INTER-INDUSTRY COMPLEXES

V.D. Goncharov, S.V. Koteev, V.V. Rau

STATE REGULATION IN THE INDUSTRIES OF THE FOOD COMPLEX

The article deals with the regulation of market processes in the food complex and its individual industries. Some directions of increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of its functioning in modern conditions are revealed.

The global crisis phenomena of recent years have once again confirmed the relevance and necessity of developing effective mechanisms and models of state regulation of market processes both in the world and national economies, as well as in their largest and most significant sectors. The experience of many developed and developing countries leads to the understanding that in the context of globalization only a rational and scientifically grounded combination and complementarity of regulatory and market influences can ensure high and sustainable socio-economic efficiency and competitiveness of modern production.

The system of economic and organizational impact on the food market should include forms and methods of both direct and indirect state regulation, ensure the possibility of independent production and commercial activities of all links of the agro-industrial complex, and increase their economic activity.

Methods of direct influence imply regulation by the state, in which economic actors are forced to come to decisions based not on an independent economic choice, but on external prescriptions. As an example, let us name tax legislation, legal rules in the field of depreciation charges, budgetary procedures for public investments. Direct methods are often highly effective due to the rapid achievement of an economic result. However, they have a serious drawback - creating real obstacles to the market process.

Methods of indirect regulation are manifested in the fact that the state does not directly influence the economic decisions taken by the subjects. It only creates the preconditions for the subjects to gravitate towards those options that correspond to the goals of state economic policy when they make an independent choice of economic decisions.

Mostly methods of state influence are carried out in relation to industries that are either strategically important or insufficiently effective in a market environment. Agriculture, in particular, can be attributed to such industries. In other sectors, supply and demand are mainly formed by the market, based on the actual situation, the tax policy of the state, and consumer income.

A set of measures to promote the development of the food market and ensure balanced supply and demand should include:

Stimulating the production of domestic products through the use of tax regulators, loans, etc .;

Regulation of prices and tariffs;

Establishment of a state order for socially significant food products;

Development of wholesale food markets;

Improving the relationship of agricultural and food enterprises with trade;

Import and Export Regulation;

Subsidies and social protection of low-income strata of the population.

An important place in the economic mechanism of state regulation of the food complex is occupied by long- and medium-term forecasting and planning. However, insufficient attention is paid to the issues of strategic planning and forecasting in the RF agro-industrial complex. Previous disadvantages of the planning and distribution system are often automatically transferred to modern planning. In the conditions of the formation of a civilized food market, forecasting and planning as functions of management activity not only retain their place in the system of the economic mechanism, but also significantly expand the sphere of their influence on agro-industrial production. At the same time, changes are taking place at all levels of the food complex. What principles should predictive and planned development meet in modern conditions? First of all, it is necessary that they are predominantly advisory (indicative) in relation to domestic producers. At the same time, the latter should have the full right to choose those areas of their activities that are most effective in a specific situation in the food market. As a rule, agreement is reached within the framework of indicative procedures, in which the state develops and presents a comprehensive forecast of macroeconomic development for the short and long term. Indicative planning has long been successfully used in Japan, France, the Netherlands and a number of other countries, where it is part of the state socio-economic policy.

In order to get closer to practice, it is necessary that the macroeconomic forecast for the development of the agro-industrial complex, firstly, is a detailed and specific document, in which expedient intersectoral and national economic proportions should be fixed, and secondly, it becomes a scientific basis for the development of specific economic agreements between the government. and rural producers.

When developing forecast and analytical justifications, it is advisable to provide for the optimization of the territorial division of labor in the food complex, in which each region, based on the specifics of natural and economic conditions, produces mainly the most competitive products intended for sale in regional and world markets. The transition to a regulated economy also raises the need to supplement the content of the forecast for the development and placement of the food complex by substantiating the volume and dynamics of imports and interregional relations, which will increase the overall efficiency of its functioning in the system of the national economy of the country.

The system of regulation of economic relations of the agro-industrial complex includes financial, budgetary, credit, tax and price regulation. An example is France, where a rather strict regime of state regulation of prices has been partially preserved to this day. Methodological aspect of pricing

in developed countries is the development by government agencies of general principles, methods and standards for setting prices. For example, with government regulation of prices for dairy products in the United States, Congress determines the "fair" level of reference prices for milk, butter, cheese. If market prices fall below this level, then the state buys up the food and uses it for free breakfast for schoolchildren, support for the poor, food aid to underdeveloped countries, and exports to other countries.

The decline in food production in the Russian Federation in the 1990s, along with a significant increase in consumer prices, created favorable conditions for the inflow of imported goods to the domestic domestic market. It should be noted that the constant rise in prices for domestic products reduces their competitiveness not only in the external, but also in the domestic market. It would seem logical that under the pressure of competition from foreign producers, prices should go down. But they mostly grow. As a result, neither the population nor, ultimately, the budget wins.

The effectiveness of state policy in these conditions depends on a well-grounded flexible and differentiated approach to the regulation and support of the food complex. During the transition period, government support should be selective, not leading to an imbalance in market mechanisms.

Thus, the state, with the help of economic levers, exerts a direct and indirect influence on the formation of the economic interests of the subjects of the agro-industrial complex. The general goal of state policy is to create a favorable economic, social, legal environment and organizational support for effective and sustainable development.

Let's consider some issues of state regulation on the example of one of the main areas of the food complex - the food industry.

Despite the measures taken in recent years to improve the economy of this industry, its situation remains tense. The share of unprofitable enterprises in the production of food products, including beverages, increased from 19.2% in 1995 to 25.1% in 2008. The profitability of food production decreased over the same period from 16.3 to 10.8%. With capital turnover, a rather difficult situation arose: uncontrolled growth in imports and a significant reduction in agricultural production led to a significant underutilization of production capacities. For example, in 2005, production capacity for the production of meat was used only by 45%, whole milk products - by 48%, rennet cheese - by 61%, flour - by 44%, cereals

By 30%, margarine products - by 56%, animal oils - by 27% (Table 1).

In recent years, the use of production capacity for a number of types of products has slightly improved, but there are still significant reserves for increasing the output of food products at existing enterprises.

Against the backdrop of euphoria about the rate of economic growth in 2001-2008. for Russia, the problem of food imports remains acute. The lack of a clear mechanism for regulating industrial and agricultural production and the problems of product quality lead to the fact that with an increase in wages, consumer demand is often increasingly shifting in favor of imported, more expensive, but high-quality products. And if the cost of imports of food products and agricultural raw materials in 2000 amounted to 7.4 billion dollars, in 2001 - 9.2, in 2005 - 17.4, then in 2008 it increased to 35, US $ 2 billion.

Table 1

Use of the average annual capacity of enterprises for the production of certain types of food products,%

Food products 1992 1995 2000 2005 2008

Granulated sugar from sugar beet 86 86 76 86 86

Bread and bakery products 61 44 40 39 41

Confectionery 61 46 50 62 65

Pasta 89 44 46 63 64

Vegetable oils 71 35 61 70 63

Margarine products 61 20 42 56 60

Beer 66 51 79 74 74

Non-alcoholic drinks 19 17 37 59 54

Canned fruits and vegetables 51 21 32 66 54

Meat (pair weight) 57 32 18 45 58

Sausages 66 54 52 66 67

Canned meat 61 39 40 45 46

Animal oil 67 35 25 27 32

Whole milk products (in terms of milk) 41 24 32 48 54

Rennet cheese 72 51 49 61 65

Canned milk 55 48 55 61 58

Flour 79 53 45 44 47

Groats 62 39 24 30 34

A source: .

Imported agricultural products from non-CIS countries receive significant state subsidies and, therefore, actively compete with domestic food products, the growth of production costs for which is catastrophic, and budget subsidies are chronically lacking. Drawing Russia into food import dependence is fraught with further uncontrolled price increases.

Russia imports in significant volumes raw sugar, vegetable oil, corn. Special mention should be made of poultry meat. In some years, more than a million tons of it are imported into the country. And this is despite the fact that a rich domestic experience in the production of this type of meat has already been accumulated, there are modern poultry farms and, with appropriate government support, it would be possible to achieve complete self-sufficiency in the near future (Table 2).

During the years of reforms, the import of raw sugar has sharply increased. An increase in the share of processed raw sugar in the total volume of sugar produced in the country, along with the apparent profitability of purchasing imported raw sugar (the production cycle of sugar factories is lengthening) has the following negative consequences. First, Russia finds itself in economic and food dependence on foreign countries. Secondly, the uncontrolled import of raw sugar, leading to a reduction in the production of granulated sugar from domestic raw materials, entails economic and social losses (a sharp reduction in jobs in beet growing, in seed production, processing, trade, etc.). Thirdly, even relatively low prices for raw sugar are a ghostly advantage. If, under the conditions of increasing commodity intervention, the sugar beet production of the Russian Federation is destroyed, the exporting countries will sharply increase prices for granulated sugar and raw sugar at any moment.

However, in recent years, there have been some positive developments in the food industry of the country. A positive fact is, in particular, the improvement of the situation with the raw material base of the fat and oil industry. In the second half of the 90s of the last century, up to a third of the harvest was exported from Russia

sunflower seeds. As a result, of all the leading exporters of oilseeds, only Russia carried out subsequent bulk imports of vegetable oil. The capacities of enterprises for the production of vegetable oil were loaded, for example, in 1998 by 46%, in 1999 - by 48%. The measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation made it possible to significantly reduce the export of oilseeds abroad. For example, in 2008, only 85 thousand tons of sunflower seeds, 48 thousand tons of rapeseed, 53.3 thousand tons of flax seeds were exported from Russia. At the same time, imports of only sunflower oil to Russia decreased from 176.3 thousand tons in 2002 to 112 thousand tons in 2008. Consequently, further measures are still to be taken to reduce the export of raw materials and reduce the import of vegetable oil.

table 2

Import of basic food products, thousand tons *

Products 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fresh and frozen meat (excluding poultry) 1153 1340 1411 1489 1710

Fresh and frozen poultry 1383 1329 1283 1295 1224

Fresh and frozen fish 464 787 686 870 881

Condensed milk and cream 59.2 146 145 131 160

Butter and other milk fats 140 133 165 123 140

Potatoes 210 103 376 274 574

Tomatoes 182 355 418 560 685

Onions and garlic 454 543 578 658 503

Grapes 100 291 321 381 407

Apples 367 730 838 935 1064

Tea 166 180 173 182 182

Wheat 265 577 1397 465 179

Barley 171 252 188 273 132

Corn 449 201 295 93.5 362

Vegetable oils 1083 1002 848 956 1121

soybean 473 93.6 24.6 36.6 108

sunflower 176 131 100 132 112

palm 318 600 543 576 688

Raw sugar 4453 2893 2629 3413 2418

White sugar 483 625 350 296 165

Cocoa beans 70.7 68.6 68.6 68.6 60.1

Pasta 40.4 79.4 87.8 75.4 65.4

Coffee 25.8 39.7 55.6 64.6 75.5

* According to the Federal Customs Service, taking into account the import of goods from the Republic of Belarus.

A source: .

Along with the sub-sectors, which after 2000 began to focus more on the problems of exporting food products, there are sub-sectors in the food industry that have a pronounced import dependence. The meat industry is a classic example. Thus, in 2008, imports of meat and meat products increased to 3.2 million tons compared to 2.3 million tons in 1995. As a result, the share of imports in total resources in the industry increased from 25% in 1995 to 38 % in 2008

Ensuring food security in Russia involves increasing the volume of domestic meat production with synchronous import substitution of meat products. However, in practice, there is an increase in imports of meat and meat products with an increase in meat production in the country. Consequently, as the livestock industry comes out of the crisis, there is no adequate import substitution in Russia.

Thus, without modernizing the agricultural sector, food and processing industries and increasing the competitiveness of food

The growth of consumer demand may result in changes in the supply structure in favor of imported food products. A clear, financially secured strategy for the development of the country's agro-industrial complex is needed, which would make it possible to increase food production and raise the standard of living of the population.

The demand for food products, unlike other consumer goods, is not so closely related to the income level of the population. With the help of only market mechanisms, it is impossible to maintain a balance of supply and demand for certain types of food products and maintain the stability of food supply for the population. Therefore, at the state level, the issue of regulating prices for certain types of food products should be resolved, taking into account the current conjuncture of food markets in the regions of the country. In all developed countries there are laws on prices, which for a certain period and for a limited range of products allow the state to effectively regulate them. The second option is also possible: to provide assistance to low-income strata of the population in the form of subsidies. At the present stage, this method is also quite logical: the gap in the incomes of various segments of the population is narrowing, which should generally contribute to a decrease in social tension and an increase in demand for food products.

The most important levers for regulating the food industry and the food sector as a whole are also loans and taxes. Lacking working capital, processing enterprises regularly resort to loans. In general, in the food industry, accounts payable at the end of 2008 amounted to 511.6 billion rubles, and accounts receivable - 350 billion rubles. Overdue accounts payable of food industry enterprises for this period amounted to 22 billion rubles, and overdue accounts receivable - 23 billion rubles. However, only a part of the industry's enterprises are capable of guaranteed repayment of loans and paying interest on them.

One of the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of the industry's economy is the high tax withdrawals from commodity producers, which do not leave financial resources at their disposal for the development and improvement of production. The unprofitableness of some enterprises in the industry is largely a consequence of the significant tax burden.

The idea of tax cuts has many adherents in transition countries. Much depends on the specific situation. In the United States, reforming the tax system provided a transition from a moderate taxation to an even more moderate one. In Russia, we are talking about the transfer of economic entities from conditions of a heavy tax burden to moderate ones. However, in the agricultural sector and the food industry, this issue should be approached in a differentiated manner. It is necessary to be guided by the value of the products produced for the nutrition of the population and the economic situation of the industry. It is unlikely that the pace of production, for example, should be increased. At the same time, it is necessary to increase the output of meat and dairy products, cereals, and animal feed. Special mention should be made of compound feeds. Without solving the problem with them, it is impossible in the near future to significantly increase the production of meat and dairy products. Consequently, only by choosing priority areas can the efficiency of the food complex as a whole be increased.

During the transition period, support for enterprises in the agricultural sector and the food industry is predominantly selective. The state supports those enterprises that have a higher return on investment.

funds. The criterion for selective support is total sales, profitability, and the level of use of material resources.

An important task of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex is also the achievement and maintenance of parity in exchange relations between agriculture, processing industry and trade. The disparity in prices that arose in the 1990s led to severe financial consequences for the majority of rural producers and processing industry enterprises in several regions of the country. In this regard, it would be advisable that the bulk of the additional income generated as a result of the liberalization of prices for food products would move from trade to the production and processing of agricultural products. At present, the share of the sphere of circulation, for example, for meat and dairy products, ranges from 21 to 31.8% of the retail price (Table 3).

Table 3

Structure of retail prices for certain types of meat and dairy products in 2008

(at the end of the year),%

Type of product Cost of raw materials and basic materials Cost of production, including commercial expenses Full cost of a unit of production Profit loss (-) of industrial enterprises Value added tax (VAT), excise and other taxes Sales price with VAT and other taxes Payment for the delivery of products to customers carried out by a processing enterprise Turnover in the sphere of circulation, including VAT charged to retail organizations

Beef (excluding boneless meat) 51.7 9.1 60.8 3.1 6.7 70.6 2.5 26.9

Pork (excluding boneless meat) 50.9 7.0 57.9 3.8 6.2 67.9 0.3 31.8

Cooked sausage of the highest grade 45.3 14.7 60.0 7.7 7.9 75.6 0.2 24.2

Poultry 46.6 23.6 70.2 0.9 5.0 76.1 0.0 23.9

Whole pasteurized milk 41.4 24.8 66.2 4.3 7.1 77.6 0.5 21.9

Sour cream (15-20% fat) 38.9 23.2 62.1 6.7 7.1 75.9 0.4 23.7

Fatty cottage cheese (at least 5% fat) 39.2 20.2 59.4 7.1 6.7 73.2 0.3 26.5

Low-fat cottage cheese (less than 5% fat) 36.6 209 57.5 6.6 6.3 70.4 0.4 29.2

Butter 60.7 19.3 80.0 -8.4 7.0 78.6 0.2 21.2

Rennet hard and soft cheeses 42.1 18.6 60.7 2.8 5.8 69.3 0.0 30.7

In many countries of the world, tourism often turned out to be the lever, the use of which made it possible to improve the entire national economy of the country. Tourism plays a significant role in shaping the gross domestic product, creating additional jobs and providing employment for the population, and enhancing the foreign trade balance. Tourism affects such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and others, i.e. acts as a kind of catalyst for socio - economic development. Tourism has become one of the most lucrative businesses in the world. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), it uses about 7% of the world's capital, one in 16 jobs is associated with it, it accounts for 11% of world consumer spending and it provides 5% of all tax revenues. These figures characterize the direct economic effect of the functioning of the tourism industry. Developed tourism is called one of the main phenomena of the 20th century.

In our opinion, the prospects for the development of the tourism complex largely depend on the strengthening of state regulation of the tourism sector at the national level, which should be combined with a modern strategy for promoting regional tourism products. State regulation of inbound tourism is a targeted influence of the state on the activities of economic entities - participants in this type of business and market conditions to ensure favorable conditions for the development of tourism, implementation of state priorities. It includes the development of state policy in this area and the choice of mechanisms for its implementation.

Tourism development regulation is a multi-level system that includes:

· Coordination and promotion of tourism development on a global scale, which is carried out through the World Tourism Organization with the participation of international financial organizations;
· Consistency of tourism policy at the interstate level, which is achieved through regional tourism organizations and special bodies of interstate associations (for example, the European Community);
· Coherence of policy in the field of tourism at the national and regional levels, which is carried out through specially created government bodies and public associations of tourism organizations.

State regulation of tourism development is the impact of the state on the activities of business entities and the market environment to ensure normal conditions for the functioning of the market mechanism, the implementation of state socio-economic priorities and the development of a unified concept for the development of the tourism sector. This is a complex process that includes the procedure for developing a state policy for regulating tourism development, substantiating its goals, objectives, main directions, choosing tools and methods for its implementation (Fig. 4.).

In international practice, there are three approaches to state regulation of inbound tourism.

The first approach involves the solution of issues of tourism development on the ground (independently by business entities) based on the principles of a market economy.

This approach is effective in developed countries, where private companies of various sizes and specializations prevail. The main condition for this approach: the country should be attractive to foreign tourists in all respects and not need special advertising of its tourist product on the world market. In this case, you can do without special bodies of state regulation of tourism.

The second approach involves the creation of a special state body, endowed with significant powers and financial resources. This approach is effective when the interests of inbound tourism require significant funds to create and maintain a high level of the national tourism product and tourism infrastructure, attract foreign direct investment, support small and medium-sized businesses, and ensure the safety of foreign tourists.

There is a third approach, when the functions of state regulation of tourism are entrusted to a multifunctional ministry. A specialized unit is being created in the ministry, which is engaged in the development and improvement of the regulatory framework, coordinates the ministries, departments and regional authorities on the development of international tourism; establishes relations with other countries and international organizations on the development of tourism, promotes the national tourism product abroad; provides information services for the tourist business.

The regulation of tourism activities in most foreign countries takes place with the participation of the public and private sectors.

Figure 4 - Methods of state regulation of tourism

The results of studies carried out by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) showed the growing participation of private structures in the development of international tourism with their active support from the state.

It is assumed that it is necessary to carry out state regulation on a global basis in two main generalized directions.

The first direction is related to the adjustment of market self-regulation by drawing up plans (forecasts) and government programs, taking into account the rather high degree of spontaneity of the current relationships in the supply-demand systems for many important types of products and services provided.

The second direction ensures the implementation of social programs and social orientation of the market economy. Market self-regulation without proper government intervention leads to: an increase in monopolization, an acceleration of the stratification of the country's population into rich and poor, a reduction in those industries that are not sources of instant profit (science, culture, art, health care, education, etc.).

Thus, state regulation in the field of tourism can be carried out by influencing the expansion of the tourism market and implementing an appropriate social policy.

The impact on the expansion of the tourism market requires the development of a market strategy to promote the tourism product. The strategy is the choice of a long-term optimal model of behavior in the tourism market, based on its characteristics. With any strategic approach, appropriate public and private sector influences are imperative.

The impact of government bodies at various levels is decisive in the formation of the organizational and economic mechanism for managing the domestic tourism industry.

The main tasks of state regulation are:

* making decisions on the development of organizational, economic and social policies in the field of tourism development, as well as preparing and adopting a plan for such development;

* creation of conditions for solving the problems of social, targeted tourism;

* development of programs for the development of the public and private sectors, taking into account the areas just listed;

* ensuring effective investment in the public and private sectors;

* ensuring constant control over the course and direction of tourism development, taking into account its prospects, both in the economy and in the social life of society.

The state regulates the tourism sector directly through the Ministry of Tourism or National Tourism Organizations (NTOs), as well as indirectly through legal leverage, support for its infrastructure and international policy. The state influences tourism in two ways: by managing demand and income, or by managing supply and prices. To manage demand, the government uses the following tools: marketing and promotion, pricing and access restriction. An integral part of marketing are tourism promotion activities carried out by the government, and are aimed at awakening demand from potential customers. According to the WTO recommendations, these activities should be aimed at creating a high-quality image of the country based on its attractive symbolic characteristics. There are different ways to create a high-quality image of the country - these are meetings of specialists with journalists invited to the country, business trips of domestic specialists abroad, television and radio performances, free distribution of brochures, slides and video materials, as well as participation in various exhibitions and fairs, for which stand. Since the number of organizations involved in tourism promotion activities is large, coordination of activities, which is usually carried out by representative offices of government organizations abroad, plays an important role. Funds allocated from the budget for activities to promote the country's tourist image may exceed half of the budget of state organizations, with most of the budget going to finance public relations (from one third to two thirds). The effectiveness of promotional activities can be increased through international cooperation agreements between tourism ministries or organizations responsible for tourism. The purpose of these actions is to exchange or combine promotional efforts (distribution of posters, audio and visual materials, sharing of representative offices, etc.). There are various means by which the state can regulate the prices of tourism products. First, many of the country's attractions are under the influence of the public sector, most airlines are government-controlled, and in many developing countries even hotels are government-owned. As a rule, social infrastructure and transport networks are considered natural monopolies, and if they are not owned by the state, they should at least be controlled by it. Indirectly, the state can influence the price with the help of economic levers (for example, using currency controls, which can lead to restrictions on currency exchange, as a result of which tourists will be forced to change currency at an inflated price and thereby increase the real price of travel); through sales taxes, store opening in customs zones, etc. The state, in addition to the above levers, can influence demand through licensing or grading according to the quality of service. This measure is especially common in the hospitality industry when the number of rooms on offer exceeds demand and the government cannot correct this imbalance through price regulation. Price regulation is a very unpopular measure in the market economy, which the governments of some countries still go for in order to deter domestic companies from the temptation to obtain momentary benefits to the detriment of the long-term interests of the country's tourism business. In addition, the government, by controlling prices, can protect the interests of tourists, shield them from excessive spending, and thus maintain the country's reputation.

Figure 5 - The system of state regulation of tourism development

The priority directions of state regulation of tourist activity are the support and development of domestic, inbound, social and amateur tourism.

State regulation of tourism activities is carried out in the following way:

* creation of normative legal acts aimed at improving relations in the field of the tourism industry;

* assistance in the promotion of a tourist product in the domestic and world tourist markets;

* protecting the rights and interests of tourists, ensuring their safety;

* standardization in the tourism industry, certification of a tourism product;

* establishing rules for entering the Russian Federation, leaving it and staying on its territory, taking into account the interests of tourism development;

* direct budgetary allocations for the development and implementation of federal target programs for tourism development;

* tax and customs regulation; granting preferential loans, establishing tax and customs privileges for tour operators and travel agents engaged in tourism activities in the Russian Federation and attracting foreign citizens to engage in tourism;

* assistance in staffing tourism activities;

* development of scientific research in the field of the tourism industry;

* facilitating the participation of tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations in international travel programs; providing cartographic products.

Thus, the scale and importance of tourism indicate its belonging to the strategic sectors of the country's economy, which requires direct government regulation in order to ensure the proportionality of the development of territorial and sectoral national economic complexes, justify the employment policy, ensure the growth of budget revenues and manage the state of the balance of payments.

The effective development of tourism is largely hampered by the lack of clear government regulation of tourism development, the underdevelopment of infrastructure, as well as the insufficient study of tourism from a scientific point of view.

The experience of various countries shows that the success of tourism development directly depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level, how much it enjoys state support. Any civilized state, in order to receive budget revenues from the tourism industry, must invest in the study of its territories to assess the tourism potential, prepare tourism development programs, projects for the necessary infrastructure of resort regions and tourist centers, and in information support and advertising.

State and municipal administration: lecture notes Kuznetsova Inna Aleksandrovna

2. State regulation in the fields of culture

The RF Law of October 9, 1992 No. 3612-1 "Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture" associates the concept of culture and creativity with various types of cultural activities- activities for the preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values. Under cultural property understands moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, artistic trades and crafts, works of culture and art, the results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities that have the historical and cultural significance of the building, structures, objects and technologies, unique in the historical and cultural terms of the territory and objects. Cultural activities create cultural goods- conditions and services provided by organizations, other legal entities and individuals to meet citizens' cultural needs.

Creative activity Is the creation of cultural values and their interpretation. The person who creates or interprets these values has an inseparable connection with cultural activity.

In culture, a large role belongs to professional and creative organizations (unions of writers, theater workers, filmmakers, etc.), which unite and direct the creative activities of numerous non-profit organizations of culture and art.

The founder of a cultural organization approves its charter and changes to it, appoints and dismisses the head, concludes, changes and terminates contracts with the head in the manner prescribed by law. Since cultural organizations can be institutions of federal, subjects of the Federation or municipal significance, the charters and regulations of the organization of culture are approved by acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation or municipal bodies of local self-government.

Activities aimed at the preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, the provision of cultural benefits to the population in various forms and types, is the main activity of cultural organizations. Cultural organizations can carry out other activities that do not contradict the legislation, provided for by their charter (statute), including entrepreneurial, only insofar as it serves to achieve the goals for which it was created and which corresponds to these goals.

State bodies, local self-government bodies do not interfere in the professional and creative activities of cultural organizations, except for cases when such activities lead to the propaganda of war, violence and cruelty, racial, national, religious, class and other exclusivity.

The Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications is the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of culture, art, historical and cultural heritage and cinematography, mass media and mass communications, archives and on issues of interethnic relations. It coordinates and monitors the activities of the Federal Service for Monitoring Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and the Protection of Cultural Heritage, the Federal Archival Agency, the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography, and the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications.

According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2004 No. 289, the Ministry of Culture of Russia exercises the following functions and powers: submits to the Government of the Russian Federation draft federal laws, regulatory legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, and others documents that require a decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on issues related to the established sphere of competence of the Ministry and to the areas of competence of federal agencies subordinate to it, as well as a draft work plan and forecast indicators of the Ministry's activities, etc.

Structural divisions The Ministry of Culture of Russia consists of departments in the main areas of the ministry's activities, which include departments. The Federal Archival Agency, the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography and the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications are under the jurisdiction of this ministry and directly subordinate to it. The Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, on the basis of and in pursuance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation independently carries out legal regulation, and also develops and submits to the Government of the Russian Federation draft federal constitutional laws, federal laws and acts of the President RF and RF Government on issues:

1) culture, art, historical and cultural heritage (except for the protection of cultural heritage), cinematography, publishing, printing, archiving, copyright and related rights (with the exception of draft regulatory legal acts on control and supervision in the field of copyright and related rights);

2) international cultural and informational cooperation.

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96. State regulation of entrepreneurship in industry The process of industrial and economic activity is an independent entrepreneurial activity carried out at one's own peril and risk, aimed at systematic profit from

The modern industrial complex of Russia was formed under the conditions of centralized economic management. During this period, the main goals of its development were set by directive. Heavy industry and the defense complex received a hypertopic character. Industries and enterprises producing consumer goods developed more slowly. Due to the irrational structure of the economy, the growth of the gross social product was in 1976-1980. 4.2%, in 1981-1985. - 3.3%, in 1986-1989. - 2.8%. The growth of national income used for consumption and accumulation amounted to 3.3%, 3.0% and 2.8%, respectively. \ " about the inconsistency of the economic management system with the needs of society.At the same time, it would be wrong to completely deny attempts to rationalize management based on a scientific approach to the formation of industrial policy and the sectoral structure of production. Attempts to reduce the share of accumulation in the national income, measures were taken to develop the production of consumer goods at defense enterprises. implementation of radical measures, the objective prerequisites for which are ripe.
At the same time, the first decade of market reforms showed that industrial production left to itself without state regulation is stagnating. Energy, raw materials and some other export industries are now an exception. At the same time, the consumption of the goods they produce in the domestic market has declined. It is theoretically possible to restructure the industry on the basis of exclusively market mechanisms. However, this will take quite a long time. For social and economic reasons, Russia cannot agree to this option.
Currently, market structures in Russia are not interested in long-term investments. Government investment has declined. There is a predatory exploitation of the previously created production base and natural resources. The interests of big business do not coincide with the interests of the state and society. Therefore, restructuring on market conditions first leads to stagnation of unclaimed by the market system or uncompetitive industrial potential and then to its slow renewal. But this is hindered by a lack of investment and international competition, which is reflected in the low rates of economic development and an increase in the standard of living of the population. Solving Russia's social problems requires a more effective economic and industrial policy.
To shorten the period of economic transformation, it is necessary to actively use state regulation. The content of industrial management in modern conditions is significantly liberalized. But the economic conditions for its functioning are created by the state. It also shapes industrial policy. Methods of state regulation are widely used by developed countries, especially during periods of economic downturns and crises. They are based on the development of a strategy for the development of national industry, the study of domestic and foreign markets, efficient utilization of natural resources from the position of the state, the use and renewal of technological potential based on stimulating economic mechanisms, and direct financing of large state investment programs.
Industrial production is the main source of GDP, commodity mass for domestic consumption and export. The share of industry in a steadily developing economy is about 40% of GDP. In the economy of the USSR at the end of the 80s. it reached about 60%. During the period of stable economic development, industrial enterprises employ about 40% of the working-age population. Therefore, the main task of the government is to preserve, develop and support the domestic industry. Based on the volume and role in the formation of GDP, budget and employment, industry should be the main priority in the economic policy of Russia.
This was not observed during Russia's transition to a market economy. The processing industry has been hit hardest by the economic crisis. For the period 1990-1998 the decline in industrial production was more than 60%, including more than 80% in mechanical engineering. In 2000-2001. the revival of domestic industry has been outlined, but its rates are 3.5-4% of the achieved level. In 2002, industrial growth rates are projected at 4%. This is about 1.5% compared to the 1990 level. Given the scale of the economic downturn, it can be argued that the potential of industrial potential is underutilized.
The Russian industry is in such a state that its independent revival is impossible. During the period of industrial recession, stimulating measures of state support and regulation are needed, the development and implementation of a targeted state industrial policy that optimally takes into account the existing economic relations, the promising interests of Russia and participation in the international division of labor.
Government regulation (especially today) is the main factor in the development of industry. But the choice of its directions, the assessment of costs and benefits in modern conditions should be based on market mechanisms. With their help, it is necessary to implement the principles of efficiency and increase in sales volumes, reproduction orientation and efficiency of innovation and investment, social results and environmental restrictions.
At present, the system of public administration in Russia is moving from direct control to economic mechanisms that create conditions for self-adjustment of production and implementation processes. The industrial development strategy is based on the transition to market-based methods of regulation, which can be effectively implemented with the corresponding marketing concept of industrial development.
Industrial enterprises are the main functional link in a market economy. All regulatory actions are designed to be oriented towards supporting and stimulating their effective activity. In other words, government regulation is carried out to carry out a general effective industrial policy on product markets, to create conditions for the effective functioning of enterprises that have adapted to market conditions. It is also necessary for the selective support of industries and enterprises of commodity specialization of Russian industry, which create the basis for economic growth, to meet Russia's promising domestic and export needs for goods and services. These needs can be met directly on the basis of the production and sale of goods consumed in the domestic market or through the exchange of goods in foreign markets.
The national industry is designed to compete successfully with imports. For a country like Russia, the foreign trade surplus should be formed not only on the basis of the export of products from the energy and extractive industries, but also taking into account the development of exports of products of the processing industry for industrial and non-industrial purposes, including for industries that create high-tech products.
Industrial policy covers the development of all commodity production, but its participants are at different stages of using market mechanisms. Therefore, the methods of economic influence on them should be different. In order to fully adapt to market conditions, it is necessary to create general economic conditions for development. Those in depression need selective support depending on their national economic importance.
The state long-term industrial development program implementing industrial policy should be implemented by a state commission with the participation of the Ministries of Economic Development and Trade, Industry and Science, and Finance. It is also important to involve large industrial corporations and resource-providing production systems. The program must be considered by the Government of the Russian Federation and approved by the State Duma, which oversee its implementation.

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